Two-Dimensional Aperture Antennas
|
|
- Erika Spencer
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Two-Dimensional Aperture Antennas The field pattern of a two-dimensional aperture The method we used to show that the field pattern of a one-dimensional aperture is the one-dimensional Fourier transform of the aperture field illumination can simply be generalized to the more realistic case of a two-dimensional aperture: Z 1 f(l; m ) / g(u; v)e ÀiÙ(lu+mv) dudv (3C1) where m is the y-ais analog of l on the -ais, and v Ñ y= Z 1. In words, The electric field pattern of a two-dimensional aperture is the two-dimensional Fourier transform of the aperture field illumination. The Uniformly Illuminated Rectangular Aperture A two-dimensional rectangular aperture with side lengths D and D y. Dividing lengths in the u Ñ = v Ñ y= l Ñ sin m Ñ sin y is the angle from the (y; z) plane and y is the angle from the (; z) plane. aperture plane by the wavelength yield the normalized coordinates and. The direction from the origin to any distant point can be specified by and, where The two-dimensional counterpart of a uniformly illuminated one-dimensional aperture is a uniformly y y illuminated rectangular aperture with sides D and D. If the illumination g(; ) is constant over the aperture, the integrals over u and v in the Fourier transform are separable and ld md y f(l; m ) / sinc sinc ; 1 of 10 09/7/010 1:18 PM
2 where sinc() Ñ sin(ù)=(ù) : Squaring the electric field pattern gives the relative (normalized to unity at the peak) power pattern P n(l; m ) = sinc ld md y sinc Given the relative power pattern, we can calculate the absolute power gain G in any direction by invoking energy conservation: Z +1 Z +1 Defining the temporary variable a: Z G dê = 4 Ù = G 0 P n (l; m)dl dm Z " # +1 Z sin(ùld =) " # +1 sin(ùmd y=) 4Ù = G 0 dl dm ÙlD = ÙmD = y D µ gives, for, ÙlD ÙD a Ñ ; so da = dl Z " # +1 ÔZ sin(ùld =) 1 sin a dl Ù da ÙlD = a = ÙD D since we can look up the definite integral in square brackets; its value is Ù. 4Ù = G 0 : D D y Thus the peak power gain is G 0 = 4ÙD D y and the power pattern of a uniformly illuminated rectangular aperture with side lengths D and D is y 4ÙD D y ld md y 4ÙD D y D y D G = sinc sinc Ù sinc sinc y (3C when and are much smaller than one radian. y In general, the peak power gain of an aperture antenna is proportional to the geometric area Ageom (Ageom = D D y in this case) of the aperture. The constant of proportionality is 4Ù= for a uniformly illuminated aperture and somewhat less for any other illumination pattern. of 10 09/7/010 1:18 PM
3 Using the relation G Ae = 4Ù we find that the on-ais effective collecting area is G ma(a e ) = 4Ù 0 = 4Ù D D y = D 4Ù D y = A geom The peak effective area of an ideal uniformly illuminated aperture equals its geometric area, independent of wavelength. With any other illumination taper, the effective area is smaller than but proportional to the geometric area. It is useful to define the aperture efficiency Ñ A as the ratio of the effective area to geometric area: Ñ A Ñ ma(a e ) A geom (3C3) Thus Ñ A = 1 for an ideal uniformly illuminated aperture and Ñ A < 1 otherwise. D µ Large ( ) waveguide horns are nearly uniformly illuminated unblocked apertures, so their actual gains and effective collecting areas can be calculated accurately. This makes them useful for measuring the absolute flu densities of strong sources such as Cas A and Cyg A and defining the practical flu-density scales used by radio astronomers (see Baars et al. 1977, A&A, 61, 99). The "Little Big Horn" at Green Bank, WV in It was used to measure the absolute flu density of the strong source Cas A. An ecess noise of T Ù 3:5 K was found but not recognized as important. The Uniformly Illuminated Circular Aperture Most apertures associated with reflectors and lenses are circular. The power pattern of a uniformly illuminated circular aperture is known as the Airy pattern. This linked interactive plot shows how the Airy pattern behaves as a function of wavelength and aperture size. 3 of 10 09/7/010 1:18 PM
4 The Circular Gaussian Illumination Pattern A good approimation for "real" radio telescopes with practical feeds and circular apertures is a circular Gaussian illumination pattern. The normalized Gaussian function g(u) in one dimension is defined by 1 u g(u) Ñ p ep À ; Ù Û Û where Û is the rms (root mean square) width defined by ÔZ 1 Z 1 Û Ñ u g(u)du g(u)du 1= R 1 (u)du g = 1 and "normalized" means. g = ep[àu =(Û )] This bell-shaped curve is a plot of the (not normalized) Gaussian function. For the circular Gaussian illumination pattern the field pattern is where Û is the rms radius of the illumination pattern in wavelengths. The function f(l; m separable: where u + v u v ep À = ep À ep À Û Û Û Z 1 Z 1 u v f(l; m ) / ep À ep À ep [ÀiÙ(lu + mv)]dudv ; Û Û f(l; m ) / f(l) Â f(m); ) is 4 of 10 09/7/010 1:18 PM
5 Z 1 u f(l) Ñ ep À ep(àiùlu)du Û and Z 1 v f(m) Ñ ep À ep(àiùmv)dv Û Each integral is the one-dimensional Fourier transform of a Gaussian. The Fourier transform of the Gaussian is the Gaussian (derivation). Given this Fourier f() = ep(àù ) F (s) = ep(àùs ) = 1 a = ( p ÙÛ) transform of the Gaussian with ÙÛ, we can use the similarity theorem with to get so the field pattern of an aperture with circular Gaussian illumination is and the normalized power pattern is f(l) / ep(àùl  ÙÛ ) f(m) / ep(àùm  ÙÛ ) f(l; m ) / ep[àù Û (l + m )] P n(l; m ) = [ f(l; m)] / ep[à4ù Û (l + m )] : For a reflector many wavelengths across, so and. Thus the power pattern produced by circular Gaussian illumination is also a circular Gaussian. The half-power beamwidth HPBW is the solution of Û µ 1 l Ù m Ù y Ô ep À4Ù Û HPBW 1 = 4Ù Û HPBW = ln() 4 p ln() HPBW = radians; ÙÛ where Û is the rms width of the illumination pattern in wavelengths. Since a Gaussian etends to Æ1 However, the Gaussian illumination g(u; v) falls off eponentially and is negligible for u + v µ Û. In practice, the value of Û is chosen so that g(u; v) is down quite a bit (e.g., 15 or 0 db) at the, this calculation formally assumes that the aperture itself is infinite. edge of the actual finite reflector. Tapering (or grading) the illumination this way: (1) broadens the beamwidth HPBW slightly, () reduces the aperture efficiency Ñ A slightly, (3) reduces the sidelobe level significantly, and (4) reduces spillover (wasted power, increased noise from ground pickup) significantly compared with uniform illumination. 5 of 10 09/7/010 1:18 PM
6 Spillover is illumination etending beyond the aperture. Here the relative field strength at the edge is Î. Using Gaussian tapering as an eample, let g(u ; ) Î Ñ g(0; 0) ma 0 be the tapered field strength at the edge of the reflector. Thus Î = 0:1 (field taper) corresponds to Î = 0:01 (power taper), or a 0 db edge taper. This corresponds to an aperture of radius Ù :15Û. For small Î our previous calculation, which assumed an infinite aperture so Î = 0, will slightly underestimate the beamwidth of a finite reflector but still be fairly accurate because only a small fraction of the illumination will "spill over" the edge of the reflector. For a circular reflector with diameter D, uma = D and g(u ma ; 0 ) u Î = = ep ma À : g(0; 0) Û Then = 0 Recall that the beamwidth for Î is u ma À ln (Î) = = D : Û 8 Û p ln() HPBW = ; ÙÛ so for a finite aperture, HPBW Ù p ln() q À8 ln(î) ÙD 6 of 10 09/7/010 1:18 PM
7 HPBW Ù p À8 ln() ln(î) Ù D Eample: What is the half-power beamwidth of a circular aperture with a Gaussian illumination tapering to Î = 0:1 at the edge? p À8 ln() ln(0:1) HPBW Ù :14 Ù D Ù 1 D Eample: Estimate the beamwidth in arcsec of the GBT (D GHz. HPBW Ù 1 :14 c D = 1 00 m) as a function of frequency in HPBW Ù 1 :14 rad  0665 arcsec=rad  3:00  10 8 m s (GHz)  10 9 Hz=GHz  100 m HPBW Ù 705 arcsec (GHz) This estimate is slightly low, as epected. The measured beamwidth of the GBT is about 740 arcsec / (GHz), or about 1:=D. A good approimation for the half-power beamwidths of most single-dish radio telescopes is HPBW Ù 1 :=D (3C4) Reflector Accuracy Requirements Real radio telescopes don't have perfectly paraboloidal reflectors. Small deviations from the best-fit paraboloid may be caused by permanent manufacturing errors, changing gravitational deformations as the reflector is tilted, thermal distortions resulting from solar heating, and bending by strong winds. There will be some shortest wavelength min below which these errors degrade the reflector performance so severely that the telescope becomes unusable. We can define the reflector surface efficiency Ñ s as the power gain of the actual reflector divided by the power gain of a perfectly paraboloidal reflector with the same size and illumination. Net we will calculate how Ñs 7 of 10 09/7/010 1:18 PM
8 varies with the rms (root mean square) surface error in wavelengths, Ï=. The classic reference for this calculation is Ruze, J. 1966, Proc. IEEE, 54, 633. Deviations Ï of the actual reflector surface (thick curve) from the best-fit paraboloid (thin curve) degrade short-wavelength performance. Where the actual reflector surface deviates from the best-fit paraboloid by a distance Ï, the path length of the reflected wave will be in error by almost Ï and the phase error Î (radians) will be Ù 4ÙÏ Î = (Ï) = : An oversimplified eample would be a bumpy surface, half covered with small bumps of height and half covered with small dips of the same depth Ï. Then the contribution of each area Ï Ü element to the far (electric) field is reduced by a factor cos. Î Vectors sums of the electric fields produced by elements of perfect and imperfect apertures. Bumps in the imperfect aperture produce phase shifts. ÆÎ Î Ü 1 cos Î Ù 1 À Î =::: In the limit rad, and E(Î) Î Ù 1 À ::: E(0) so the relative power gain is G(Î) G(0) Ù Ô E(Î) E(0) Ù 1 À Î 4ÙÏ Ù 1 À 8 of 10 09/7/010 1:18 PM
9 This rough estimate shows that the surface errors must be an order-of-magnitude smaller than the shortest usable wavelength, a severe requirement indeed. A more realistic calculation makes use of the fact the most error distributions are roughly Gaussian. Suppose that the surface errors have a Gaussian probability distribution P with rms Û: where the normalization factor in front of the eponential term ensures that Z 1 as required for any probability distribution. Then the relative field strength is obtained as the weighted sum over all possible Ï: Z 1 By substituting e iz = cos (z) + i sin(z) we can turn this integral into a more familiar one, the Fourier transform of a Gaussian: Note that the i sin(z) part drops out immediately because it is antisymmetric over the symmetric region of integration. To make this look even more like our usual form for a Fourier transform, let s Ñ =, Ñ Ï, and a Ñ ( p ÙÛ). Then Z E 1 Recall that and apply the similarity theorem to get P (Ï) = 1 Ï p ep À ; Ù Û Û P (Ï)dÏ = 1 Power is proportional to E so our final result for the reflector surface efficiency is E h i À dï E(0) Ù 4ÙÏ cos  1 Ï p ep Ù Û Û Z E 1 h i Ài À dï : E(0) Ù 4ÙÏ ep  1 ÙÏ p ep Ù Û ÙÛ h i (ÀiÙs) [ÀÙ(a) ]d : E(0) Ù ep ep f() = ep(àù ) has Fourier transform F (S) = ep(àùs ) Ô E h i ÀÙ E(0) = 1 s p ep jaj Ù Û a E h i [ÀÙ Û s ] E(0) = ep E h i À : E(0) = ep 8Ù Û 9 of 10 09/7/010 1:18 PM
10 Ô 4ÙÛ Ñs = ep À (3C5) This is often called the Ruze equation. The surface efficiency Ñ s declines rapidly as the rms error in wavelengths Û= eceeds 1=16 Ù 0:06. Eample: A traditional criterion for the shortest wavelength min at which a radio telescope works reasonably well is Û Ù min 16 because the surface efficiency is only Ô Ù Ñs Ù ep À Ù 0:54 4 and falling eponentially at shorter wavelengths. The 100 m diameter GBT is intended to operate at frequencies as high as Ù 100 GHz, or mm. To meet this specification, the rms deviation from a perfect paraboloid must not eceed m, the thickness of two sheets of paper! Û Ù 3 mm=16 Ù 00 Ö min Ù 3 The power gain of a perfect paraboloidal reflector is proportional to. If the reflector surface has a Gaussian error distribution with rms Û, then its gain increases as at low frequencies, reaches a maimum at and falls eponentially at higher frequencies. = 4ÙÛ 10 of 10 09/7/010 1:18 PM
Aperture Antennas. Reflectors, horns. High Gain Nearly real input impedance. Huygens Principle
Antennas 97 Aperture Antennas Reflectors, horns. High Gain Nearly real input impedance Huygens Principle Each point of a wave front is a secondary source of spherical waves. 97 Antennas 98 Equivalence
More informationANTENNA INTRODUCTION / BASICS
ANTENNA INTRODUCTION / BASICS RULES OF THUMB: 1. The Gain of an antenna with losses is given by: 2. Gain of rectangular X-Band Aperture G = 1.4 LW L = length of aperture in cm Where: W = width of aperture
More informationANTENNA INTRODUCTION / BASICS
Rules of Thumb: 1. The Gain of an antenna with losses is given by: G 0A 8 Where 0 ' Efficiency A ' Physical aperture area 8 ' wavelength ANTENNA INTRODUCTION / BASICS another is:. Gain of rectangular X-Band
More informationREPORT ITU-R SA.2098
Rep. ITU-R SA.2098 1 REPORT ITU-R SA.2098 Mathematical gain models of large-aperture space research service earth station antennas for compatibility analysis involving a large number of distributed interference
More informationPhased Array Feed (PAF) Design for the LOVELL Antenna based on the Octagonal Ring Antenna (ORA) Array
Phased Array Feed (PAF) Design for the LOVELL Antenna based on the Octagonal Ring Antenna (ORA) Array M. Yang, D. Zhang, L. Danoon and A. K. Brown, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering The University
More informationThe magnetic surface current density is defined in terms of the electric field at an aperture as follows: 2E n (6.1)
Chapter 6. Aperture antennas Antennas where radiation occurs from an open aperture are called aperture antennas. xamples include slot antennas, open-ended waveguides, rectangular and circular horn antennas,
More informationFIELD DISTRIBUTION IN THE INPUT COUPLING REGION OF PLANAR SINGLE-MODE WAVEGUIDES
FIELD DISTRIBUTION IN THE INPUT COUPLING REGION OF PLANAR SINGLE-MODE WAVEGUIDES Werner Klaus (1), Walter Leeb (2) (1) National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT),4-2-1, Nukui-Kitamachi,
More informationContinuous Arrays Page 1. Continuous Arrays. 1 One-dimensional Continuous Arrays. Figure 1: Continuous array N 1 AF = I m e jkz cos θ (1) m=0
Continuous Arrays Page 1 Continuous Arrays 1 One-dimensional Continuous Arrays Consider the 2-element array we studied earlier where each element is driven by the same signal (a uniform excited array),
More informationTraveling Wave Antennas
Traveling Wave Antennas Antennas with open-ended wires where the current must go to zero (dipoles, monopoles, etc.) can be characterized as standing wave antennas or resonant antennas. The current on these
More informationCHAPTER 3 SIDELOBE PERFORMANCE OF REFLECTOR / ANTENNAS
16 CHAPTER 3 SIDELOBE PERFORMANCE OF REFLECTOR / ANTENNAS 3.1 INTRODUCTION In the past many authors have investigated the effects of amplitude and phase distributions over the apertures of both array antennas
More informationPerformance Analysis of a Patch Antenna Array Feed For A Satellite C-Band Dish Antenna
Cyber Journals: Multidisciplinary Journals in Science and Technology, Journal of Selected Areas in Telecommunications (JSAT), November Edition, 2011 Performance Analysis of a Patch Antenna Array Feed For
More informationWideband Horn Antennas. John Kot, Christophe Granet BAE Systems Australia Ltd
Wideband Horn Antennas John Kot, Christophe Granet BAE Systems Australia Ltd Feed Horn Antennas Horn antennas are widely used as feeds for high efficiency reflectors, for applications such as satellite
More informationAntennas and Propagation. Chapter 4: Antenna Types
Antennas and Propagation : Antenna Types 4.4 Aperture Antennas High microwave frequencies Thin wires and dielectrics cause loss Coaxial lines: may have 10dB per meter Waveguides often used instead Aperture
More informationIntroduction to DSTV Dish Observations. Alet de Witt AVN Technical Training 2016
Introduction to DSTV Dish Observations Alet de Witt AVN Technical Training 2016 Outline Theory: - Radio Waves - Radio Telescope Antennas - Angular Sizes - Brightness Temperature and Antenna Temperature
More informationPRIME FOCUS FEEDS FOR THE COMPACT RANGE
PRIME FOCUS FEEDS FOR THE COMPACT RANGE John R. Jones Prime focus fed paraboloidal reflector compact ranges are used to provide plane wave illumination indoors at small range lengths for antenna and radar
More informationFIELDS IN THE FOCAL SPACE OF SYMMETRICAL HYPERBOLIC FOCUSING LENS
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 20, 213 226, 1998 FIELDS IN THE FOCAL SPACE OF SYMMETRICAL HYPERBOLIC FOCUSING LENS W. B. Dou, Z. L. Sun, and X. Q. Tan State Key Lab of Millimeter Waves Dept.
More informationSchool of Electrical Engineering. EI2400 Applied Antenna Theory Lecture 8: Reflector antennas
School of Electrical Engineering EI2400 Applied Antenna Theory Lecture 8: Reflector antennas Reflector antennas Reflectors are widely used in communications, radar and radio astronomy. The largest reflector
More informationFundamentals of Radio Interferometry
Fundamentals of Radio Interferometry Rick Perley, NRAO/Socorro Fourteenth NRAO Synthesis Imaging Summer School Socorro, NM Topics Why Interferometry? The Single Dish as an interferometer The Basic Interferometer
More informationPhased Array Feeds & Primary Beams
Phased Array Feeds & Primary Beams Aidan Hotan ASKAP Deputy Project Scientist 3 rd October 2014 CSIRO ASTRONOMY AND SPACE SCIENCE Outline Review of parabolic (dish) antennas. Focal plane response to a
More informationTravelling Wave, Broadband, and Frequency Independent Antennas. EE-4382/ Antenna Engineering
Travelling Wave, Broadband, and Frequency Independent Antennas EE-4382/5306 - Antenna Engineering Outline Traveling Wave Antennas Introduction Traveling Wave Antennas: Long Wire, V Antenna, Rhombic Antenna
More informationTo print higher-resolution math symbols, click the Hi-Res Fonts for Printing button on the jsmath control panel.
To print higher-resolution math symbols, click the Hi-Res Fonts for Printing button on the jsmath control panel. Radiometers Natural radio emission from the cosmic microwave background, discrete astronomical
More informationAnalysis and Compensation of Subreflector Displacement for the Parabolic Antenna of a Radio Telescope
Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 44, 59 68, 215 Analysis and Compensation of Subreflector Displacement for the Parabolic Antenna of a Radio Telescope Lan Chen 1, Zheng Xiong Sun 1, Jin Qing
More informationCHAPTER 2 MICROSTRIP REFLECTARRAY ANTENNA AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
43 CHAPTER 2 MICROSTRIP REFLECTARRAY ANTENNA AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION 2.1 INTRODUCTION This work begins with design of reflectarrays with conventional patches as unit cells for operation at Ku Band in
More informationWaveguides. Metal Waveguides. Dielectric Waveguides
Waveguides Waveguides, like transmission lines, are structures used to guide electromagnetic waves from point to point. However, the fundamental characteristics of waveguide and transmission line waves
More informationELEC4604. RF Electronics. Experiment 1
ELEC464 RF Electronics Experiment ANTENNA RADATO N PATTERNS. ntroduction The performance of RF communication systems depend critically on the radiation characteristics of the antennae it employs. These
More informationAntennas & Receivers in Radio Astronomy
Antennas & Receivers in Radio Astronomy Mark McKinnon Fifteenth Synthesis Imaging Workshop 1-8 June 2016 Purpose & Outline Purpose: describe how antenna elements can affect the quality of images produced
More informationVector diffraction theory of light propagation through nanostructures
Vector diffraction theory of light propagation through nanostructures Glen D. Gillen * and Shekhar Guha Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force
More informationSEPTE1VIBER 1963 NUMBER OF COPIES: 100
NATIONAL RADIO ASTRONOMY OBSERVATORY Green Bank, West Virginia Electronics Division Internal Report No. 18 POSSIBLE DESIGNS FOR A VERY LARGE ARRAY OF ANTENNAS Nigel J. Keen SEPTE1VIBER 1963 NUMBER OF COPIES:
More informationLE/ESSE Payload Design
LE/ESSE4360 - Payload Design 4.3 Communications Satellite Payload - Hardware Elements Earth, Moon, Mars, and Beyond Dr. Jinjun Shan, Professor of Space Engineering Department of Earth and Space Science
More informationATCA Antenna Beam Patterns and Aperture Illumination
1 AT 39.3/116 ATCA Antenna Beam Patterns and Aperture Illumination Jared Cole and Ravi Subrahmanyan July 2002 Detailed here is a method and results from measurements of the beam characteristics of the
More informationAPPLICATION OF THE RUZE EQUATION FOR INFLATABLE APERTURE ANTENNAS
APPLICATION OF THE RUZE EQUATION FOR INFLATABLE APERTURE ANTENNAS BRYAN WELCH Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering Cleveland State University May, 2003 submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements
More information- reduce cross-polarization levels produced by reflector feeds - produce nearly identical E- and H-plane patterns of feeds
Corrugated Horns Motivation: Contents - reduce cross-polarization levels produced by reflector feeds - produce nearly identical E- and H-plane patterns of feeds 1. General horn antenna applications 2.
More informationGAIN COMPARISON MEASUREMENTS IN SPHERICAL NEAR-FIELD SCANNING
GAIN COMPARISON MEASUREMENTS IN SPHERICAL NEAR-FIELD SCANNING ABSTRACT by Doren W. Hess and John R. Jones Scientific-Atlanta, Inc. A set of near-field measurements has been performed by combining the methods
More informationA SIMPLE ANALYSIS OF NEAR-FIELD BORESIGHT ERROR REQUIREMENTS
A SIMPE ANAYSIS OF NEAR-FIED BORESIGHT ERROR REQUIREMENTS Doren W. Hess * MI Technologies 500 River Green Parkway Duluth, GA 30096 (678) 75-8380 dhess@mi-technologies.com ABSTRACT The need to measure the
More informationModulation Transfer Function
Modulation Transfer Function The Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) is a useful tool in system evaluation. t describes if, and how well, different spatial frequencies are transferred from object to image.
More informationINSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING Dundigal, Hyderabad ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNIACTION ENGINEERING QUESTION BANK
INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING Dundigal, Hyderabad - 500 04 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNIACTION ENGINEERING QUESTION BANK Course Name : Antennas and Wave Propagation (AWP) Course Code : A50418 Class :
More informationPhased Array Feeds A new technology for multi-beam radio astronomy
Phased Array Feeds A new technology for multi-beam radio astronomy Aidan Hotan ASKAP Deputy Project Scientist 2 nd October 2015 CSIRO ASTRONOMY AND SPACE SCIENCE Outline Review of radio astronomy concepts.
More informationChapter 4 The RF Link
Chapter 4 The RF Link The fundamental elements of the communications satellite Radio Frequency (RF) or free space link are introduced. Basic transmission parameters, such as Antenna gain, Beamwidth, Free-space
More informationW1GHZ W1GHZ W1GHZ W1GHZ W1GHZ W1GHZ W1GHZ W1GHZ
Section 6.0 Introduction Chapter 6 Feeds for Parabolic Dish Antennas Paul Wade 1994,1997,1998,1999 The key to good parabolic dish antenna performance is the feed antenna, the source of radiated energy
More informationOPTICS OF SINGLE BEAM, DUAL BEAM & ARRAY RECEIVERS ON LARGE TELESCOPES J A M E S W L A M B, C A L T E C H
OPTICS OF SINGLE BEAM, DUAL BEAM & ARRAY RECEIVERS ON LARGE TELESCOPES J A M E S W L A M B, C A L T E C H OUTLINE Antenna optics Aberrations Diffraction Single feeds Types of feed Bandwidth Imaging feeds
More information25. Antennas II. Radiation patterns. Beyond the Hertzian dipole - superposition. Directivity and antenna gain. More complicated antennas
25. Antennas II Radiation patterns Beyond the Hertzian dipole - superposition Directivity and antenna gain More complicated antennas Impedance matching Reminder: Hertzian dipole The Hertzian dipole is
More informationEC ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION
EC6602 - ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION FUNDAMENTALS PART-B QUESTION BANK UNIT 1 1. Define the following parameters w.r.t antenna: i. Radiation resistance. ii. Beam area. iii. Radiation intensity. iv. Directivity.
More informationANTENNA THEORY. Analysis and Design. CONSTANTINE A. BALANIS Arizona State University. JOHN WILEY & SONS New York Chichester Brisbane Toronto Singapore
ANTENNA THEORY Analysis and Design CONSTANTINE A. BALANIS Arizona State University JOHN WILEY & SONS New York Chichester Brisbane Toronto Singapore Contents Preface xv Chapter 1 Antennas 1 1.1 Introduction
More informationCharacteristics of Smooth-Walled Spline-Profile Horns for Tightly Packed Feed-Array of RATAN-600 Radio Telescope
Characteristics of Smooth-Walled Spline-Profile Horns for Tightly Packed Feed-Array of RATAN-600 Radio Telescope N. POPENKO 1, R. CHERNOBROVKIN 1, I. IVANCHENKO 1, C. GRANET 3, V. KHAIKIN 2 1 Usikov Institute
More informationEEM.Ant. Antennas and Propagation
EEM.ant/0304/08pg/Req: None 1/8 UNIVERSITY OF SURREY Department of Electronic Engineering MSc EXAMINATION EEM.Ant Antennas and Propagation Duration: 2 Hours Spring 2003/04 READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS Answer
More informationSatellite TVRO G/T calculations
Satellite TVRO G/T calculations From: http://aa.1asphost.com/tonyart/tonyt/applets/tvro/tvro.html Introduction In order to understand the G/T calculations, we must start with some basics. A good starting
More informationDr. John S. Seybold. November 9, IEEE Melbourne COM/SP AP/MTT Chapters
Antennas Dr. John S. Seybold November 9, 004 IEEE Melbourne COM/SP AP/MTT Chapters Introduction The antenna is the air interface of a communication system An antenna is an electrical conductor or system
More informationBe aware that there is no universal notation for the various quantities.
Fourier Optics v2.4 Ray tracing is limited in its ability to describe optics because it ignores the wave properties of light. Diffraction is needed to explain image spatial resolution and contrast and
More informationWhat does reciprocity mean
Antennas Definition of antenna: A device for converting electromagnetic radiation in space into electrical currents in conductors or vice-versa. Radio telescopes are antennas Reciprocity says we can treat
More informationPostwall waveguide slot array with cosecant radiation pattern and null filling for base station antennas in local multidistributed systems
RADIO SCIENCE, VOL. 38, NO. 2, 8009, doi:10.1029/2001rs002580, 2003 Postwall waveguide slot array with cosecant radiation pattern and null filling for base station antennas in local multidistributed systems
More informationExercise 1-3. Radar Antennas EXERCISE OBJECTIVE DISCUSSION OUTLINE DISCUSSION OF FUNDAMENTALS. Antenna types
Exercise 1-3 Radar Antennas EXERCISE OBJECTIVE When you have completed this exercise, you will be familiar with the role of the antenna in a radar system. You will also be familiar with the intrinsic characteristics
More informationANT5: Space and Line Current Radiation
In this lecture, we study the general case of radiation from z-directed spatial currents. The far-field radiation equations that result from this treatment form some of the foundational principles of all
More informationBroadband and High Efficiency Single-Layer Reflectarray Using Circular Ring Attached Two Sets of Phase-Delay Lines
Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 66, 193 202, 2018 Broadband and High Efficiency Single-Layer Reflectarray Using Circular Ring Attached Two Sets of Phase-Delay Lines Fei Xue 1, *, Hongjian
More informationChapter 41 Deep Space Station 13: Venus
Chapter 41 Deep Space Station 13: Venus The Venus site began operation in Goldstone, California, in 1962 as the Deep Space Network (DSN) research and development (R&D) station and is named for its first
More informationPhased Array Feeds A new technology for wide-field radio astronomy
Phased Array Feeds A new technology for wide-field radio astronomy Aidan Hotan ASKAP Project Scientist 29 th September 2017 CSIRO ASTRONOMY AND SPACE SCIENCE Outline Review of radio astronomy concepts
More informationRECOMMENDATION ITU-R S.1528
Rec. ITU-R S.158 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R S.158 Satellite antenna radiation patterns for non-geostationary orbit satellite antennas operating in the fixed-satellite service below 30 GHz (Question ITU-R 31/4)
More informationSimulation Results of Circular Horn Antenna
Simulation Results of Circular Horn Antenna Mahendra Singh Meena 1, Ved Prakash 2 1Assistant Professor, Amity University Haryana, Panchgaon, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, India 2Ved Prakash, Amity University
More informationTSBB09 Image Sensors 2018-HT2. Image Formation Part 1
TSBB09 Image Sensors 2018-HT2 Image Formation Part 1 Basic physics Electromagnetic radiation consists of electromagnetic waves With energy That propagate through space The waves consist of transversal
More informationRadio Interferometer Array Point Spread Functions I. Theory and Statistics
ALMA MEMO 389 Radio Interferometer Array Point Spread Functions I. Theory and Statistics David Woody Abstract This paper relates the optical definition of the PSF to radio interferometer arrays. The statistical
More informationMethodology for Analysis of LMR Antenna Systems
Methodology for Analysis of LMR Antenna Systems Steve Ellingson June 30, 2010 Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 System Model 2 2.1 Receive System Model................................... 2 2.2 Calculation of
More informationCOMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN CONICAL AND GAUSSIAN PROFILED HORN ANTENNAS
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 38, 147 166, 22 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN CONICAL AND GAUSSIAN PROFILED HORN ANTENNAS A. A. Kishk and C.-S. Lim Department of Electrical Engineering The University
More informationThe Design of an Automated, High-Accuracy Antenna Test Facility
The Design of an Automated, High-Accuracy Antenna Test Facility T. JUD LYON, MEMBER, IEEE, AND A. RAY HOWLAND, MEMBER, IEEE Abstract This paper presents the step-by-step application of proven far-field
More informationUltrawideband Elliptical Microstrip Antenna Using Different Taper Lines for Feeding
Proceedings of the th WSEAS International Conference on COMMUNICATIONS, Agios Nikolaos, Crete Island, Greece, July 6-8, 007 44 Ultrawideband Elliptical Microstrip Antenna Using Different Taper Lines for
More informationRECOMMENDATION ITU-R F *
Rec. ITU-R F.699-6 1 RECOMMENATION ITU-R F.699-6 * Reference radiation patterns for fixed wireless system antennas for use in coordination studies and interference assessment in the frequency range from
More informationarxiv:astro-ph/ v1 21 Jun 2006
Ð Ú Ø ÓÒ Ò Ð Ô Ò Ò Ó Ø ËÅ ÒØ ÒÒ ÓÙ ÔÓ Ø ÓÒ Satoki Matsushita a,c, Masao Saito b,c, Kazushi Sakamoto b,c, Todd R. Hunter c, Nimesh A. Patel c, Tirupati K. Sridharan c, and Robert W. Wilson c a Academia
More informationECE 4370: Antenna Engineering TEST 2 (Spring 2015)
Name: GTID: ECE 4370: Antenna Engineering TEST 2 (Spring 205) Please read all instructions before continuing with the test. This is a closed notes, closed book, closed friend, open mind test. On our desk
More information6.012 Microelectronic Devices and Circuits
Page 1 of 13 YOUR NAME Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology 6.012 Microelectronic Devices and Circuits Final Eam Closed Book: Formula sheet provided;
More informationAntennas. Greg Taylor. University of New Mexico Spring Astronomy 423 at UNM Radio Astronomy
Antennas Greg Taylor University of New Mexico Spring 2011 Astronomy 423 at UNM Radio Astronomy Radio Window 2 spans a wide range of λ and ν from λ ~ 0.33 mm to ~ 20 m! (ν = 1300 GHz to 15 MHz ) Outline
More informationTechnical Note
3D RECOflO C Technical Note 1967-47 A. Sotiropoulos X-Band Cylindrical Lens Antenna 26 October 1967 Lincoln Laboratory MAS TTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY m Lexington, Massachusetts The work reported in.this
More informationMathematical models for radiodetermination radar systems antenna patterns for use in interference analyses
Recommendation ITU-R M.1851-1 (1/18) Mathematical models for radiodetermination radar systems antenna patterns for use in interference analyses M Series Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related
More information(i) Understanding of the characteristics of linear-phase finite impulse response (FIR) filters
FIR Filter Design Chapter Intended Learning Outcomes: (i) Understanding of the characteristics of linear-phase finite impulse response (FIR) filters (ii) Ability to design linear-phase FIR filters according
More informationOctober 7, Peter Cheimets Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory 60 Garden Street, MS 5 Cambridge, MA Dear Peter:
October 7, 1997 Peter Cheimets Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory 60 Garden Street, MS 5 Cambridge, MA 02138 Dear Peter: This is the report on all of the HIREX analysis done to date, with corrections
More informationFundamentals of Radio Interferometry
Fundamentals of Radio Interferometry Rick Perley, NRAO/Socorro ATNF Radio Astronomy School Narrabri, NSW 29 Sept. 03 Oct. 2014 Topics Introduction: Sensors, Antennas, Brightness, Power Quasi-Monochromatic
More informationECEN 4606, UNDERGRADUATE OPTICS LAB
ECEN 4606, UNDERGRADUATE OPTICS LAB Lab 2: Imaging 1 the Telescope Original Version: Prof. McLeod SUMMARY: In this lab you will become familiar with the use of one or more lenses to create images of distant
More informationDesign of a UHF Pyramidal Horn Antenna Using CST
Volume 114 No. 7 2017, 447-457 ISSN: 1311-8080 (printed version); ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.ijpam.eu ijpam.eu Design of a UHF Pyramidal Horn Antenna Using CST Biswa Ranjan Barik
More informationChalmers Publication Library
Chalmers Publication Library Analysis of the strut and feed blockage effects in radio telescopes with compact UWB feeds This document has been downloaded from Chalmers Publication Library (CPL). It is
More informationAntennas and Receivers in Radio Astronomy
Antennas and Receivers in Radio Astronomy Mark McKinnon Eleventh Synthesis Imaging Workshop Socorro, June 10-17, 2008 Outline 2 Context Types of antennas Antenna fundamentals Reflector antennas Mounts
More informationOptics of Wavefront. Austin Roorda, Ph.D. University of Houston College of Optometry
Optics of Wavefront Austin Roorda, Ph.D. University of Houston College of Optometry Geometrical Optics Relationships between pupil size, refractive error and blur Optics of the eye: Depth of Focus 2 mm
More informationKULLIYYAH OF ENGINEERING
KULLIYYAH OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & COMPUTER ENGINEERING ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION LABORATORY (ECE 4103) EXPERIMENT NO 3 RADIATION PATTERN AND GAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DISH (PARABOLIC)
More informationNewsletter 5.4. New Antennas. The profiled horns. Antenna Magus Version 5.4 released! May 2015
Newsletter 5.4 May 215 Antenna Magus Version 5.4 released! Version 5.4 sees the release of eleven new antennas (taking the total number of antennas to 277) as well as a number of new features, improvements
More informationReflector Antenna, its Mount and Microwave. Absorbers for IIP Radiometer Experiments
Reflector Antenna, its Mount and Microwave Absorbers for IIP Radiometer Experiments Nakasit Niltawach, and Joel T. Johnson May 8 th, 2003 1 Introduction As mentioned in [1], measurements are required for
More information(i) Understanding of the characteristics of linear-phase finite impulse response (FIR) filters
FIR Filter Design Chapter Intended Learning Outcomes: (i) Understanding of the characteristics of linear-phase finite impulse response (FIR) filters (ii) Ability to design linear-phase FIR filters according
More informationHIGH ACCURACY CROSS-POLARIZATION MEASUREMENTS USING A SINGLE REFLECTOR COMPACT RANGE
HIGH ACCURACY CROSS-POLARIZATION MEASUREMENTS USING A SINGLE REFLECTOR COMPACT RANGE Christopher A. Rose Microwave Instrumentation Technologies 4500 River Green Parkway, Suite 200 Duluth, GA 30096 Abstract
More information11/8/2007 Antenna Pattern notes 1/1
11/8/27 ntenna Pattern notes 1/1 C. ntenna Pattern Radiation Intensity is dependent on both the antenna and the radiated power. We can normalize the Radiation Intensity function to construct a result that
More informationAntennas & wave Propagation ASSIGNMENT-I
Shri Vishnu Engineering College for Women :: Bhimavaram Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering Antennas & wave Propagation 1. Define the terms: i. Antenna Aperture ii. Beam Width iii. Aperture
More informationDual Band Feedhorns for 2304/3456 MHz and 5760/10368 MHz
Dual Band Feedhorns for 2304/3456 MHz and 5760/10368 MHz by Al Ward WB5LUA Microwave Update 97 Sandusky, Ohio Background Numerous articles have been written by WA9HUV, VE4MA, N1BWT and others on the proper
More information"Natural" Antennas. Mr. Robert Marcus, PE, NCE Dr. Bruce C. Gabrielson, NCE. Security Engineering Services, Inc. PO Box 550 Chesapeake Beach, MD 20732
Published and presented: AFCEA TEMPEST Training Course, Burke, VA, 1992 Introduction "Natural" Antennas Mr. Robert Marcus, PE, NCE Dr. Bruce C. Gabrielson, NCE Security Engineering Services, Inc. PO Box
More informationANTENNA THEORY ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
ANTENNA THEORY ANALYSIS AND DESIGN THIRD EDITION Constantine A. Balanis WILEY- INTERSCIENCE A JOHN WILEY & SONS. INC.. PUBLICATION ial iel pi ial ial ial IBl ial ial ial pi Sl Contents Preface Xlll 1 Antennas
More informationUNIT Explain the radiation from two-wire. Ans: Radiation from Two wire
UNIT 1 1. Explain the radiation from two-wire. Radiation from Two wire Figure1.1.1 shows a voltage source connected two-wire transmission line which is further connected to an antenna. An electric field
More informationEMG4066:Antennas and Propagation Exp 1:ANTENNAS MMU:FOE. To study the radiation pattern characteristics of various types of antennas.
OBJECTIVES To study the radiation pattern characteristics of various types of antennas. APPARATUS Microwave Source Rotating Antenna Platform Measurement Interface Transmitting Horn Antenna Dipole and Yagi
More informationImaging Simulations with CARMA-23
BIMA memo 101 - July 2004 Imaging Simulations with CARMA-23 M. C. H. Wright Radio Astronomy laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720 ABSTRACT We simulated imaging for the 23-antenna CARMA
More informationExercise 1-4. The Radar Equation EXERCISE OBJECTIVE DISCUSSION OUTLINE DISCUSSION OF FUNDAMENTALS
Exercise 1-4 The Radar Equation EXERCISE OBJECTIVE When you have completed this exercise, you will be familiar with the different parameters in the radar equation, and with the interaction between these
More informationECE 4370: Antenna Engineering TEST 2 (Fall 2012)
Name: GTID: ECE 4370: Antenna Engineering TEST 2 (Fall 2012) Please read all instructions before continuing with the test. This is a closed notes, closed book, closed friend, open mind test. On your desk
More informationRADAR Antennas R A D A R R A D A R S Y S T E M S S Y S T E M S. Lecture DR Sanjeev Kumar Mishra. 2 max
Y T E M Y T E M anjeev Kumar Mishra Lecture 17-20 ntennas i p r t t ne L L L N kt BF PG 1 0 3 2 max 4 ) / ( 4 2 Y T E M ntenna: n antenna is an electromagnetic radiator, a sensor, a transducer and an impedance
More informationNewsletter 4.4. Antenna Magus version 4.4 released! Array synthesis reflective ground plane addition. July 2013
Newsletter 4.4 July 2013 Antenna Magus version 4.4 released! We are pleased to announce the new release of Antenna Magus Version 4.4. This release sees the addition of 5 new antennas: Horn-fed truncated
More informationAperture Antenna with Low Side Lobe Level
A Special Issue for the 2nd Conference of Pure & Applied Sciences (11-12) March 29 Abstract: Aperture Antenna with Low Side Lobe Level Ahmed H. Abood College of Medicine Misan University Email: ahmed.hashim.68@gmail.com
More informationESTt PROCESSED. D ACCESSION MASTEl«FILE ESD-TDR TM03598/0000/01/0/00 DATE» M ESTI CONTROL W» CY fill OF V
ESTt PROCESSED ODC TAB D PHOJ opricm D ACCESSION MASTEl«FILE D ESD-TDR- 64-132 TM03598/0000/01/0/00 DATE» M. 43924 ESTI CONTROL W» CY fill OF V THE PEAK GAIN AND SYSTEM PERFORMANCE OF A LARGE PARABOLOIDAL
More informationEWGAE 2010 Vienna, 8th to 10th September
EWGAE 2010 Vienna, 8th to 10th September Frequencies and Amplitudes of AE Signals in a Plate as a Function of Source Rise Time M. A. HAMSTAD University of Denver, Department of Mechanical and Materials
More informationResonant Antennas: Wires and Patches
Resonant Antennas: Wires and Patches Dipole Antennas Antenna 48 Current distribution approximation Un-normalized pattern: and Antenna 49 Radiating power: For half-wave dipole and,, or at exact resonance.
More informationDesign of a Novel Compact Cup Feed for Parabolic Reflector Antennas
Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 64, 81 86, 2016 Design of a Novel Compact Cup Feed for Parabolic Reflector Antennas Amir Moallemizadeh 1,R.Saraf-Shirazi 2, and Mohammad Bod 2, * Abstract
More information