Cooled cameras for scientific applications and astronomy. Ian Alderton Alrad Imaging division of Alrad Instruments Ltd

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1 Cooled cameras for scientific applications and astronomy Ian Alderton Alrad Imaging division of Alrad Instruments Ltd

2 History started as Wenzel Elektronic UK in NIM modules and radiation measurement, based in Egham Surrey became Alrad Instruments ltd purchased factory unit, moved to Newbury, started producing night vision systems purchased second unit in Newbury set up marketing division Alrad Imaging second marketing division Alrad electronics for electro optics and HV Alrad Photonics new marketing division

3 Alrad Instruments Ltd Consists of 3 marketing Divisions Alrad Imaging Alrad Photonics Alrad Electronics

4 4

5 CCD sensors Due to the high quantum efficiencies of CCDs, linearity of their outputs (one count for one photon of light), ease of use compared to photographic plates, and a variety of other reasons, CCDs were very rapidly adopted by astronomers for nearly all UV-to-infrared applications. Thermal noise and cosmic rays may alter the pixels in the CCD array. To counter such effects, astronomers take several exposures with the CCD shutter closed and opened. The average of images taken with the shutter closed is necessary to lower the random noise. Once developed, the dark frame average image is subtracted from the openshutter image to remove the dark current and other systematic defects (dead pixels, hot pixels, etc.) in the CCD. 5

6 Why Cool? Cooling reduces the array's dark current, improving the sensitivity of the CCD to low light intensities, even for ultraviolet and visible wavelengths. Professional observatories often use liquid cooling with liquid nitrogen to reduce the dark current, and therefore the thermal noise, to negligible levels. Thermoelectric coolers operate by the Peltier effect. The device has two sides, and when DC current flows through the device, it brings heat from one side to the other, so that one side gets cooler while the other gets hotter. The "hot" side is attached to a heat sink so that it remains at ambient temperature, while the cool side goes below room temperature. 6

7 7

8 Dark Count Dark count refers to that property of all CCD sensors to generate charge in each pixel on its own with Time. The lower the temperature of the sensor, the lower the dark count. Dark count is usually expressed in electrons per unit of time at a given temperature. The sole reason that CCDs are cooled is to reduce the dark count effect. For example, a Kodak KAF-0402e and KAF- 1602e sensor is specified to have a dark count of 50 electrons per second at 25 C. Taking a one-minute exposure at this temperature would generate 3000 electrons of thermally induced charge! 27/10/2014

9 November 25, 2008

10 Although the dark count can be subtracted, the dark noise cannot. The dark noise is approximately the square root of the dark count. In this example, the dark noise is about 55 electrons. This could easily degrade any low-light image you attempted to capture over this period of time. These sensors specify a "doubling temperature" of 5-6 C. Cooling the CCD to +10 C would reduce the dark count in a one-minute exposure from 3000 to about 530 electrons. At -5 C this number reduces to about 97. At -20 C it lowers to 17 electrons. These calculations assume a 6 doubling temperature. Not all CCDs exhibit the same dark count characteristics. For example, the Kodak KAF-1301e and KAF-1001e can exhibit 10 to 20 times higher dark count than those cited in the above example. Some back-illuminated sensors generate over 1 electron/sec. dark count at -40 C. November 25, 2008

11 Apogee Products Alta Delta C Full Frame & Interline 31 sensor options USB Aspen New Platform high end Delta C Full Frame & Interline 36 sensor options USB & Ethernet 11

12 Alta vs Aspen 60

13 Alta - Aspen Full frame - imaging Model CCD Array Size Megapixels Pixel size (um) Array Size (mm) Imaging Area (mm2) Diagonal (mm) X Y X Y CG1 KAF-0402ME M CG2 KAF-1603ME M CG6 KAF-1001E M CG9 KAF-6303E M CG32 KAF M CG47 E2V CCD M CG77 E2V CCD M CG260 KAF-261E M CG8300 KAF-8300CE M,C CG3041 Fairchild M CG42 E2V CCD M CG230 E2VCCD M CG9000 KAF M CG16 KAF-16801E M CG16M KAF M Price Mono/ (Grade 1 e2v; Color Grade 2 TS)

14 Alta - Aspen Interline - imaging Model Array CCD Size Megapixels Pixel size (um) Array Size (mm) X Y X Y Imaging Diagonal Mono/ Area (mm2) (mm) Color CG285 ICX285AL M,C CG1050 KAI M,C CG2000 KAI M,C CG2050 KAI M,C CG2150 KAI M,C CG4000 KAI M,C CG4050 KAI M,C CG8050 KAI M,C CG11002 KAI M,C CG16000 KAI M,C CG16050 KAI M,C CG16070 KAI M,C CG29050 KAI M,C Price (Grade 2 TS)

15 Alta Aspen Spectroscopy Model CCD Array Size Megapixels Pixel size (um) Array Size (mm) X Y X Y Imaging Diagonal Mono/ Area (mm2) (mm) Color CG30 E2V CCD M CG30-OE E2V CCD M CG1007 Hamamatsu S M CG1008 Hamamatsu S M CG1009 Hamamatsu S M CG1107 Hamamatsu S M CG1108 Hamamatsu S M CG1109 Hamamatsu S M Price (Grade1 e2v; Ham Grade S)

16 Aspen / Alta CCD Options

17 Apogee Filter Wheels The AFW50 series of filter wheels provide large format filtering solutions for all Aspen and Alta cameras NEW! AFW31-17R 17 positions for 31mm round filters

18 Face plate adapters These flange adapters allow you to attach anything from an SLR camera lens to a large instrument pack to your Apogee camera. We have sizes to fit all Aspen Alta and Ascent cameras. These units are machined precisely for accurate concentricity. Lens & Slip-fit Adapters Apogee Imaging Systems will make sure that you have an adapter for whatever you would like to interface to. If we don't have it, we'll locate it for you. If it doesn't exist, we will provide superior mechanical engineering support to provide a custom solution. Filters Apogee carries all major brands and types of filters; from single notch to multi notch, short pass to long pass, Chroma to Astrodon and everything in between. We even provide custom sizing and coating options upon request in order to support all industry of filters your project demands.

19 Adapters Change our camera threads to most popular threads for maximum accessory compliance SBIG and QSI have most after market accessories. 19

20 27/10/2014

21 27/10/2014

22 27/10/2014 Microscopy

23 Industries and Applications Automotive Electronic / PCB Metals Welding Dental Food Transportation Wood

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