Motion Blur Perception in Various Conditions of Presented Edge

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1 Motion Blur Perception in Various Conditions of Presented Edge Shinji Nakagawa a, Toshiya Nakaguchi b, Norimichi Tsumura b and Yoichi Miyake c,b a Graduate School of Science and Technology, Chiba University; b Graduate School of Integration Science, Chiba University; c Research Center for Frontier Medical Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, , Japan ABSTRACT In recent years, several methods for evaluation or quantification of video image quality have been studied, such as MPRT (Moving Picture Response Time) for quantification of motion blur occurred on hold-type displays. It is required to improve the methods or criteria to consider human visual characteristics, especially anisotropy and spatio-temporal dependency of contrast sensitivity. In this study, we quantify motion blur of the display by comparing it with static blur edge. We examine the influence of conditions for edge presentation, such as moving speed and moving direction of the edges, on perceived blurriness. According to the results of the assessment, we found that the anisotropy of the display had a significant influence on perception of motion blurs. This result suggests that multidirectional measurement is required to improve criteria of motion blur. Keywords: MPRT, human visual characteristic, anisotropy 1. INTRODUCTION In resent years, lager-size flat panel displays (FPDs), such as liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and plasma display panels (PDPs), are widely used in various scenes. It is easier to enlarge size of FPDs than that of conventional impulse-type cathode ray tubes (CRTs), on the other hand, some researches suggest that the video image qualities of hold-type FPDs, such as motion blurs, are inferior to CRTs. 1 For quantification of motion blur of hold-type displays, several methods for evaluation or quantification of video image quality have been studied, such as MPRT(Moving Picture Response Time). 2 MPRT attracts attention for a criterion of motion blurs and standardized by VESA (Video Electronics Standards Association). 3 However, these criteria are not enough correlated with perceived motion blurs. It is required to improve the methods or criteria to consider human visual characteristics, 4, 5 especially anisotropy and spatio-temporal dependency of contrast sensitivity. One of the important topics for improving MPRT is to consider the anisotropy of display structure and human visual characteristics. 6 We have already measured multi-directional MPRTs, 7 however, the relationship between human perception and measured results is clarified enough. In this study, we quantify motion blur of the display by comparing it with static blur edge. We examine the influence of presentation conditions, such as edge speed and moving direction, on perceived blurriness. 2. MPRT MEASUREMENT Figure 1 shows the flow diagram of MPRT measurement. First, we present a scroll edge which moves with v (arbitrary) pixels/sec on the display to be evaluated as shown in Fig.1(a). The edge pattern consists of initial gray and final gray. Next, the pursuit camera tracks the moving edge and captures boundary between two grays. The captured image involves motion blur of the moving edge as shown in Fig.1(b) because of the difference between continuous Shinji Nakagawa: nakagawa milab@graduate.chiba-u.jp Image Quality and System Performance V, edited by Susan P. Farnand, Frans Gaykema, Proc. of SPIE-IS&T Electronic Imaging, SPIE Vol. 6808, 68080C, 2008 SPIE-IS&T X/08/$ SPIE Digital Library -- Subscriber Archive Copy SPIE-IS&T Vol C-1

2 (a) Capturing image by pursuit camera (c) Intensity profile in spatial domain (b) Captured image (d) Intensity profile in temporal domain Figure 1. Flow diagram of MPRT measurement camera movement and discrete presentation of hold-type displays such as LCDs. The intensity profile of this captured image can be obtained by calculating averages of intensity to the direction along the edge as shown in Fig.1(c). We can obtain blur edge width (BEW) from this intensity profile. However, BEW is not useful for criterion of motion blur because of its dependency on resolution and pixel size of the display. Instead of BEW, blur edge time (BET) is used for MPRT measurement. BET can be obtained by following equation: BET[sec] = BEW[pixels]/(moving speed of the edge[pixels/sec]) (1) In practical, extended blur edge time (EBET) is used for accurate measurement as shown in Fig.1(d). Finally, it is known that EBET changes with intensity of initial gray and final gray. We measure 42 kinds of EBETs from 42 types of intensity patterns. MPRT is obtained by calculating average of these 42 kinds of EBETs. 3. ASSESSMENT We suggest that condition of edge presentation consists of three elements, moving speed, scroll direction and intensity pattern. We set each condition as follows: moving speed of the edge : 10, 15, 20,...,50 deg/s (nine patterns) SPIE-IS&T Vol C-2

3 Figure 2. The displayed image for the assessment Figure 3. The geometry for the assessment scroll direction of the edge : left to right, right to left, top to bottom, bottom to top (four patterns) intensity pattern of the edge : (W2B), (B2W) (two patterns) We use 72 (9 4 2) presentation conditions to quantify the motion blur of the moving edge. Observers watch these moving edges and evaluate motion blurs of these edges. Observers adjust the width of the static blur edge (PMBW: perceived motion blur width) to make it consistent with the blurriness of the moving edge. Figure 2 is an example of presented image for the assessment. In this example, it shows the moving edge which speed is v deg/s, direction is left to right and intensity pattern is. Observers track the moving edge and adjust the width of the static blur edge. In cases of vertical moving edges, we present the static edge to the left and the moving edge to the right. As shown in Fig.3, assessment environment and geometry are as follows: LCD display : SHARP LC-65GE1 - size 144cm 80cm - resolution , 60fps viewing distance : 3H = 240cm ambient light : none (dark room) SPIE-IS&T Vol C-3

4 Table 1. Average (standard deviation) of perceived motion blur widths (pixels) Direction Pattern Edge speed (deg/s) left to right (1.0) (1.9) (2.8) (2.2) (2.4) (6.8) (4.8) (5.9) (8.7) (2.9) (2.2) (4.1) (5.4) (3.6) (6.3) (5.1) (6.8) (4.7) right to left (1.5) (2.2) (0.8) (4.2) (6.4) (7.6) (8.7) (6.0) (9.1) (1.5) (3.2) (5.0) (2.9) (4.1) (7.8) (10.8) (5.6) (12.1) (1.5) (2.7) (9.4) (4.6) (5.7) (16.0) (19.3) (22.2) (25.5) top to bottom (1.0) (2.4) (3.8) (11.7) (3.0) (6.6) (10.6) (24.6) (28.2) (1.7) (1.0) (2.0) (2.2) (21.0) (1.5) (15.4) (25.5) (25.7) bottom to top (2.2) (1.6) (5.1) (3.5) (3.7) (10.3) (27.6) (23.8) (25.5) 4. ASSESSMENT RESULTS Four observers evaluate perceived motion blur width. The results are shown in Table 1. This table shows averages and standard deviations of PMBWs obtained by the assessment. We consider the effects of presented edge conditions on motion blur perception. 4.1 Effects on PMBWs by Scroll Directions of the Edges Figure 4 shows averages of PMBWs and Fig.5 shows standard deviations of them. For horizontal scroll edges, PMBWs are well correlated with moving speeds of the edges. Standard deviations of PMBWs also become slightly large. It means that perceived motion blurs increase with moving speeds of the edges and reliability of measurement results comes down due to indivisual variation of observers for high-speed scroll edges. On the other hand, for vertical scroll edges, PMBWs are not well correlated with moving speeds of the edges. Standard deviations of PMBWs become extremely large for high-speed (over 30 deg/s) moving edges. It means that observers can not evaluate PMBWs correctly and there are large difference among observers evaluation of PMBWs. For a reason of difference between horizontal and vertical scroll edges, observers could not perceive vertical scroll and high-speed moving edges as continuous movement, as shown in Fig.6. When the display was rolled 90 degrees, observers could not evaluate horizontal edges correctly. Then one of the reasons of this fact is the anisotropy of the display. As a result of this assessment, we found that the anisotropy of the display had a significant influence on perception of motion blurs. Comparing horizontal moving edges and vertical moving edges, PMBWs are different even if the edges move at the same speed. It is more difficult for observers to quantify PMBWs of vertical moving edges than that of horizontal moving edges. This result suggests that multi-directional measurement is required to improve criteria of motion blur. 4.2 Effects on PMBWs by Moving Speed of the Edges As shown in the previous section, the definition of MPRT assumes that BEWs are proportion to moving speeds of edges and BETs are constant without depending on moving speeds of the edge. On the other hand, it is not confirmed whether the assumption is true or not in human perception. SPIE-IS&T Vol C-4

5 (a) Horizontal scroll edges Figure 4. Average of perceived motion blur widths (pixels) (a) Horizontal scroll edges Figure 5. Standard deviation of perceived motion blur widths (pixels) Figure 6. Even if edges move at the same speed, horizontal scroll edges are perceived continuously and vertical scroll edges are perceived discretely. SPIE-IS&T Vol C-5

6 Table 2. Average (standard deviation) of perceived motion blur times (ms) Direction Pattern Edge speed (deg/s) left to right (1.7) (2.2) (2.4) (1.5) (1.4) (3.4) (2.0) (2.2) (2.9) (5.2) (2.6) (3.6) (3.7) (2.1) (3.1) (2.2) (2.5) (1.6) right to left (2.6) (2.6) (0.7) (3.0) (3.7) (3.7) (3.7) (2.2) (3.0) (2.6) (3.8) (4.4) (2.0) (2.4) (3.8) (4.6) (2.1) (4.0) (2.6) (3.2) (8.3) (3.2) (3.3) (7.8) (8.2) (8.3) (8.4) top to bottom (1.8) (2.8) (3.3) (8.1) (1.7) (3.2) (4.5) (9.2) (9.3) (3.1) (1.1) (1.8) (1.5) (12.1) (0.7) (6.5) (9.5) (8.5) bottom to top (3.8) (1.9) (4.5) (2.4) (2.1) (5.1) (11.7) (8.9) (8.4) We examined the dependency of the moving speed on perceived motion blur time (PMBT). PMBT can be calculated by following equation as same as BET: PMBT[sec] = PMBW[pixels]/(moving speed of the edge[pixels/sec]) (2) Table 2 shows PMBTs calculated by this equation and Fig.7 and 8 show averages and standard deviation of PMBTs. The case of horizontal moving edges, PMBTs are almost definite values regardless of moving speed. This result suggests the assumption holds in the case of horizontal moving edges. On the other hand, vertical moving edges can not be perceived continuously and observers are confused about quantification of motion blur. Based on the results, we can not find whether the assumption holds or not in the case of vertical moving edges. 4.3 Effects on PMBWs by Intensity Patterns of the Edges We compare perceived motion blur of edges and that of edges. Figure 9 shows differences between PMBWs of two kinds of edges. According to Fig.9(a), edges are more blurred than the other in case of horizontal scroll edges. On the other hand, according to Fig.9(b), there are no tendency in case of vertical scroll edges. 5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK In this study, we quantified motion blur of the display by comparing it with static blur edge. We examined the influence of three kinds of presentation conditions, nine types of moving speed, four types of scroll direction and two types of intensity pattern, on perceived blurriness. According to the assessment results, anisotropy of the display causes the significant difference of motion blur perception between horizontal scroll edges and vertical scroll edges. In the case of the display used for this study (SHARP LC-65GE1), thresholds that we can perceive the moving edge as continuous movement are different between horizontal scroll edges and vertical scroll edges even if we presented the moving edges at the same speed. Vertical scroll edges could not be perceived as continuous movement if moving speed of the edge is fast. This result suggests that multidirectional measurement of motion blur is required to improve criteria of motion blur. SPIE-IS&T Vol C-6

7 (a) Horizontal scroll edges Figure 7. Average of perceived motion blur times (ms) (a) Horizontal scroll edges Figure 8. Standard deviation of perceived motion blur times (ms) (a) Horizontal scroll edges Figure 9. PMBW W2B PMBW B2W (pixels) SPIE-IS&T Vol C-7

8 For the case of horizontal moving edges, PMBTs were almost definite values regardless of moving speed. On the other hand, vertical moving edges could not be perceived continuously and observers were confused about quantification of motion blur. For future work, we will measure PMBWs for diagonal scroll edge and compare to MPRTs. In this study, we can not distinguish between the anisotropy of the display multidirectional and that of human visual characteristics sufficiently. As well as measuring the anisotropy of display such as measurement of MPRTs, it is important for clarification of motion blur perception to make the ansotropy of human visual characteristics clear. REFERENCES 1. T. Kurita, Moving picture quality improvement for hold-type AM-LCDs, SID Symposium Digest Tech Papers 32, pp , Y. Igarashi, T. Yamamoto, Y. Tanaka, Y. J. Someya, Nakakura, M. Yamakawa, S. Hasegawa, Y. Nishida, and T. Kurita, Proposal of the perceptive parameter motion picture response time (MPRT), in SID 03 Digest of Technical Papers, pp , VESA, Flat Panel Display Measurements (FPDM2) Update, Y. Igarashi, Summary of moving picture response time (MPRT) and futures, in SID 04 Digest, pp , J. Someya, Correlation between perceived motion blur and MPRT measurement, in SID 05 Digest, pp , T. Ishihara, K. Ohishi, N. Tsumura, and Y. Miyake, Dependence of directivity in spatial frequency response of the human eye (2) mathematical modeling of modulation transfer function, Journal of the Society of Photographic Science and Technology of Japan 65(2), pp , S. Sano, T. Nakaguchi, N. Tsumura, and Y. Miyake, Measuring motion blur of displays for the motions on various direction, in The Second International Workshop on Image Media Quality and its Applications, SPIE-IS&T Vol C-8

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