The Shell Bitumen Handbook

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1 The Shell Bitumen Handbook Sixth edition Principal aufhors Dr Robert N. Hunter, Andy Self and Professor John Read Shell Bitumen

2 Contents About the principal authors Foreword Acknowledgements xii xiv xv Chapter 1 Introduction Origins Definition of bitumen The uses of bitumen Health, safety and environment Other binders Terminology 13 References 13 Chapter 2 Manufacture and storage of bitumens The manufacture of bitumen Fractional distillation of crude oil Air blowing of short residues Delivery, storage and handling temperatures of bitumen 24 References 27 Chapter 3 Handling, health, safety and environmental aspects of bitumens Handling and safety Health aspects of bitumen Bitumen and the environment 42 References 44 Chapter 4 Constitution and structure of bitumens Bitumen constitution Bitumen structure The relationship between bitumen constitution, structure and rheology 57 v

3 the 4.4 The relationship between broad chemical composition and physical properties during the bitumen life cycle 58 References 62 Chapter 5 Specifying bitumens and checking their quality Penetration grade, hard penetration grade and viscosity grade bitumens Polymer modified bitumens (PMBs) Oxidised bitumens Hard bitumens Bitumen quality The CEN bitumen specification The SHRP/Superpave bitumen specification 82 References 85 Chapter 6 Routine testing and mechanical properties of bitumens Standard specification tests for bitumens Temperature susceptibility penetration index (PI) Viscosity The bitumen test data chart 99 of bitumen Engineering properties 6.6 Cohesion 1 14 References Chapter 7 Rheology of bitumens Rheology, deformation and flow The rheology of bitumen 134 References 145 Chapter 8 Polymer modified bitumens and other modified binders The role of bitumen modifiers in asphalt pavements The modification of bitumen Other modified products used for road and industrial applications Properties of PMBs and related test methods Manufacture, storage and handling 8.6 Performance of PMBs for road application: of PMBs 177 Shell Cariphalte example 1 79 References 180

4 Chapter 9 Bitumen emulsions A brief history of the development of bitumen emulsions The components of emulsions The manufacture of bitumen emulsions Storage and handling of bitumen emulsions Properties of bitumen emulsions Modification of bitumen emulsion properties Classification and specification of bitumen emulsions Uses of bitumen emulsions Trends and new developments in the use of bitumen emulsions Further information on bitumen emulsions 214 References 214 Chapter 10 Aggregates in asphalts Introduction Origin and type Aggregate processing Coarse and fine aggregates Filler aggregate Assuring aggregate quality 255 References 256 Chapter 1 1 Choosing asphalts for use in flexible pavement layers Asphalts used in flexible pavements in Europe UK pavements Asphalts used in flexible pavements in the UK Asphalts used in flexible pavements in France Asphalts used in flexible pavements in Germany Asphalts used in flexible pavements in the USA Asphalts used in flexible pavements in India Asphalts used in flexible pavements in China 289 References 290 Chapter 1 2 Design of asphalt mixtures A very brief history of asphalt mixture design methods Mixture volumetrics 297 vii

5 12.3 Grading Mixture design methods 31 1 References 342 Chapter 1 3 Design of flexible pavements Introduction Background to the design of pavements The importance of stiffness The elements of a flexible pavement Stages involved in pavement design Pavement designs in the USA Empirical and analytical pavement design Analytical pavement design The contribution of Shell Bitumen to the development of pavement design Example pavement designs using SPDM-PC A glimpse of the future for pavement design? 374 References 375 Chapter 14 Asphalt production plants Introduction Types of mixing plants Plant capacities Additive systems Cold mix plants Warm mix plants Asphalt plant control Sampling 410 References 41 2 Chapter 15 Transport, laying and compaction of asphalts Transport 413 works Preparatory 15.3 Application of bond coats Delivery and discharge Pavers Laying in adverse weather conditions Machine laying Hot-on-hot paving Hand laying Layer thickness and surface regularity Joints 430 viii

6 15.12 Chipping of hot rolled asphalt surface course Installing gussasphalt Compaction Application of grit to surface courses Opening to traffic Specification and qualify control 444 References 444 Chapter 16 Laboratory testing of asphalts Fundamental tests Simulative tests Empirical Determination of recovered bitumen properties 470 References 474 Chapter 17 Properties of asphalts Stiffness of asphalts Deformation of asphalts Fatigue characteristics of asphalts Failure theories for cracking in asphalt layers 496 References 499 Chapter 1 8 Influence of binder properties on the performance of asphalts Introduction The influence of binder properties during construction The influence of binder properties on the performance of asphalts in service 51 1 References 542 Chapter 19 Adhesion of bitumen and moisture damage in asphalts Thermodynamic principles of adhesion, cohesion and surface free energy Factors affecting bitumen-aggregate adhesion Disbonding mechanisms in asphalts Methods of measuring and assessing adhesion between bitumen and aggregates and moisture damage Improving bitumen-aggregate adhesion 567 References 569 ix

7 Chapter 20 Durability of bitumens and asphalts Bitumen hardening Hardening of bitumen during storage, mixing and in service Bitumen ageing tests 586 References 588 Chapter 21 Surface treatments Surface dressing Slurry surfacing/microsurfacing High friction surfaces Grouted macadams 636 References 640 Chapter 22 Alternative asphalts Asphalts produced using foamed bitumen Warm mix asphalts Shell Thiopave, a sulfur-based asphalt modifier for enhanced asphalt road applications Recycling of asphalt pavements Modification of bitumen by the addition of rubber 671 References 680 Chapter 23 Certification of bitumens and asphalts The regulatory framework Standards Certification for products and systems outside the scope of CEN harmonised standards Requirements for product certification 697 References 700 Chapter 24 Other important uses of bitumens and asphalts Bitumen in roofing applications Bituminous adhesive for use with pavement markers Airfield pavements Conventional and high speed railway applications Bridges Recreational areas Motor racing tracks, including Formula 1 tracks 729 X

8 24.8 Vehicle testing circuits Hydraulic applications Coloured surface courses and surface treatments Asphalt kerbs 735 References 735 Appendix 1 Physical constants of bitumens 739 Appendix 2 Conversion factors for viscosities 743 Appendix 3 Blending charts and formulae 744 Appendix 4 Appendix 5 Calculation of bitumen film thickness in an asphalt 748 Bitumen product standards used across the world 750 Appendix 6 Asphalt product standards used across the world 754 Appendix 7 Reporting asphalt compositional analysis results 756 Appendix 8 Volumetrics symbols 759 Index 761 yi

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