Biology 70 Slides for Lecture 1 Fall 2007
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1 Biology 70 Part II Sensory Systems intensity vs spatial position (image formation) color 3 4 motion depth (monocular) 5 6 1
2 depth (binocular) 1. In the lectures on perception we will see how various aspects of sensory information are coded in the stimulus. For vision, know what aspects of light are responsible for coding the position (boundaries or form) of objects, the color of objects, and the motion of objects. Also know the limits of our perception for each of these attributes other aspects of visual processing that lose in formation (many examples will come from later lectures). 7 8 light waves object image IMAGE FORMATION light object eye image on back of the eye (retina) 9 10 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE Properties of a light wave amplitude wavelength color brightness frequency= speed of light / wavelength
3 spectrum of visible light full electromagnetic spectrum R O Y G B I V Figure 5.4 E & B (luminance or luminosity) 2. Understand the properties of light and how they are related to brightness and color perception. a. wavelength b. intensity c. luminance image formation 17 no image 18 3
4 pinhole image 19 image formation using a lens (refraction) 20 WHAT A MESS!! NO IMAGE object (outside world) light rays from object image (on back of eye) 21 object (outside world) pupil (opening) image (on back of eye) 22 pinhole image formation image formation OK, so pinholes can form images but very dim (loose a lot of light). CAN THE EYE DO BETTER IN IMAGE FORMATION??? object (outside world) image (on back of eye) 23 LENSES and REFRACTION 24 4
5 refraction image formation by a lens refraction: light waves bend when they go between different materials (glass and air; air and water) By bending light rays a lens enables ALL the light from one point in the OBJECT (e.g. head of arrow) to be FOCUSED to one point in the IMAGE figure 3.1 E & B object (outside world) (glass) lens image (on back of eye) refraction by a lens; strength of a lens 3. Patterns of light coming from an object must be focused to form an image. Know the following terms related to image formation: a. refraction b. accommodation c. diopter d. pupillary reflex
6 iris, pupil, sclera parts of the eye fundus of the eye (fovea, macula, optic nerve, blind spot) fundus photo movietime 4. Be able to identify and discuss the function of the various parts of the eye: a. cornea h. retina b. iris-pupil i. choroid c. aqueous humor j. sclera d. lens k. fovea e. ciliary muscle l. macula f. suspensory ligament m. blind spot g. vitreous humor n. optic nerve
7 ciliary muscle and accommodation image formation and accommodation accommodation and image formation myopia and hyperopia 3. Patterns of light coming from an object must be focused to form an image. Know the following terms related to image formation: a. refraction b. accommodation c. diopter d. pupillary reflex myopia and hyperopia astigmatism
8 astigmatism presbyopia (figure 3.10 E & B) What are the following terms relating to visual disorders? we will NOT go over each of these in lecture, you are responsible for obtaining the definitions, etc, from WWW sites (see Disorders of the Eye above) a. emmetropia f. strabismus k. lasik surgery b. myopia g. cataract l. diabetic retinopathy c. hyperopia h. glaucoma m. AMD (age related macular degeneration) d. astigmatism i. detached n. conjuntivitis retina e. presbyopia j. keratoconus LASIK surgery cataracts keratoconus Normal Cataract
9 conjunctivitis (conditions known as pink-eye ) diabetic retinopathy Blood Hemorrhages (Leaks) Hardened Material Laser Scars hbqtoyqzlkqgy3dkpn635vywzr26k3sowzwia4q2pexhdb4q2wgq5hu346etv36x45j4rzjb5rlyyqofa/conjunctivitisfinal.jpg Before laser photocoagulation After laser photocoagulation 49 Before laser photocoagulation 50 After laser photocoagulation ARM (age-related macular degeneration) rod and cone Drusen rod and cone rhodopsin crystal structure i) disks ii) photopigments cytoplasmic extracellular 53 Palczewski, et. al., (2000), Science, 289,
10 Biology 70 Slides for Lecture 1 phototransduction: cis- to trans- photoisomerization of retinal regeneration cycle Describe the process of visual transduction, being sure to understand: a. 11-cis and all-trans retinal b. rhodopsin c. vitamin A and regeneration
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