10/25/2017. Light and Telescope. Reflector - Mirror. Refractor - Lens. PHYS 1411 Introduction to Astronomy. Topics for Today s class
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1 PHYS 1411 Introduction to Astronomy Light and Telescope Chapter 6 Reminders Homework on Chapter 4, 5 and 6 due November 1 st. No extensions. Lab 8 handout is on class web page. Due Week of November 27 th. Exam 2 Wednesday November 1 st. Chapters 4, 5 and 6 50 multiple choice questions Allowed: Calculator, One page of equations, formula, conversions or constants. Bring Green Scantron, No. 2 Pencil Not allowed: cell phones, ear phones, laptops, tablets. Review/Practice Questions are on Class Web Page. Topics for Today s class Optical Telescopes Big Telescopes Advances in Telescope Designs Telescopes Mountings Problems with Mirrors and Lenses Astronomical Detectors CCD Camera Spectrometer Hobby Telescopes Eyepiece Modern Optical Telescopes Schnmidt - Cassegrain Focus Cassegrain Focus Prime Focus Refractor - Lens Jtwastronomy.com Reflector - Mirror Astroshop.eu 1
2 Modern Optical Telescopes (cont d.) The 4-m Mayall Telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory (Arizona) Advances in Modern Telescope Design Lighter mirrors with lighter support structures, to be controlled dynamically by computers Floppy mirror Segmented mirror Examples of Modern Telescopic Design Examples of Modern Telescopic Design (cont d.) Funding Federal Government (DOE FIPSE) Tarleton State University Manufacturer Astronomical Consultant and Equipment Inc.(ACE) 32-inch (0.8m) Reflector f/ratio= f/7 Remotely Control ACE Software * Observatory CCD Camera Finger Lakes - FOV = 17 x 17 Resolution /pixel Imaging and Photometry UBVRI, Hα, OIII and Neutral Density 2
3 Telescopes Mounts Telescope require mounts that allow rotation Popular Equatorial Mount No counterweight needed counterweight GeekWrapped.com Starizona.com Comparing Refracting Telescopes telescopes/telescope10.html LGP ~ A = (D/2) 2 M = F p /F e min = 11.6 arcsec / D[cm] Lenses and Mirrors have Inherent Problems Correcting for Spherical Aberration Spherical Aberration Both Lenses and Mirrors Chromatic Aberration Found in Lenses Openphotography.com Researchgate.net amazingspace.com Phys.apps.org Amazing-space.stsci.edu 3
4 Example of Spherical Aberration Disadvantage of Refractors Before After Tube very long for big telescope Lenses are expensive compared to mirrors More Engineering Maintenance Alt-Az mounting not Suitable Image not remarkably better than mirrors Chromatic Aberration Clspectrum.com Correcting for Chromatic Aberration Example of Chromatic Aberration Chromatic aberration: Different wavelengths are focused at different focal lengths (prism effect). Can be corrected, but not eliminated by second lens out of different material. Difficult and expensive to produce: All surfaces must be perfectly shaped; glass must be flawless; lens can only be Cengage Learning supported 2016 at the edges Vimeo.com Astronomical Detectors How to Measure and Record Light The Eye Limited ability The Photographic plate now obsolete Photomultiplier Very limited in capability The CCD (Charge Couple Device) Making Digital Image The Spectrograph Making a Spectrum - Measuring; Chemical Composition Temperature Velocity 4
5 CCD Camera Makes Digital Images How does a CCD work? It is a imaging device A CCD Image and Pixel Values Astrophotography Mathworks.com NASA Science from multiple wavelength CCD Images Science from a CCD Image Analyzing a sequence of such image gives us this light curve NASA Brightskies.us 5
6 Spectrographs/Spectrometer Spectrographs/Spectrometer A CCD spectrometer has a CCD camera and a Spectrometer A CCD image shows the spectrum It is an instrument that allows us to see to colors of white light coming from a star or a hot source Analysis of a Spectrum tells us chemical composition and temperature How to make a simple spectrometer Spectra of Some Astronomical Objects Popularmechanics.com Spectra of Chemical Elements Spectra can give us velocity information 6
7 Acknowledgment The slides in this lecture is for Tarleton: PHYS1411/PHYS1403 class use only Images and text material have been borrowed from various sources with appropriate citations in the slides, including PowerPoint slides from Seeds/Backman text that has been adopted for class. 7
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