Common File Formats. Need to store an image on disk Real photos Synthetic renderings Composed images. Desirable Features High quality.
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1 Image File Format 1
2 Common File Formats Need to store an image on disk Real photos Synthetic renderings Composed images Multiple sources Desirable Features High quality Lossy vs Lossless formats Channel depth bit per pixel Small file size Quality of compression Small overhead small headers Application data Save application specific data of the image processing tool Bitmap Format - Center for Graphics and Geometric Computing, Technion 2
3 What is a bitmap? One of the most common image formats available. Very simple to implement inefficient storage Wide support on Windows But exist on Unix too Raster Data In contrast to vector data like postscript. A matrix of pixels Bitmap a map of bit = binary image Pixmap a map of pixel = color image Bitmap Format - Center for Graphics and Geometric Computing, Technion 3
4 Bitmap Format Like most common image formats, a bitmap image consists of Header which contains descriptive information about the image, such as width, height, etc. Body which contains the actual (raster scanned) colors of the image pixels. Bitmap Format - Center for Graphics and Geometric Computing, Technion 4
5 Bitmap Structure BITMAPFILEHEADER BITMAPINFO Pixels BITMAPINFOHEADER RGBQUAD (Palette) Bitmap Format - Center for Graphics and Geometric Computing, Technion 5
6 BITMAPFILEHEADER typedef struct tagbitmapfileheader { WORD bftype; DWORD bfsize; WORD bfreserved1; WORD bfreserved2; DWORD bfoffbits; } BITMAPFILEHEADER; BITMAPFILEHEADER BITMAPINFO Pixels bftype = BM bfsize = size in byte of file BITMAPINFOHEADER RGBQUAD (Palette) Bitmap Format - Center for Graphics and Geometric Computing, Technion 6
7 BITMAPFILEHEADER Cont. The BITMAPFILEHEADER structure contains information about the type, size, and layout of a file that contains a device-independent bitmap (DIB). bftype - Specifies the file type. It must be BM. bfsize - Specifies the size, in bytes, of the bitmap file. bfoffbits - Specifies the offset, in bytes, from the BITMAPFILEHEADER structure to the bitmap data. BITMAPFILEHEADER BITMAPINFO Pixels A BITMAPINFO structure immediately follows the BITMAPFILEHEADER structure in the DIB file BITMAPINFOHEADER RGBQUAD (Palette) Bitmap Format - Center for Graphics and Geometric Computing, Technion 7
8 BITMAPINFO typedef struct tagbitmapinfo { BITMAPINFOHEADER bmiheader; RGBQUAD bmicolors[1]; } BITMAPINFO; The BITMAPINFO structure combines the BITMAPINFOHEADER structure and a color table to provide a complete definition of the dimensions and colors of a DIB. BITMAPFILEHEADER BITMAPINFO BITMAPINFOHEADER Pixels RGBQUAD (Palette) Bitmap Format - Center for Graphics and Geometric Computing, Technion 8
9 BITMAPINFOHEADER typedef struct tagbitmapinfoheader { DWORD bisize; LONG biwidth; LONG biheight; WORD biplanes; WORD bibitcount; DWORD bicompression; DWORD bisizeimage; LONG bixpelspermeter; LONG biypelspermeter; DWORD biclrused; DWORD biclrimportant; } BITMAPINFOHEADER; BITMAPFILEHEADER BITMAPINFO BITMAPINFOHEADER Pixels RGBQUAD (Palette) Bitmap Format - Center for Graphics and Geometric Computing, Technion 9
10 BITMAPINFOHEADER bisize size of the struct in bytes biwidth width in pixels biheight height in pixels biplanes layers in bitmap must be 1 bibitcount bit per pixel 1,2,4,8,16,24,32 Use 24 bits for 3 channels with no palette images. More fields look at Visual.Net manual for the rest of the fields. The above are the most important. Bitmap Format - Center for Graphics and Geometric Computing, Technion 10
11 PNG File Format Features PNG was developed to replace the GIF file format. Gif have a patent problem LZW is patented by Unisys. Alpha channel support - transparency Gamma correction hardware independence. Color space Up to 16 bit grayscale images Up to 48 bit true color PNG is a lossless image format Compression is done using the free gzip library. No degradation during image manipulation and resaving Interlacing Improve transmission times 2D interlacing effect like jpeg Bitmap Format - Center for Graphics and Geometric Computing, Technion 11
12 PNG File Format A signature 8 bytes The same for every png file A series of Chunks Four byte header The name of the chunk Ends with 32bit CRC Contain information like pixel data, gamma correction data, text data The pixel data chunks have the name IDAT Data is set in Network Byte Order Big Endian Pixel ordering in an IDAT The pixels in a scan-line come from left to right The scan-lines are ordered from top to bottom Pixels are packed even inside the boundaries of a byte Bitmap Format - Center for Graphics and Geometric Computing, Technion 12
13 File Format IHDR chunk Must appear first Contain the following fields Width: 4 bytes Height: 4 bytes Bit depth: 1 byte Color type: 1 byte Compression method: 1 byte Filter method: 1 byte Interlace method: 1 byte IEND chunk The IEND chunk must appear LAST. It marks the end of the PNG data stream. Contains empty data field. Bitmap Format - Center for Graphics and Geometric Computing, Technion 13
14 The PNG Tool In this course you are provided with a C++ class that wraps the png library With this you can load, save and manipulate png images. The tool can be downloaded from the course homepage (exercise section) and consists of: PngWrapper.h PngWrapper.cpp The tool was tested under winxp using Microsoft Visual C \ Microsoft Visual.Net. Bitmap Format - Center for Graphics and Geometric Computing, Technion 14
15 Example Reading a PNG file #include "PngWrapper.h" PngWrapper pngreadfile("test.png"); pngreadfile.readpng(); int c = pngreadfile.getvalue(84,118); //gray image if(pngreadfile.getnumchannels()==1) std::cout<<"gray color "<<c<<std::endl; //we only support rgb not bgr format else if(pngreadfile.getnumchannels() == 3){ int r = R(c);//the red componnent int g = G(c);//the green int b = B(c);//the blue std::cout<<"("<<r<<","<<g<<","<<b<<")"<<std::endl; } Bitmap Format - Center for Graphics and Geometric Computing, Technion 15
16 Example writing a PNG file #include "PngWrapper.h" PngWrapper pngwrite( test.png,640,480); pngwrite.initwritepng(); int cx = pngwrite.getwidth()/2; int cy = pngwrite.getheight()/2; for(int I = 0; i < pngwrite.getwidth(); i++) for(int j = 0; j < pngwrite.getheight(); j++) if((i-cx)*(i-cx) + (j-cy)*(j-cy)<800 && (i-cx)*(i-cx) + (j-cy)*(j-cy)>600 (i-cx)*(i-cx) + (j-cy)*(j-cy)>200 && (i-cx)*(i-cx) + (j-cy)*(j-cy)<300) pngwrite.setvalue(i,j,rgb(255,0,0)); else pngwrite.setvalue(i,j,rgb(0,255,255)); //the result is only written to the disk now. pngwrite.writepng(); Bitmap Format - Center for Graphics and Geometric Computing, Technion 16
17 PPM format The lowest common denominator A "magic number" for identifying the file type. A ppm image's magic number is the two characters "P6". White-space (blanks, TABs, CRs, LFs). A width, formatted as ASCII characters in decimal. White-space. A height, again in ASCII decimal. White-space. P6 # feep.ppm Binary data Bitmap Format - Center for Graphics and Geometric Computing, Technion 17
18 PPM format The maximum color value (Maxval), again in ASCII decimal. Must be less than Newline or other single white-space character. A raster of Height rows, in order from top to bottom. Each row consists of Width pixels, in order from left to right. Each pixel is a triplet of red, green, and blue samples, in that order. Bitmap Format - Center for Graphics and Geometric Computing, Technion 18
19 JPEG Stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group Lossy compression Based on discreet cosine transform followed by huffman coding Huffman coding - this part is lossless assuming that we know the probability of each code word. Encode the most probable with shortest strings. Use prefix-code. DCT in JPEG Relative of Fourier transform Partition the image into blocks of 8X8 pixels and apply the transformation DCT is reversible apart from numerical loss of precision Bitmap Format - Center for Graphics and Geometric Computing, Technion 19
20 DCT in JPEG The idea is to transform a signal from its original domain into a different domain. Represent this signal using a different basis We seek a representation where most of the energy of the signal is found in a small number of coefficients. Low frequency parts This part is lossless but we will represent the signal using only the leading (high energy) coefficients Decode the signal by applying the reverse transform. I will not get into the details of the Cosine Transform There are highly efficient algorithms for both forward and reverse transforms Hardware implementation is cheap Bitmap Format - Center for Graphics and Geometric Computing, Technion 20
21 JPEG File Format Start of Image Frame End of Image Header Scan Scan Header Scan Scan Bitmap Format - Center for Graphics and Geometric Computing, Technion 21
22 JPEG Characteristics Good for storing photographs Good statistical behavior helps jpeg Able to represent images with lots of shades Good Compression Ratio Often 1:10 to 1:20 without any noticeable difference Good for transferring data on the web Quality Vs. Compression tradeoff 1.5Kb 4.7Kb 9.5Kb 15Kb 83Kb Bitmap Format - Center for Graphics and Geometric Computing, Technion 22
23 Bad for JPEG Characteristics Text a lot of compression artifacts due to the large number of sharp features Also bad for CAD blueprints Useless for medical images, why? No Color maps Bitmap Format - Center for Graphics and Geometric Computing, Technion 23
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