Lecture 15 Chap. 6 Optical Instruments. Single lens instruments Eyeglasses Magnifying glass. Two lens Telescope & binoculars Microscope

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1 Lecture 15 Chap. 6 Optical Instruments Single lens instruments Eyeglasses Magnifying glass Two lens Telescope & binoculars Microscope The projector Projection lens Field lens October 12, 2010 all these vugraphs were used. 1 Lecture plan Exam II, Nov. 4, will cover Ch. 4 (camera), Ch. 5 (the eye), We are here Ch. 6 (optical instruments), Ch. 7 (visual perception), Ch. 9 & 10 (color & color perception). We save Ch. 8 for later. 2

2 Optical instruments We are here Single lens instruments Eyeglasses Magnifying glass Two lens instruments Telescope & binoculars Microscope The projector Projection lens Field lens 3 Eyeglasses Normal vision: you can focus from 25 cm to infinity ( ) For farsighted people (can t focus up close) Eyeglasses are converging (thicker in middle) Demo: eyeglasses For nearsighted people (can t focus far away) Eyeglasses are diverging (thinner in middle) 4

3 Eyeglass prescription is in diopters Optometrists use diopters to measure the strength of a lens Diopters [or D] = 1 / (focal length in meters) Example: f = 50 cm or f = 0.5 m D = 1/f = 2 diopters (units are 1/meters) 5 Astigmatism Vertical and horizontal lines focus differently This problem is fixed by a cylinder lens Sharply focused Out of focus Focuses in one direction, but not the other! 6

4 Action of a cylinder lens Focus is a line, not a point Focuses in one direction, but not the other! If a cylinder lens is needed for your eyeglasses, your cornea and eyelens is curved more in one direction than in the other! 7 One lens magnifier (again) 8

5 Magnification of a one-lens magnifier Magnification = 25 cm focal length in cm Example: 5 cm focal length has 5 magnification 10 cm focal length has 2.5 magnification 2 mm focal length has 125 magnification 9 van Leeuwenhoek s microscope Focal length, approximately 25 cm, reading distance, approximately 10

6 van Leeuwenhoek s microscope Year: 1600s Tiny lens with 2 mm focal length (the lens diameter cannot be much bigger than the focal length) Magnification = 25 cm 0.2 cm = 125 Problem: image was still small, and very dim. 11 Robert Hooke s microscope 1600s Discovered: Blood cells Microbes 12

7 Optical instruments We are here Single lens instruments Eyeglasses Magnifying glass Two lens instruments Telescope & binoculars Microscope The projector Projection lens Field lens 13 Robert Hooke s two-lens microscope A magnifying glass (the eyepiece) magnifies the first image further. The first lens, the nosepiece, is used as a projection lens. lens 2 image lens 1 image object lens 2 eyepiece lens 1 Nosepiece or Objective Demo: student microscope 14

8 Hooke s discoveries The cell Details of a flea 15 Robert Hooke s two-lens microscope Magnification = M 1 x M 2 Example: Eyepiece M 2 = 25 Nosepiece M 1 = 40 Final magnification = 40 x 25 = 1000 M 1, like for any projection lens, is X i / X o M 2, like for any magnifier, is 25 cm / focal length 16

9 Modern student binocular microscope A beamsplitter, a half-silvered mirror, sends half the light to each eyepiece. 17 Galileo s telescope (~1600) F eyepiece F objective Negative lens for eyepiece gives right-side-up image. 18

10 lens 1 image Kepler s telescope (~1600) lens 2 image lens 2 eyepiece lens 1 Objective F eyepiece F objective Positive lens for eyepiece gives upside down image that is easier to see. 19 Galileo s telescope 30 x magnification Tiny lens means not much light entered, so image is dim. Discoveries: Sunspots Craters on the Moon Phases of Venus Moons of Jupiter 20

11 Magnification of a telescope (refractor or reflector) Magnification = focal length of focal length of objective lens or mirror eyepiece Example: Objective focal length = 1 m = 100 cm Eyepiece focal length = 1 cm Magnification = F objective /F eyepiece = Useless magnification A bigger fuzzy image is not useful (no additional information). A high resolution image requires large lenses and mirrors. 8 inch reflector telescope Hubble telescope, 96 inch mirror Smallest visible feature 1/(diameter of lens or mirror) 22

12 Yerkes observatory, Largest refractor 40 inch lens 1897 Larger lenses would sag under their own weight. The lens was achromatic (two kinds of glass). 23 Newton s reflector telescope 24

13 Newton s telescope Advantage: no chromatic aberration 25 Telescope drives Telescopes must rotate once every 24 hrs (approximately) to follow the stars, or the pictures will have streaks. North star 26

14 Student telescopes View of galaxy NGC Catadioptric telescope Also called Schmidt-Cassegrain Front glass lens corrects aberrations Why buy this? It s shorter. 28

15 Hubble Space Telescope image Compare to student telescope image. 29 Palomar reflector - 5 meter mirror 30

16 South Africa Large Telescope (10 m) Former CU student Amanda Gulbis uses this telescope. This shows 7 of the 91 mirrors. Diameter is about 10 m. Each mirror is a hexagon so that they pack closely. 31 Largest single mirrors are 8 m now 32

17 Finished mirror (don t sneeze) 33 Keck Telescope 36 mirrors 10 m dia. 34

18 Magellan Telescope (yr. 2018) 24.5 m dia. segmented mirror 35 European Extremely Large Telescope (42 m dia.) would use many smaller mirrors 36

19 Assemble your own telescope 1. Instructions 2. Red end caps, cardboard spacer, foam lens holder 3. Cardboard washer 4. Objective lens (big) 5. Eyepiece lens (small) 6. Sliding cardboard tubes Advice: don t lose the little lens (g).

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