Shujun LI ( 李树钧 ): INF Multimedia Coding. Inputs and Outputs
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1 Lecture/Lab Session 2 Inputs and Outputs May 4, 2009
2 Outline Review Inputs of Encoders: Image/Video Formats Outputs of Decoders: Perceptual Quality Issue MATLAB Exercises Reading and showing images and video sequences Getting familiar with color spaces Examining spatial and temporal redundancies Examining psychovisual redundancies Measuring perceptual quality with PSNR 1
3 Review
4 Image and video coding: A big picture Predictive Coding Input Image/Video Pre- Processing Lossy Coding Lossless Coding Post- Processing Visual Quality Measurement Predictive Coding Encoded Image/Video Decoded Image/Video Post- Lossy Lossless Processing Coding Coding Pre-Processing 3
5 Some terms Luminance = Brightness = Lightness = Intensity = Value Hue: Saturation = Colorfulness = Chroma = Vividness = Purity Chromaticity = Hue + Saturation => It is a 2-tuple. Chromaticity Diagram: a 2-D diagram showing chromaticities Color = Luminance + Chromaticity => So, it is a 3-tuple. Chrominance (Chroma) = Color Difference Color Space: a 3-D space of colors Color Mixing Systems (light) vs. Color Appearance Systems (perception) Gamut: range of colors (in a color space) JND: Just-Noticeable Difference (50% accuracy) 4
6 Shujun LI (李树钧): INF Multimedia Coding HSV/HSL (HSI/HSB) color spaces HSV color space HSL color space 5
7 srgb vs. CIE 1931 XYZ color spaces 6
8 Inputs of Encoders: Image/Video Formats
9 Color conversion in image/video encoding Pre-Processing Input Image/Video Color Space A/D RGB R G B Conversion Y UV/ Y P b P r Conversion Y C b C r Chroma Subsampling Encoded Image/Video Other Parts of Encoding Process 8
10 Color conversion: R G B GB => Y C b C r R,G,B [0,1],,, [, k r r, k b (0,1), (, k r+k b<1 Y =k r *R +(1-k r -k b )*G +k b *B [0,1] P b =0.5*(B -Y )/(1-k Y k b ) [-0.5,0.5] P r =0.5*(R -Y )/(1-k r ) [-0.5,0.5] Values of k b and k r can be different! ITU-T BT.601 (SDTV): k r =0.229, k b =0.114 ITU-T T BT.709 (HDTV): k r =0.2126, k b = ANSI/SMPTE 240M-1995 (HDTV): k r =0.212, k b =0.087 Y P YP b P r => Y C b C r (taking MPEG-2asanexample) an Y =219*Y +16 [16,235] C b=224*p b +128 [16,240] C r =224*P r +128 [16,240] 9
11 Chroma subsampling formats A 4X2 Image P(1,1) P(1,2) P(1,3) P(1,4) P(2,1) P(2,2) 2) P(2,3) P(2,4) Y Sampling C Y C b C b Sampling C r Sampling r Locations Locations Locations 4:4: ALL ALL ALL 4:2: ALL P(1,1) P(1,3) P(2,1) P(2,3) P(1,1) P(1,3) P(2,1) P(2,3) 4:2: ALL P(1,1) P(1,3) P(1,1) P(1,3) 4:1: ALL P(1,1) P(2,1) P(1,1) P(2,1) 10
12 Progressive vs. Interlacing Progressive mode: each row of a frame is scanned one by one Interlacing mode: a frame is divided into two fields odd rows are scanned first and even rows later. Benefit: bandwidth saving close to ½ Hz interlacing HDTV: 1920/ = G bits/second Hz progressive HDTV: = G bits/second Problem: 11
13 Interlacing mode: Frames vs. Fields A frame may be divided into two fields Top filed + Bottom field 12
14 Interlacing mode: Frames vs. Fields A frame may be divided into two fields Top filed + Bottom field 13
15 Shujun LI (李树钧): INF Multimedia Coding Interlacing mode: Frames vs. Fields z A frame may be divided into two fields Top filed + Bottom field 14
16 Digital image formats No standard spatial resolutions For research purpose: 2 n 2 n, such as , , , Uncompressed dimages BMP (*.bmp): fileheader + infoheader + [palette] + data (row by row, bottom-up) Netpbm formats: PBM/PGM/PPM (*.pbm/*.pgm/*.ppm) Losslessly compressed images TIFF = Tagged Image File Format (*.tiff/*.tif) PNG = Portable Network Graphics (*.png) GIF = Graphics Interchange Format (*.gif) up to 256 colors Lossily compressed images JPEG (*.jpg), JPEG2000 (*.jp2/*.j2k) j2k) 15
17 Digital video formats CIF = Common Intermediate Format (since H.261) CIF (Full CIF = FCIF) = QCIF (Quarter CIF) = SQCIF (Sub Quarter CIF) = CIF = 4 CIF = CIF = 4 4CIF = SIF = Source Input Format (since MPEG-1) 625/50 (TV: PAL/SECAM) = / /59.94 (TV: NTSC) = / Sub-SIF (Computers) = or
18 YUV video file format (.yuv/.cif/.qcif/.sif/ ) Planar formats YUV = YV12 = I420 = IYUV (4:2:0) YV16 (4:2:2) Packed formats UYVY = UYNV = Y422 (4:2:2) YUY2 = YUNV = V422 = YUYV (4:2:2) More info available at 17
19 YUV4MPEG2 format (.y4m) File Header File signature: YUV4MPEG2 Parameters Frames Width, height ht and frame rate: Wxxx Hyyy Fa:b Interlacing: Ip (progressive), It (top field first), Ib (bottom field first), Im (mixed mode, detailed in frame headers) Aspect ratio: Aa:b Color space (Chroma format): C4xx... Comment: X. Frame Header FRAME + a number of parameters (optional) + 0x0A Frame (YUV planar format) More information is available at 18
20 Multimedia container/wrapper formats AVI = Audio Video Interleave (*.avi) FLV = Flash Video (*.flv) ASF = Advanced Systems Format (*.asf) MPEG-TS (Transport Stream) & MPEG-PS (Program Stream) (*.mpg/*.ts/*.ps) MP4 = MPEG-4 Part 14 (*.mp4) => 3GP (*.3gp/*.3g2) MOV (Quicktime) (*.mov) RealMedia (*.rm/ rm/*.rmvb) 19
21 Shujun LI (李树钧): INF Multimedia Coding Outputs of Decoders: Perceptual Quality Issue
22 Image and video coding: Quality issue Quality Mt Meterics Input image/video Decoded image/video Visual Quality Measurement Encoder Decoder Encoded image/video 21
23 Visual quality measurement: Subjective DSIS (Double Stimulus Impairment Scale) DSCQS (Double Stimulus Continuous Quality Scale) SSCQE (Single Stimulus Continuous Quality Evaluation) Some measurement methods have been standardized: ITU-R BT.500, ITU-R BT.710, ITU-T P
24 Visual quality measurement: Objective Two images: the original one f(x,y) and the decoded one f (x,y) MSE = Mean Squared Error 1 MN X (f 0 (x, y) f(x, y)) 2 x,y SNR = Signal-to-Noise Ratio à P! x,y (f 0 (x, y)) 2 10 log 10 P x,y (f 0 (x, y) f(x, y)) 2 PSNR = Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio à 10 log 10 L 2 P x,y (f 0 (x,, y) f(x, y)) 2! 23
25 Shujun LI (李树钧): INF Multimedia Coding Visual quality measurement: Objective The original image PSNR=32.7 db PSNR=37.5 db Research Question: PSNR is not g good enough g to perfectly p y reflect visual quality, more advanced metrics considering HVS are wanted. Some objective metrics are being standardized by the ITU-T. 24
26 Visual quality measurement: Objective SSIM = Structural Similarity Index SSIM = (2E(f(x, y)f 0 (x, y)) + C 1 )(2σ f,f 0 + C 2 ) (E(f(x, y)) 2 + E(f 0 (x, y)) 2 + C 1 ) ³σ 2f + σ2f + C 2 0 VQM = Video Quality Metric MPQM = Moving Pictures Quality Metric NQM = Noise Quality Measure f f 25
27 MATLAB Exercises
28 Reading and Showing Image/Video Read an image. f=imread( Images/lena_color.bmp ); Show an image. imshow(f); Read a frame from a YUV video. f=yuvread( Video/news.qcif,1); Show a video frame. imshow(ycbcr2rgb(yuv4xx_444(f))); Play back a YUV video. yuvplay( Video/news.qcif, All ); 27
29 Getting familiar with color spaces Show YUV planes of a video. f=yuvread( test.cif',1); subplot(2,2,1:2); imshow(f.y); subplot(2,2,3); imshow(f.u); subplot(2,2,4); imshow(f.v); Try to add pseudo-colors to U- and V-planes. Tip: assume Y=0.5 and another chroma channel is 0. Try to read a RGB image and convert it to YUV color space. 28
30 YUV video player => Y4M video player Read the code of YUV video player. Two files: YUVplayer.m and YUVplayer.fig. Run guide YUVplayer.fig to open the second file. Read MATLAB help documents to learn how to design GUI with MATLAB. Try to implement a Y4M video player. This can be a take-home assignment. 29
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