MICROSCOPE TERMS 7X 45X 112.5X 225X

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1 Microscopes

2 MICROSCOPE TERMS Magnification- how much larger the image is Resolution- how clear the image is Field of View: Describes the visual picture seen when looking through the eyepiece of the microscope 7X 45X 112.5X 225X

3 Used crude microscope Viewed and named first cell Saw non-living cells in cork Robert Hooke

4 1 st crude microscope made by the Dutchman Van Leeuwenhoek In the 17th century, amateur scientist Anton van Leeuwenhoek enlightened the world about what he dubbed animacules such as protozoa found in standing water. Using microscopes he made himself, Leeuwenhoek wrote up what he viewed in pond water, plant material, even gunk scraped off his teeth. He was the first to identify LIVING CELLS (sperm and red blood cells).

5 Leeuwenhoek s Microscope

6 2 MainTypes of Microscopes Light Electron Stereomicroscope Compound Scanning Transmission Scanning- Tunneling

7 COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPES Can magnify up to 1,000x Powerful enough to view algae, protozoa Some powerful enough to view bacteria CANNOT view tiny parts of cells (organelles) or view viruses in detail Sample must be larger than 0.2mm Samples must be stained 2D image of dead or alive

8 Compound Light Microscope Diatom Paramecium 25x mag. Euglena 400x mag.

9 Compound Microscope Images

10 UD Virtual Compound Microscope

11 STEREOMICROSCOPE Also called a dissecting microscope Magnifies 10X Reserved for larger objects that can be seen with your eyes but may need magnification for details Image is 3D

12 Stereomicroscope Details of a spider s foot Detail of concrete sample Details of a fly tongue Moth pupa

13 Electron Microscopes Developed in the 1940 s View extremely tiny objects (organelles, viruses) Use streams of electrons instead of light to create images No living samples Scientists don t see the images directly through lenses as they do with light microscopes. Instead, the machinery of the electron microscope generates a picture on a TV or computer screen.

14 SEM Scanning Electron Microscope The specimen is usually coated with an ultra-thin layer of heavy metals/ gold. The electron beam scans over the surface of the specimen, exciting electrons on the surface. Especially useful for studying the surfaces and structures of cells First commercial 1 built in 1965

15 Scanning Electron Microscope 3D image Specimens not sliced for viewing. See SURFACES! 100,000X magnification Cannot be used to view living specimens Daisy Petal

16 Bread mold (1200x) Penicillium is the stuff the antibiotic is made from and grows not only on bread but on citrus fruits as well. The moldy spots are generally composed of a number of different fungal species.

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18

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20 Start here! Virtual Scanning Electron Microscope

21 TEM Transmission Electron Microscope Transmit electron beams through a thin section or slice of a specimen to create an image. TEMs are particularly useful for studying the insides of cells. Cannot be used to study living cells 2D image with 200,000X magnification First built in 1931

22 TEM Mitochondria Microtubules Cardiac muscle

23 Display things as minute as the individual atoms on an object s surface. 100 million X magnification. They use an electrically charged tip that is placed within nm of the surface of the specimen. Electrons jump between the tip and the specimen surface in what s called the tunneling current. As the tip is moved back and forth across the specimen, the current varies according to whether the tip is right over an atom or over the space or trough between atoms. A computer creates an image based on these differences in STM Scanning-Tunneling Microscope

24 The STM can even move atoms about. The image below depicts the results of such a process. Xenon atoms on a nickel substrate spell IBM

25 A scanning tunneling microscope image of 5 nm gold nanoparticles Nano- means 1/1,000,000,000th

26 Atomic Force Microscope IBM article 8/28

27 Different parts of a microscope

28

29 Light Microscopes (compound) Specimen mounted on a glass slide on stage Must be thinly sliced or very small Pair of lenses Ocular lens (eye piece) 10X Objective lens (nose piece)

30 TOTAL MAGNIFICATION determined by multiplying power of the objective & ocular lenses Maximum magnification is around 2000X for the best microscopes

31 Focusing a Microscope On scanning and low power, use the Coarse adjustment knob to focus On high power, use only the fine adjustment knob to focus

32 Making a wet mount slide Procedure Place a drop of water on the center of a clean dry slide Place the specimen in the middle of the drop. While holding the cover slip upright, carefully place one edge of the cover slip next to the water. Slowly lower the upper edge of the cover slip onto the water. The objective is to minimize or eliminate air bubbles under the cover slip. You might find it helpful to use one toothpick to hold the lower edge in place, while using another to carefully lower the slip into place.

33 Common Metric Prefixes used in Biology Kilo- means 1000 Centi- means 1/100 th Milli- means 1/1000 th Micro means 1/1,000,000 th Nano- means 1/1,000,000,000 th

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35 Cell sizes

36 Cell Size Interactive Site How Big is a...?

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