Microbolometers for Infrared Imaging and the 2012 Student Infrared Imaging Competition
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1 Microbolometers for Infrared Imaging and the 2012 Student Infrared Imaging Competition George D Skidmore, PhD Principal Scientist DRS Technologies RSTA Group
2 Competition Flyer 2
3 Passive Night Vision Technologies Image Intensification Visible or Near-Infrared, low-light amplification Thermal Imaging Long-Wave Infrared, thermal radiation 3
4 Active Night Vision: ~800nm Illumination and Silicon Sensor
5 5 DRS-RSTA Lines of Business Maneuver Systems Dismounted & Unmanned Systems Sensor Systems Commercial Infrared Systems
6 6 DRS - RSTA Heritage Revenue ~$847M. DRS was purchased by Finmeccanica. DRS largest Uncooled Detector Supplier. (Maxtech) 2002 DRS Sensors & Targeting Systems was formed out of several business units DRS acquired Nytech DRS purchased the uncooled infrared Focal Plane Array business from Boeing. DRS purchased DRS Infrared Technologies in Dallas, TX s 1997 TI sold its defense business to Raytheon including cooled focal plane technology. Raytheon was required by the U.S. Department of Justice to divest itself of the former TI infrared business, including the infrared focal plane array program s 1970 s 1980 s Developed the 2nd generation Focal Plane Array. Developed the Common Module detector. Developed the 64x64 starring Focal Plane Array (FPA), enabling the Javelin missile fire and forget capability. 2 Manufacturing Facilities (Florida and Texas) 1415 Employees between both facilities (525 in Texas, 890 in Florida) 2010 Revenue approximately $847M Developed the first Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR) R&D Investments totals approximately $37M
7 Science and Engineering of Thermal Imaging 7
8 8 Cooled and Uncooled at DRS Cryogenically Cooled Photodiode Mercury Cadmium Telluride (MCT, HgCdTe) Uncooled Thermistor Bolometer Vanadium Oxide (VOx) High Performance, Large, Expensive Good Performance, Small, Man Portable
9 Electromagnetic Radiation 9
10 Blackbody radiators All objects emit radiation that is dependent on their temperature: Sun People Automobiles Etc.
11 Radiation Physics Planck blackbody radiation Assume perfect blackbodies Differential Planck blackbody radiation = ( dplanck/dt ): The instantaneous power radiated from a blackbody between T and T + dt in the limit that dt 0.
12 Blackbody Radiation at 300K, 27C, near room temperature
13 Atmospheric transmission Horizontally, through 1 km of atmosphere at sea-level.
14 Atmospheric transmission Mid-wave (MWIR) is usually defined as 3-5um wavelength Long-wave (LWIR) is usually defined as 8-12um or 8-14um wavelength radiation.
15 Atmospheric transmission Visible, um Near (NIR), 0.7um Short-wave (SWIR) Mid-wave (MWIR) Long-wave (LWIR
16 16 Uncooled Infrared Camera 2 cm Camera Core 2 cm Detector 1 cm UFPA or Die 17 μm 17 microns
17 Microbolometers 1. Isolated Microbridge Structure absorbs IR radiation, temperature increases rapidly 2. Supporting Leg provides electrical contact & thermal isolation 3. Temperature Sensitive Transducer Material (VOx) temperature rise causes resistance change 4. CMOS Pixel Readout Circuitry converts resistance change into electrical signal
18 Array Readout Wheatstone Bridge Configuration Row integration Radiation Baffle V detcom Reference Pixels (Blind) (per row) Array Pixels Reference Load Resistors (per array) V load Array Load Resistors (per column)
19 Video output Response: image brightness : (mv/k) Noise: static (uv) NETD (mk)
20 Figures of Merit Response is not a good figure of merit (FOM) Noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD) Output noise (uv) / Response (mv/k) Temperature difference of scene objects that produce a response at the noise level smaller is better Thermal time constant (TTC) Time for the pixel to reach 1/e of a scene induced temperature swing also desired to be small NETD * TTC is a less-invariant metric
21 Factors affecting performance Thermal Coefficient of Resistance (TCR) of VOx Higher TCR Higher Response Leg thermal conductance Trade parameter between Response and Time Constant Heat capacity Smaller Shorter Time Constant Absorption (emissivity) More radiation collected is better
22 MEMS Process Flow Simplified ASIC (ROIC) Substrate Analog/CMOS Define Reflector Define sacrificial layer Deposit dielectric and VOx Deposit umbrella Release etch
23 Vacuum packaging Thermal conductance to air would be much too high Packaged in vacuum with 5-10 year life Windows transmit in IR Germanium, Silicon, ZnSe, ZnS 320x Micron 640x Micron 640x Micron
24 System Electronics
25 Contest Cameras analog video out
26 26 Tamarisk 320 Features, contest cameras Focal Plane Array Sensor Type Array Format NTSC 320 x 240 Pixel Pitch 17 µm Spectral Band 8-14 µm Sensitivity f/1.0 Frame Rates Video Features / Outputs Analog Video Digital Video Gain/Level Control 4X Digital Zoom Image Control Non-Uniformity Correction Time to First Image Size Camera Body Envelope H x W x D (includes VPC/FB, no lens) Uncooled VOx Microbolometer < 50 mk 30 Hz NTSC (480i) none Manual none none 1-point with shutter < 3 sec 29.8 x 25.6 x 29.8 mm 1.17 x 1.0 x 1.17 inches
27 Applications Military markets Thermal weapon sights Driver s vision enhancement Night Vision Goggle Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Commerical markets Security and Surveillance Thermography Automotive Firefighting / Police
28 Thermal Weapon Sights (TWS), Drivers Vision Enhancers (DVE) HWTS MWTS 25 µm 640x480 HWTS MWTS 17 µm 640x480
29 WatchMasters, Surveillance WatchMaster IP Elite One Cable: Video over IP, Power over Ethernet 29
30 Automotive - AutoLiv 30
31 Automotive, BMW dynamic light-spot 31
32 32 Jobs at DRS RSTA Dallas or Melbourne
33 Thermal Imaging 33
34 34 Tamarisk 320 Camera Tamarisk 320 The world s smallest uncooled thermal camera.
35 Contest Overview Top Prize from all Winning Entries -- $10,000 Top Project from each school wins -- $1,000 How to Enter: Boston University has two teams entered Using the camera in a creative way, create your senior design or other project Submit your project report with a cover letter to DRS Technologies BEFORE May 31, 2012 Who can Enter: Students from any discipline and any year are welcome What can you Enter: Projects could include but are not limited to the following: Image Fusion, Augmented Reality, Robotic Vision, Machine Vision, etc. 35
36 Internal Use Only Not Approved 36 36
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