Summary. Theory. Introduction
|
|
- Cecil Farmer
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 round motion through geophones and MEMS accelerometers: sensor comparison in theory modeling and field data Michael Hons* Robert Stewart Don Lawton and Malcolm Bertram CREWES ProjectUniversity of Calgary Summary Digital sensors based on micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS) accelerometers are one of the newest technologies being used in seismic acquisition. s such some confusion remains surrounding similarities and differences relative to the coil-over-magnet geophone. n understanding of the functioning of these sensors and how to compare them can be facilitated by deriving transfer functions which relate the data acquired through each sensor to actual ground motion. n equation is then derived to calculate acceleration comparable to unprocessed MEMS data from unprocessed geophone data. The inverse of this equation may be used to calculate geophone data from MEMS data. The effects of sensors on zero and minimum phase wavelets are modeled demonstrating that the raw output from the sensors should be similar. The minimum phase wavelets are convolved with a random reflectivity series to test deconvolution of impulsive source data. Deconvolution produces geophone and MEMS processed traces that appear similar and constant phase rotation of MEMS data after deconvolution cannot correct all remaining differences. The geophone-to-mems transfer equation will exactly transfer between sensors only in the absence of instrument noise. Comparisons between MEMS and geophones recording the same shots and ground motion domains calculated from those records show that the data is very similar in frequency content when the same domain is considered and MEMS records will not necessarily have a larger magnitude contribution from low frequencies than geophones. Introduction Seismic data from a geophone is voltage induced from the velocity of the magnet relative to the coil. In the time domain it does not identically represent displacement velocity or acceleration of the ground. However through transfer functions derived from the simple harmonic oscillator equation it can be corrected in phase and amplitude to represent any domain of ground motion desired. Seismic data from MEMS accelerometers is a forcefeedback voltage directly related to the displacement of the proof mass detected by a capacitor (Maxwell et al. 1). It is also directly related to the acceleration of the ground through its sensitivity constant (expressed in /g). This is because its very high resonant frequency allows a simplification of the full transfer function and the resulting amplitude and phase spectra are essentially flat. This flat response has been considered an advantage for MEMS sensors but in the absence of instrument noise geophone data can be amplitude and phase corrected with a transfer function to achieve a similar end. lthough when the signal has been acquired below the geophone s noise floor this recovery is challenged. To compare MEMS and geophones in a consistent way the same domain should be considered. Transfer functions derived from the simple harmonic oscillator equation allow any domain to be calculated from any data (Havskov and lguacil 6). Theory The motion of the ground and the motion of the proof mass within a seismic sensor are related by the simple harmonic oscillator equation: x x u + λω + ω x= where u is the displacement of the ground x is the displacement of the proof mass ω is the resonant frequency and λ is the damping factor. To represent the transfer characteristics this is rearranged to a transfer function of the form: B ( ω) = H ( ω) ( ω) where B is the output is the input and H is the transfer function. In a geophone voltage B is given by dx/dt (proof mass velocity) multiplied by sensitivity in s/m. In an accelerometer voltage B is given by x (proof mass displacement) multiplied by sensitivity in /m. This voltage is the recorded data and does not change when a different input domain is considered. Taking the Fourier transform of the simple harmonic oscillator equation allows us to replace time derivatives with iω. Rearranging as required for a geophone gives: X iω U ω + iλωω + ω where is the data from the geophone and S is the sensitivity. The amplitude and phase response are shown in Figure 1. One can find results relating to ground velocity and displacement simply by multiplying by iω replacing one d/dt on the right hand side. The velocity result is referred to as the geophone equation and has historically
2 round motion through geophones and MEMS accelerometers been of use because it shows that correcting the phase of the geophone-acquired data to zero gives a high-pass version of ground velocity (Figure ). There is no physical reason however that a geophone must acquire only velocity and not acceleration or displacement. Rearranging for a MEMS accelerometer gives: 1 U X ω + iλω ω+ ω where is the data from the accelerometer and S is the sensitivity in units of /m. gain equations for ground velocity and displacement can be found by multiplying by (iω) n where n is the difference in domains. In seismic exploration the resonant frequencies of MEMS devices are very high compared to the seismic signal band (>1 khz) so the above equation can be reduced to: g 1 U S U X = ω where S g is sensitivity in /g which is how the sensitivity of these devices is most commonly reported. If the goal is then to convert data from a geophone into data from a MEMS sensor with amplitudes intact the transfer function can be written as: g S = 9.81S λωω i( ω ω ) noting that the simplified was used so ω and λ are parameters of the geophone. This is essentially the geophone acceleration equation inverted multiplied by a scaling factor. The inverse of the final result can of course be used to transform MEMS data into geophone data. ω Modeling We now have a method to calculate acceleration from geophone output or match amplitudes with MEMS output (providing other gains in the recording system are accounted for). Why is this valuable? This can be seen in the shape of the geophone acceleration transfer function (Figure 1): both high and low frequencies must be boosted to correct geophone data to acceleration. If an embedded wavelet exists its acceleration shape will be narrower than the shape in velocity or displacement domain. The effects of a geophone and MEMS accelerometer on an input acceleration both zero and minimum phase are shown in Figures 3 and 4. ll traces have been normalized. The output from a MEMS closely overlies the acceleration. Output from a geophone resembles MEMS output. Recall that acceleration can be recovered from geophone data so differences between geophones and MEMS should also exist between raw geophone data and acceleration calculated from the geophone. However the embedded wavelet looks the purpose of deconvolution is to remove it and return a reflectivity estimate. Figure 5 shows results of several minimum phase wavelets convolved with a ms random reflectivity series and processed with a simple 4 ms spiking deconvolution. The integrated acceleration trace was integrated after convolution (i.e. after acquisition) and before decon. Integration is only physically meaningful before deconvolution as afterwards the ground motionrelated wavelet has been removed. ll synthetics perform Figure 1. Example amplitude and phase spectra for a 1 Hz.7 λ geophone relative to ground acceleration. Figure 3. Zero phase wavelets: through a geophone (red) and MEMS (green). Based on 5 Hz Ricker displacement wavelet (gray). Figure. Example amplitude and phase spectra for a 1 Hz.7 λ geophone relative to ground velocity. Figure 4. Minimum phase wavelets: through a geophone (red) and MEMS (green). Based on 5 Hz displacement wavelet (gray).
3 round motion through geophones and MEMS accelerometers well at recovering the larger impedance contrasts but the smaller detail is best matched by the acceleration synthetic. This analysis requires that the acceleration be recovered without overbearing noise in the additional bandwidth. Figure 6 shows the deconvolved acceleration trace phase rotated by and degrees and compared to the deconvolved geophone trace. Each matches with the geophone data in some areas but none matches overall. If a similar output from deconvolution is the goal (for example if a MEMS line must be tied in to a geophone project) it is sensible to calculate directly comparable data prior to deconvolution. Field Data The following data was acquired in December 5 near iolet rove lberta Canada in the Pembina oil field. Four sensors (three 3C geophones and one Sercel DSU3 MEMS) were simultaneously laid out at 8 stations with a separation of ~1 m from each other and a m receiver spacing. The ground was solidly frozen when the sensors were laid out and warm water was used to soften the earth so the sensors could be planted. The sensors then froze into the earth after planting so in all cases coupling was excellent. total of 5 dynamite shots were recorded. The vertical components of the sensors showed exceptional similarity between geophones and MEMS. This provides an excellent test case to observe differences between geophone and MEMS data and whether acceleration data can be accurately recovered from geophones. cceleration was calculated from one geophone record and is compared to the MEMS data and the original geophone data in Figure 7. part from a small time delay likely related to different anti-alias filters between the geophone and MEMS calculated acceleration closely resembles MEMS data. High-frequency signals acquired by MEMS and geophones are compared in Figure 8; more coherent events in the MEMS record are not apparent. Low frequencies were compared by examination of amplitude spectra (Figure 9). verage spectra were extracted from 5 records: geophone (red) geophone corrected to velocity (black) geophone corrected to acceleration (yellow) MEMS (green) and MEMS corrected to velocity (blue). The results show the transfer functions perform well over the band 1-1 Hz where the two velocity traces (black and blue) and the two acceleration traces (green and yellow) overlap. The similarity in magnitude and character suggest the calculated data is valid and acceleration data of similar quality to MEMS data can be obtained from geophone records. closeup of the low frequency range is shown in Figure 1. The low frequencies are significantly larger relative to the dominant frequency in velocity spectra than acceleration spectra. Even the raw geophone has a larger contribution than acceleration down to ~5 Hz. This makes sense because the correction to acceleration boosted frequencies away from 1 Hz. s a result the dominant frequency being a similar number of octaves from 1 Hz was boosted a similar amount as 5 Hz. Indeed velocity amplitudes are reduced by a factor of ω relative to acceleration so in velocity the dominant frequency is reduced relative to acceleration emphasizing low frequencies. In cases where low frequencies are paramount such as impedance inversion (Bell 1986; Martin and Stewart 1994) using calculated velocity or displacement as an attribute may be useful. Overall bandwidth was estimated by creating zero phase wavelets from the amplitude spectra. Broader bandwidth should result in smaller sidelobes relative to the peak and a narrow appearance in general (Martin and Stewart 1994). Figure 11 shows acceleration calculated from the geophone is the narrowest with smallest sidelobes followed by MEMS velocity calculated from the geophone velocity calculated from the MEMS and the raw geophone is the broadest wavelet. Conclusions This paper has outlined how geophones and MEMS accelerometers relate and what can be expected from MEMS data relative to geophone data: In time domain geophone data is not a direct representation of ground motion; in amplitudes only it represents a high-pass version of velocity MEMS data is directly representative of ground acceleration MEMS data can be calculated from geophone data and vice versa and quality of low-frequencies appears to be similar though more study is required Deconvolved geophone and MEMS data appear similar but not exactly the same cceleration data can be expected to give the narrowest wavelets and best resolution elocity and displacement will greatly emphasize low frequencies relative to the dominant frequency and may be of use in some applications. cknowledgements The authors wish to thank the sponsors of the CREWES Project for their continuing support of research in advanced seismic exploration methods.
4 round motion through geophones and MEMS accelerometers Figure 5. Results of 4 ms spking deconvolution. Reflectivity series (red) (for comparison) geophone wavelet trace (yellow) velocity wavelet trace (green) acceleration wavelet trace (purple) acceleration integrated prior to deonvolution (pink). Figure 9. verage amplitude spectra: geophone record (red) velocity calculated from geophone (black) acceleration calculated from geophone (yellow) MEMS record (green) velocity calculated from MEMS (blue). Figure 6. eophone trace deconvolved (red) red phase rotated -45 degrees (yellow) red phase rotated -9 degrees (green) compared to acceleration trace (purple). Figure 1. verage amplitude spectra from Figure 1: close-up of -5 Hz. Figure 7. Field data: Red are geophone traces orange are acceleration traces calculated from geophone and blue are MEMS traces. Figure 11. Zero phase wavelets calculated from average amplitude spectra. Figure 8. Highpass (>35 Hz) geophone (left) and MEMS (right).
5 1 3 4 Bell D.W Low seismic frequencies: acquisition and utilization of broadband signals containing -8 Hz reflection energy 56 th nnual International Meeting SE Expanded bstracts Havskov J. and. lguacil 4 Instrumentation in Earthquake Seismology Springer. Martin N. and Stewart R. R The effect of low frequencies on seismic analysis CREWES Research Report 6 :1-:8 Maxwell P. J. Tessman and B. Reichert 1 Design through to production of a MEMS digital accelerometer for seismic acquisition First Break
Comparisons between data recorded by several 3-component coil geophones and a MEMS sensor at the Violet Grove monitor seismic survey
Geophone and sensor comparisons Comparisons between data recorded by several 3-component coil geophones and a MEMS sensor at the Violet Grove monitor seismic survey Don C. Lawton, Malcolm B. Bertram, Gary
More informationResponse spectrum Time history Power Spectral Density, PSD
A description is given of one way to implement an earthquake test where the test severities are specified by time histories. The test is done by using a biaxial computer aided servohydraulic test rig.
More informationInvestigating the low frequency content of seismic data with impedance Inversion
Investigating the low frequency content of seismic data with impedance Inversion Heather J.E. Lloyd*, CREWES / University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta hjelloyd@ucalgary.ca and Gary F. Margrave, CREWES
More informationOverview ta3520 Introduction to seismics
Overview ta3520 Introduction to seismics Fourier Analysis Basic principles of the Seismic Method Interpretation of Raw Seismic Records Seismic Instrumentation Processing of Seismic Reflection Data Vertical
More informationEarthquake on the Hussar low-frequency experiment
Earthquake Earthquake on the Hussar low-frequency experiment Kevin W. Hall and Gary F. Margrave ABSTRACT On the last day of acquisition on the Hussar low-frequency line, a magnitude 6.3 earthquake occurred
More informationTexas Components - Data Sheet. The TX53G1 is an extremely rugged, low distortion, wide dynamic range sensor. suspending Fluid.
Texas Components - Data Sheet AN004 REV A 08/30/99 DESCRIPTION and CHARACTERISTICS of the TX53G1 HIGH PERFORMANCE GEOPHONE The TX53G1 is an extremely rugged, low distortion, wide dynamic range sensor.
More informationThis tutorial describes the principles of 24-bit recording systems and clarifies some common mis-conceptions regarding these systems.
This tutorial describes the principles of 24-bit recording systems and clarifies some common mis-conceptions regarding these systems. This is a general treatment of the subject and applies to I/O System
More informationMEMS-based 3C accelerometers for land seismic acquisition: Is it time?
MEMS-based 3C accelerometers for land seismic acquisition: Is it time? DENIS MOUGENOT, Sercel, Carquefou Cedex, France NIGEL THORBURN, Sercel, Houston, Texas, U.S. Recent advances have allowed development
More informationComparison of low-frequency data from co-located receivers using frequency dependent least-squares-subtraction scalars
Receiver comparison Comparison of low-frequency data from co-located receivers using frequency dependent least-squares-subtraction scalars Kevin W. Hall, Gary F. Margrave and Malcolm B. Bertram ABSTRACT
More informationSmartSenseCom Introduces Next Generation Seismic Sensor Systems
SmartSenseCom Introduces Next Generation Seismic Sensor Systems Summary: SmartSenseCom, Inc. (SSC) has introduced the next generation in seismic sensing technology. SSC s systems use a unique optical sensing
More informationOPTIMIZING HIGH FREQUENCY VIBROSEIS DATA. Abstract
OPTIMIZING HIGH FREQUENCY VIBROSEIS DATA Theresa R. Rademacker, Kansas Geological Survey, Lawrence, KS Richard D. Miller, Kansas Geological Survey, Lawrence, KS Shelby L. Walters, Kansas Geological Survey,
More informationRecent fieldwork activities and analysis. Malcolm Bertram
Recent fieldwork activities and analysis Malcolm Bertram Covered in this talk The pulse-probe experiment Sources Sensors Autoseis system Near surface survey Aries Geodes Resisitivity New equipment Shear
More informationElectronics and Instrumentation Name ENGR-4220 Fall 1999 Section Modeling the Cantilever Beam Supplemental Info for Project 1.
Name ENGR-40 Fall 1999 Section Modeling the Cantilever Beam Supplemental Info for Project 1 The cantilever beam has a simple equation of motion. If we assume that the mass is located at the end of the
More informationCorrection for Synchronization Errors in Dynamic Measurements
Correction for Synchronization Errors in Dynamic Measurements Vasishta Ganguly and Tony L. Schmitz Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science University of North Carolina at Charlotte
More informationLow wavenumber reflectors
Low wavenumber reflectors Low wavenumber reflectors John C. Bancroft ABSTRACT A numerical modelling environment was created to accurately evaluate reflections from a D interface that has a smooth transition
More informationLaboratory Assignment 5 Amplitude Modulation
Laboratory Assignment 5 Amplitude Modulation PURPOSE In this assignment, you will explore the use of digital computers for the analysis, design, synthesis, and simulation of an amplitude modulation (AM)
More informationAn analysis of passive seismic recording performance
Passive seismic recording performance An analysis of passive seismic recording performance Henry C. Bland ABSTRACT Passive seismic recording has many uses in oil and gas industry. It is used for fracture
More information(i) Sine sweep (ii) Sine beat (iii) Time history (iv) Continuous sine
A description is given of one way to implement an earthquake test where the test severities are specified by the sine-beat method. The test is done by using a biaxial computer aided servohydraulic test
More informationDownloaded 09/04/18 to Redistribution subject to SEG license or copyright; see Terms of Use at
Processing of data with continuous source and receiver side wavefields - Real data examples Tilman Klüver* (PGS), Stian Hegna (PGS), and Jostein Lima (PGS) Summary In this paper, we describe the processing
More informationObservations of the OSOP Sixaola, March 1-3, 2016, at the Albuquerque Seismological Laboratory
Observations of the OSOP Sixaola, March 1-3, 2016, at the Albuquerque Seismological Laboratory There were two representatives (Angel Rodriquez and David Nelson) from OSOP at ASL March 1-3, 2016, and they
More informationREVISITING THE VIBROSEIS WAVELET
REVISITING THE VIBROSEIS WAVELET Shaun Strong 1 *, Steve Hearn 2 Velseis Pty Ltd and University of Queensland sstrong@velseis.com 1, steveh@velseis.com 2 Key Words: Vibroseis, wavelet, linear sweep, Vari
More informationConstructing response curves: Introduction to the BODE-diagram
Topic Constructing response curves: Introduction to the BODE-diagram Author Jens Bribach, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Dept. 2: Physics of the Earth, Telegrafenberg, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany;
More informationDigital Imaging and Deconvolution: The ABCs of Seismic Exploration and Processing
Digital Imaging and Deconvolution: The ABCs of Seismic Exploration and Processing Enders A. Robinson and Sven Treitcl Geophysical References Series No. 15 David V. Fitterman, managing editor Laurence R.
More informationMulticomponent seismic polarization analysis
Saul E. Guevara and Robert R. Stewart ABSTRACT In the 3-C seismic method, the plant orientation and polarity of geophones should be previously known to provide correct amplitude information. In principle
More informationME scope Application Note 02 Waveform Integration & Differentiation
ME scope Application Note 02 Waveform Integration & Differentiation The steps in this Application Note can be duplicated using any ME scope Package that includes the VES-3600 Advanced Signal Processing
More informationMEAS Silicon MEMS Piezoresistive Accelerometer and its Benefits
MEAS Silicon MEMS Piezoresistive Accelerometer and its Benefits Piezoresistive Accelerometers 1. Bonded Strain Gage type (Gages bonded to metal seismic mass using epoxy) Undamped circa 1950 s Fluid (oil)
More informationStrong Motion Data: Structures
Strong Motion Data: Structures Adam Pascale Chief Technology Officer, Seismology Research Centre a division of ESS Earth Sciences Treasurer, Australian Earthquake Engineering Society Why monitor buildings?
More informationSeismic processing workflow for supressing coherent noise while retaining low-frequency signal
Seismic processing for coherent noise suppression Seismic processing workflow for supressing coherent noise while retaining low-frequency signal Patricia E. Gavotti and Don C. Lawton ABSTRACT Two different
More informationand Hussar Malcolm B. Bertram, J. Helen Isaac, Kevin W. Hall, Kevin L. Bertram and Gary F. Margrave
Source and receiver comparisons from Priddis and Hussar Malcolm B. Bertram, J. Helen Isaac, Kevin W. Hall, Kevin L. Bertram and Gary F. Margrave Guaranteed 100% real data. No artificial additives. No math.
More informationA Step Change in Seismic Imaging Using a Unique Ghost Free Source and Receiver System
A Step Change in Seismic Imaging Using a Unique Ghost Free Source and Receiver System Per Eivind Dhelie*, PGS, Lysaker, Norway per.eivind.dhelie@pgs.com and Robert Sorley, PGS, Canada Torben Hoy, PGS,
More informationThe case for longer sweeps in vibrator acquisition Malcolm Lansley, Sercel, John Gibson, Forest Lin, Alexandre Egreteau and Julien Meunier, CGGVeritas
The case for longer sweeps in vibrator acquisition Malcolm Lansley, Sercel, John Gibson, Forest Lin, Alexandre Egreteau and Julien Meunier, CGGVeritas There is growing interest in the oil and gas industry
More informationUnderstanding Seismic Amplitudes
Understanding Seismic Amplitudes The changing amplitude values that define the seismic trace are typically explained using the convolutional model. This model states that trace amplitudes have three controlling
More informationThere is growing interest in the oil and gas industry to
Coordinated by JEFF DEERE JOHN GIBSON, FOREST LIN, ALEXANDRE EGRETEAU, and JULIEN MEUNIER, CGGVeritas MALCOLM LANSLEY, Sercel There is growing interest in the oil and gas industry to improve the quality
More informationTu SRS3 07 Ultra-low Frequency Phase Assessment for Broadband Data
Tu SRS3 07 Ultra-low Frequency Phase Assessment for Broadband Data F. Yang* (CGG), R. Sablon (CGG) & R. Soubaras (CGG) SUMMARY Reliable low frequency content and phase alignment are critical for broadband
More informationImproving the Performance of a Geophone through Capacitive Position Sensing and Feedback. Aaron Barzilai. Stanford University
Improving the Performance of a Geophone through Capacitive Position Sensing and Feedback Stanford University Tom VanZandt, Steve Manion, Tom Pike Jet Propulsion Laboratory Tom Kenny Stanford University
More informationSpectral Detection of Attenuation and Lithology
Spectral Detection of Attenuation and Lithology M S Maklad* Signal Estimation Technology Inc., Calgary, AB, Canada msm@signalestimation.com and J K Dirstein Total Depth Pty Ltd, Perth, Western Australia,
More informationAnthony Chu. Basic Accelerometer types There are two classes of accelerometer in general: AC-response DC-response
Engineer s Circle Choosing the Right Type of Accelerometers Anthony Chu As with most engineering activities, choosing the right tool may have serious implications on the measurement results. The information
More informationField Tests of 3-Component geophones Don C. Lawton and Malcolm B. Bertram
Field Tests of 3-Component geophones Don C. Lawton and Malcolm B. Bertram ABSTRACT Field tests of Litton, Geosource and Oyo 3-component geophones showed similar performance characteristics for all three
More informationCHOOSING THE RIGHT TYPE OF ACCELEROMETER
As with most engineering activities, choosing the right tool may have serious implications on the measurement results. The information below may help the readers make the proper accelerometer selection.
More informationConventional geophone topologies and their intrinsic physical limitations, determined
Magnetic innovation in velocity sensing Low -frequency with passive Conventional geophone topologies and their intrinsic physical limitations, determined by the mechanical construction, limit their velocity
More informationJoint Time/Frequency Analysis, Q Quality factor and Dispersion computation using Gabor-Morlet wavelets or Gabor-Morlet transform
Joint Time/Frequency, Computation of Q, Dr. M. Turhan (Tury Taner, Rock Solid Images Page: 1 Joint Time/Frequency Analysis, Q Quality factor and Dispersion computation using Gabor-Morlet wavelets or Gabor-Morlet
More informationCDP noise attenuation using local linear models
CDP noise attenuation CDP noise attenuation using local linear models Todor I. Todorov and Gary F. Margrave ABSTRACT Seismic noise attenuation plays an important part in a seismic processing flow. Spatial
More information3/15/2010. Distance Distance along the ground (km) Time, (sec)
GG45 March 16, 21 Introduction to Seismic Exploration and Elementary Digital Analysis Some of the material I will cover today can be found in the book on pages 19-2 and 122-13. 13. However, much of what
More informationMultiple attenuation via predictive deconvolution in the radial domain
Predictive deconvolution in the radial domain Multiple attenuation via predictive deconvolution in the radial domain Marco A. Perez and David C. Henley ABSTRACT Predictive deconvolution has been predominantly
More informationFilling in the MIMO Matrix Part 2 Time Waveform Replication Tests Using Field Data
Filling in the MIMO Matrix Part 2 Time Waveform Replication Tests Using Field Data Marcos Underwood, Russ Ayres, and Tony Keller, Spectral Dynamics, Inc., San Jose, California There is currently quite
More informationProcessing the Blackfoot broad-band 3-C seismic data
Processing the Blackfoot broad-band 3-C seismic data Processing the Blackfoot broad-band 3-C seismic data Stan J. Gorek, Robert R. Stewart, and Mark P. Harrison ABSTRACT During early July, 1995, a large
More informationDesign of an Optimal High Pass Filter in Frequency Wave Number (F-K) Space for Suppressing Dispersive Ground Roll Noise from Onshore Seismic Data
Universal Journal of Physics and Application 11(5): 144-149, 2017 DOI: 10.13189/ujpa.2017.110502 http://www.hrpub.org Design of an Optimal High Pass Filter in Frequency Wave Number (F-K) Space for Suppressing
More informationMagnitude & Intensity
Magnitude & Intensity Lecture 7 Seismometer, Magnitude & Intensity Vibrations: Simple Harmonic Motion Simplest vibrating system: 2 u( x) 2 + ω u( x) = 0 2 t x Displacement u ω is the angular frequency,
More informationBandwidth Extension applied to 3D seismic data on Heather and Broom Fields, UK North Sea
Bandwidth Extension applied to 3D seismic data on Heather and Broom Fields, UK North Sea Tim Trimble 1., Clare White 2., Heather Poore 2. 1. EnQuest Plc 2. Geotrace Technologies Ltd DEVEX Maximising Our
More informationGAS (Geometric Anti Spring) filter and LVDT (Linear Variable Differential Transformer) Enzo Tapia Lecture 2. KAGRA Lecture 2 for students
GAS (Geometric Anti Spring) filter and LVDT (Linear Variable Differential Transformer) Enzo Tapia Lecture 2 1 Vibration Isolation Systems GW event induces a relative length change of about 10^-21 ~ 10^-22
More informationVibration and air pressure monitoring of seismic sources
Vibration monitoring of seismic sources Vibration and air pressure monitoring of seismic sources Alejandro D. Alcudia, Robert R. Stewart, Nanna Eliuk* and Rick Espersen** ABSTRACT Vibration monitoring
More informationProject 7: Seismic Sensor Amplifier and Geophone damping
Project 7: Seismic Sensor Amplifier and Geophone damping This project is similar to the geophone amplifier except that its bandwidth extends from DC to about 20Hz. Seismic sensors for earthquake detection
More informationVibration studies of a superconducting accelerating
Vibration studies of a superconducting accelerating module at room temperature and at 4.5 K Ramila Amirikas, Alessandro Bertolini, Wilhelm Bialowons Vibration studies on a Type III cryomodule at room temperature
More informationThe Principle and Simulation of Moving-coil Velocity Detector. Yong-hui ZHAO, Li-ming WANG and Xiao-ling YAN
17 nd International Conference on Electrical and Electronics: Techniques and Applications (EETA 17) ISBN: 978-1-6595-416-5 The Principle and Simulation of Moving-coil Velocity Detector Yong-hui ZHAO, Li-ming
More informationField comparison of 3-C geophones and microphones to highprecision
Geophones, microphones and blasting sensors Field comparison of 3-C geophones and microphones to highprecision blasting sensors Alejandro D. Alcudia, Robert R. Stewart, Kevin W. Hall and Eric V. Gallant
More informationTh ELI1 08 Efficient Land Seismic Acquisition Sampling Using Rotational Data
Th ELI1 8 Efficient Land Seismic Acquisition Sampling Using Rotational Data P. Edme* (Schlumberger Gould Research), E. Muyzert (Sclumberger Gould Research) & E. Kragh (Schlumberger Gould Research) SUMMARY
More informationTitleApplication of MEMS accelerometer t. AIZAWA, Takao; KIMURA, Toshinori; M Toshifumi; TAKEDA, Tetsuya; ASANO,
TitleApplication of MEMS accelerometer t Author(s) AIZAWA, Takao; KIMURA, Toshinori; M Toshifumi; TAKEDA, Tetsuya; ASANO, Citation International Journal of the JCRM ( Issue Date 2008-12 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/85166
More informationNatural Frequencies and Resonance
Natural Frequencies and Resonance A description and applications of natural frequencies and resonance commonly found in industrial applications Beaumont Vibration Institute Annual Seminar Beaumont, TX
More informationMechanical Spectrum Analyzer in Silicon using Micromachined Accelerometers with Time-Varying Electrostatic Feedback
IMTC 2003 Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference Vail, CO, USA, 20-22 May 2003 Mechanical Spectrum Analyzer in Silicon using Micromachined Accelerometers with Time-Varying Electrostatic
More informationCHAPTER 11 TEST REVIEW -- MARKSCHEME
AP PHYSICS Name: Period: Date: 50 Multiple Choice 45 Single Response 5 Multi-Response Free Response 3 Short Free Response 2 Long Free Response MULTIPLE CHOICE DEVIL PHYSICS BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS AP EXAM
More informationME scope Application Note 01 The FFT, Leakage, and Windowing
INTRODUCTION ME scope Application Note 01 The FFT, Leakage, and Windowing NOTE: The steps in this Application Note can be duplicated using any Package that includes the VES-3600 Advanced Signal Processing
More informationSeismic acquisition projects 2010
Acquisition 2010 Seismic acquisition projects 2010 Malcolm B. Bertram, Kevin L. Bertram, Kevin W. Hall, Eric V. Gallant ABSTRACT Acquisition projects since the CREWES meeting in November 2009 include:
More informationRepeatability Measure for Broadband 4D Seismic
Repeatability Measure for Broadband 4D Seismic J. Burren (Petroleum Geo-Services) & D. Lecerf* (Petroleum Geo-Services) SUMMARY Future time-lapse broadband surveys should provide better reservoir monitoring
More informationCHAPTER 6 INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION
CHAPTER 6 INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION Broadly speaking, system identification is the art and science of using measurements obtained from a system to characterize the system. The characterization
More informationAnalysis and design of filters for differentiation
Differential filters Analysis and design of filters for differentiation John C. Bancroft and Hugh D. Geiger SUMMARY Differential equations are an integral part of seismic processing. In the discrete computer
More informationDSU3-428 DIGITAL SENSOR UNITS
DSU3-428 DIGITAL SENSOR UNITS DSU3-428 The 428XL offers all new hardware and software which is specifi cally designed to address the growing demands of the geophysical industry for even larger channel
More informationNew Metrics Developed for a Complex Cepstrum Depth Program
T3.5-05 Robert C. Kemerait Ileana M. Tibuleac Jose F. Pascual-Amadeo Michael Thursby Chandan Saikia Nuclear Treaty Monitoring, Geophysics Division New Metrics Developed for a Complex Cepstrum Depth Program
More informationMulti-survey matching of marine towed streamer data using a broadband workflow: a shallow water offshore Gabon case study. Summary
Multi-survey matching of marine towed streamer data using a broadband workflow: a shallow water offshore Gabon case study. Nathan Payne, Tony Martin and Jonathan Denly. ION Geophysical UK Reza Afrazmanech.
More informationUnderstanding Discrepancies in Vibration Amplitude Readings Between Different Instruments
Understanding Discrepancies in Vibration Amplitude Readings Between Different Instruments Part of 2 Steve Sabin Editor, ORBIT magazine GE Energy steve.sabin@ge.com 8 ORBIT [Vol.25 No.2 25] Introduction
More informationGeophysical Applications Seismic Reflection Surveying
Seismic sources and receivers Basic requirements for a seismic source Typical sources on land and on water Basic impact assessment environmental and social concerns EPS435-Potential-08-01 Basic requirements
More informationFFT 1 /n octave analysis wavelet
06/16 For most acoustic examinations, a simple sound level analysis is insufficient, as not only the overall sound pressure level, but also the frequency-dependent distribution of the level has a significant
More informationDynamic Vibration Absorber
Part 1B Experimental Engineering Integrated Coursework Location: DPO Experiment A1 (Short) Dynamic Vibration Absorber Please bring your mechanics data book and your results from first year experiment 7
More informationVariable-depth streamer acquisition: broadband data for imaging and inversion
P-246 Variable-depth streamer acquisition: broadband data for imaging and inversion Robert Soubaras, Yves Lafet and Carl Notfors*, CGGVeritas Summary This paper revisits the problem of receiver deghosting,
More informationAgilent Time Domain Analysis Using a Network Analyzer
Agilent Time Domain Analysis Using a Network Analyzer Application Note 1287-12 0.0 0.045 0.6 0.035 Cable S(1,1) 0.4 0.2 Cable S(1,1) 0.025 0.015 0.005 0.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 Frequency (GHz) 0.005
More informationVibroseis Correlation An Example of Digital Signal Processing (L. Braile, Purdue University, SAGE; April, 2001; revised August, 2004, May, 2007)
Vibroseis Correlation An Example of Digital Signal Processing (L. Braile, Purdue University, SAGE; April, 2001; revised August, 2004, May, 2007) Introduction: In the vibroseis method of seismic exploration,
More informationMethods for reducing unwanted noise (and increasing signal) in passive seismic surveys
Methods for reducing unwanted noise (and increasing signal) in passive seismic surveys Tim Dean* Aidan Shem Mus ab Al Hasani Curtin University Curtin University Curtin University Bentley, West Australia
More informationBorehole vibration response to hydraulic fracture pressure
Borehole vibration response to hydraulic fracture pressure Andy St-Onge* 1a, David W. Eaton 1b, and Adam Pidlisecky 1c 1 Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW Calgary,
More informationThis presentation was prepared as part of Sensor Geophysical Ltd. s 2010 Technology Forum presented at the Telus Convention Center on April 15, 2010.
This presentation was prepared as part of Sensor Geophysical Ltd. s 2010 Technology Forum presented at the Telus Convention Center on April 15, 2010. The information herein remains the property of Mustagh
More informationSummary. Introduction
Multi survey matching of marine towed streamer data using a broadband workflow: a shallow water offshore Nathan Payne*, Tony Martin and Jonathan Denly. ION GX Technology UK; Reza Afrazmanech. Perenco UK.
More informationAuto-levelling geophone development and testing
Auto-levelling geophone development Auto-levelling geophone development and testing Malcolm B. Bertram, Eric V. Gallant and Robert R. Stewart ABSTRACT An auto-levelling, motion sensor (multi-component
More informationHunting reflections in Papua New Guinea: early processing results
Hunting reflections in Papua New Guinea: early processing results David C. Henley and Han-Xing Lu PNG processing ABSTRACT Papua New Guinea is among the most notoriously difficult areas in the world in
More informationInductive Sensors. Fig. 1: Geophone
Inductive Sensors A voltage is induced in the loop whenever it moves laterally. In this case, we assume it is confined to motion left and right in the figure, and that the flux at any moment is given by
More informationAn Introduction to Time Waveform Analysis
An Introduction to Time Waveform Analysis Timothy A Dunton, Universal Technologies Inc. Abstract In recent years there has been a resurgence in the use of time waveform analysis techniques. Condition monitoring
More informationELECTROMAGNETIC MULTIFUNCTIONAL STAND FOR MEMS APPLICATIONS
ELECTROMAGNETIC MULTIFUNCTIONAL STAND FOR MEMS APPLICATIONS 1 Cristian Necula, Gh. Gheorghe, 3 Viorel Gheorghe, 4 Daniel C. Comeaga, 5 Octavian Dontu 1,,3,4,5 Splaiul Independenței 313, Bucharest 06004,
More informationBarrier. (a) State the conditions which must be met for an object to move with simple harmonic motion. (2)
1 In a television game show contestants have to pass under a barrier. The barrier has a vertical height of 0.70m and moves up and down with simple harmonic motion. 3.0m Barrier 0.70m (a) State the conditions
More informationEstimation of the Earth s Impulse Response: Deconvolution and Beyond. Gary Pavlis Indiana University Rick Aster New Mexico Tech
Estimation of the Earth s Impulse Response: Deconvolution and Beyond Gary Pavlis Indiana University Rick Aster New Mexico Tech Presentation for Imaging Science Workshop Washington University, November
More informationNew seismic reflection and other geophysical equipment available to CREWES
New geophysical equipment New seismic reflection and other geophysical equipment available to CREWES Malcolm B. Bertram, Don C. Lawton, Eric V. Gallant, Robert R. Stewart ABSTRACT A new 600 channel seismic
More informationHow to perform transfer path analysis
Siemens PLM Software How to perform transfer path analysis How are transfer paths measured To create a TPA model the global system has to be divided into an active and a passive part, the former containing
More informationSHAKER TABLE SEISMIC TESTING OF EQUIPMENT USING HISTORICAL STRONG MOTION DATA SCALED TO SATISFY A SHOCK RESPONSE SPECTRUM
SHAKER TABLE SEISMIC TESTING OF EQUIPMENT USING HISTORICAL STRONG MOTION DATA SCALED TO SATISFY A SHOCK RESPONSE SPECTRUM By Tom Irvine Email: tomirvine@aol.com May 6, 29. The purpose of this paper is
More informationPerformance of seismic detectors: a case study of the sensitivity of SM-4 geophones used in Nigeria
Case Study International Research Journal of Earth Sciences ISSN 3 57 Vol. 5(8), 3-4, September (7) Performance of seismic detectors: a case study of the sensitivity of SM-4 geophones used in Nigeria Abstract
More informationReal-Time FFT Analyser - Functional Specification
Real-Time FFT Analyser - Functional Specification Input: Number of input channels 2 Input voltage ranges ±10 mv to ±10 V in a 1-2 - 5 sequence Autorange Pre-acquisition automatic selection of full-scale
More informationSpectral analysis of seismic signals using Burg algorithm V. Ravi Teja 1, U. Rakesh 2, S. Koteswara Rao 3, V. Lakshmi Bharathi 4
Volume 114 No. 1 217, 163-171 ISSN: 1311-88 (printed version); ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.ijpam.eu ijpam.eu Spectral analysis of seismic signals using Burg algorithm V. avi Teja
More informationControl Servo Design for Inverted Pendulum
JGW-T1402132-v2 Jan. 14, 2014 Control Servo Design for Inverted Pendulum Takanori Sekiguchi 1. Introduction In order to acquire and keep the lock of the interferometer, RMS displacement or velocity of
More informationThe Fundamentals of FFT-Based Signal Analysis and Measurement Michael Cerna and Audrey F. Harvey
Application ote 041 The Fundamentals of FFT-Based Signal Analysis and Measurement Michael Cerna and Audrey F. Harvey Introduction The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and the power spectrum are powerful tools
More informationLAB #7: Digital Signal Processing
LAB #7: Digital Signal Processing Equipment: Pentium PC with NI PCI-MIO-16E-4 data-acquisition board NI BNC 2120 Accessory Box VirtualBench Instrument Library version 2.6 Function Generator (Tektronix
More informationIntermediate and Advanced Labs PHY3802L/PHY4822L
Intermediate and Advanced Labs PHY3802L/PHY4822L Torsional Oscillator and Torque Magnetometry Lab manual and related literature The torsional oscillator and torque magnetometry 1. Purpose Study the torsional
More informationResonance in Circuits
Resonance in Circuits Purpose: To map out the analogy between mechanical and electronic resonant systems To discover how relative phase depends on driving frequency To gain experience setting up circuits
More informationAVO processing of walkaway VSP data at Ross Lake heavy oilfield, Saskatchewan
AVO processing of walkaway VSP data at Ross Lake heavy oilfield, Saskatchewan Zimin Zhang, Robert R. Stewart, and Don C. Lawton ABSTRACT The AVO processing and analysis of walkaway VSP data at Ross Lake
More informationPHYSICS AND THE GUITAR JORDY NETZEL LAKEHEAD UNIVERSITY
PHYSICS AND THE GUITAR JORDY NETZEL LAKEHEAD UNIVERSITY 2 PHYSICS & THE GUITAR TYPE THE DOCUMENT TITLE Wave Mechanics Starting with wave mechanics, or more specifically standing waves, it follows then
More informationSeismic source comparison for compressional and convertedwave generation at Spring Coulee, Alberta. Part I: Heavy vibroseis-dynamite comparison
Seismic source comparison. Part I Seismic source comparison for compressional and convertedwave generation at Spring Coulee, Alberta. Part I: Heavy vibroseis-dynamite comparison Gabriela M. Suarez and
More information