Physics for Kids. Science of Light. What is light made of?

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1 Physics for Kids Science of Light What is light made of? This is not an easy question. Light has no mass and is not really considered matter. So does it even exist? Of course it does! We couldn't live without light. Today scientists say light is a form of energy made of photons. Light is unique in that it behaves like both a particle and a wave. Why does light go through some things and not others? Depending on the type of matter it comes into contact with, light will behave differently. Sometimes light will pass directly through the matter, like with air or water. This type of matter is called transparent. Other objects completely reflect light, like an animal or a book. These objects are called opaque. A third type of object does some of both and tends to scatter the light. These objects are called translucent objects. Light helps us to survive Without sunlight our world would be a dead dark place. Sunlight does more than just help us see (which is pretty great, too). Sunlight keeps the Earth warm, so it's not just a frozen ball in outer space. It also is a major component in photosynthesis which is how most of the plant life on Earth grows and gets nutrients. Sunlight is a source of energy as well as a source of vitamin D for humans. The speed of light Light moves at the fastest known speed in the universe. Nothing moves faster than (or even close to) the speed of light. In a vacuum, where there is nothing to slow it down, light travels 186,282 miles per second! Wow, that's fast! When light travels through matter, like air or water, it slows down some, but it's still pretty fast. To give you and idea as to how fast light is, we'll give you some examples. The sun is almost 93 million miles from the Earth. It takes around 8 minutes for light to get from the sun to the Earth. It takes around 1.3 seconds for light to go from the moon to the Earth. Refraction Normally, light travels in a straight path called a ray, however, when passing through transparent materials, like water or glass, light bends or turns. This is because different materials or mediums have different qualities. In each type of medium, whether it is air

2 or water or glass, the wavelength of the light will change, but not the frequency. As a result, the direction and speed of the traveling light wave will change and the light will appear to bend or change directions. One example of refraction is a prism. Prisms are unique in that each color of light is refracted to a different angle. So it can take white light from the sun and send out light of various colors. Lenses use refraction to help us see things. Telescopes help us to see things far away and microscopes enable us to see very small things. Even glasses use refraction so that we can see everyday things more clearly.

3 Physics for Kids The Science of Light Spectrum Frequency and Wavelength One of the characteristics of light is that it behaves like a wave. As a result, light can be defined by its wavelength and frequency. The frequency is how fast the wave vibrates or goes up and down. The wavelength is the distance between two peaks of the wave. Frequency and wavelength are inversely related, meaning that a low frequency wave has a long wavelength and vice versa. We can only see light within a certain range of wavelengths and frequency. This range is called the visible spectrum. The frequency range of the visible spectrum is from 405 Terahertz to 790 Terahertz. The Electromagnetic Spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum includes a wide range of light waves, some that we can't see. Some of the non-visible types of waves are radio waves, microwaves, infrared rays, and X-rays. These types of waves have all sorts of uses in science and technology.

4 In the visible spectrum of light, the color of the light depends on the frequency. The visible spectrum is always the same for a rainbow or the separated light from a prism. The order of colors is red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. A fun way to remember this is by using the first letter in each color in order to spell out the name ROY G. BIV. Colors of light What we are seeing when we see an object is reflected light. When light hits an object some wavelengths are absorbed by that object and some are reflected. Light of different wavelengths looks like different colors to us. When we see an object of a certain color that means that light of that color's wavelength is being reflected off the object. For example, when you see a red shirt, the shirt is absorbing all the colors of light except for the red color. The frequency of light that we see as red is being reflected and we see that shirt as red. Black and white are a bit different from other colors. White is a combination of all colors, so when we see white, the object is reflecting all the colors of light the same. Black is the opposite. When we see a black object that means almost all the colors of light are being absorbed. Additive colors Light from the three additive primary colors may be combined to make any other color. These three colors are red, blue, and green. This fact is used all the time in technology such as computer screens and televisions. By combining just the three main types of light in various ways, any color can be made. Subtractive colors If you have white light and want to subtract colors to get any other color, you would use the primary subtractive colors to filter or remove light of certain colors. The primary subtractive colors are cyan, magenta, and yellow.

5 Physics for Kids Behavior of Light as a Wave In physics, light is type of electromagnetic radiation that is visible to the eye. Light has the unique property that it can be described in physics as both a wave and as a stream of particles calledphotons. On this page we will describe some of the behaviors of light as a wave including reflection, refraction, and diffraction. Reflection One of the most important wave-like behaviors of light is reflection. It is reflected light that we see with our eyes. How light reflects off objects affects the colors we see as well. When a wave strikes a new medium, some of the wave will bounce off the surface. How reflective the surface is will determine how much light (and what wavelengths of light) will be reflected and how much will be absorbed or transmitted. When light is reflected it obeys the law of reflection that is followed by waves. This means that the angle of the reflected wave of light will equal the angle of incidence of the incoming light wave. See the picture below for an example:

6 Types of Reflection Specular reflection - A specular reflection is when rays of light are reflected off a surface in a single outgoing direction. An example of this type of reflection is a mirror. Specular reflections occur on surfaces that are flat at the microscopic level such as polished silver or a smooth body of water. Diffuse reflection - A diffuse reflection is when a surface reflects rays of light in a broad range of directions. Diffuse reflections occur when a surface is rough at the microscopic level. The surface may appear or feel smooth, like a piece of paper, but it is actually rough at the microscopic level. This causes the beams of light to reflect at different angles. Refraction When light moves from one medium (like air) to another medium (like water) it will change directions. This is a "wave-like" behavior and is called refraction. In this way light behaves like other waves such as sound waves. The speed of the light wave also changes when it moves from medium to medium. You can see an example of refraction of light in water if you put a straw in a glass of water. You will see how the straw seems to move to the side. This is the light wave bending as it enters the water. Index of Refraction In order to measure how light will behave in different substances, scientists use the index of refraction. This gives a ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum over the speed of light in the substance. The equation for the index of refraction is: n = c/v

7 where n is the index of refraction, c is the speed of light in a vacuum, and v is the speed of light in the substance. As an example, take the index of refraction for water which is This means that the speed of light in a vacuum is 1.33 times faster than the speed of light in water. Diffraction Another wave-like property of light is diffraction. When light waves encounter an obstacle or pass through an opening they will bend. The diffraction of light can be seen in the silver lining around clouds as well as the patterns of light from the surface of a compact disc (see picture).

8 Physics for Kids Lenses and Light A lens is a curved piece of glass or plastic designed to refract light in a specific way. Lenses are used in glasses and contacts to help correct vision. They are used in telescopes to help view items that are far away and are used in microscopes to help view very small items. Refraction When a light wave moves from one medium (like air) to another medium (like glass) the light rays are bent. This is called refraction. By using refraction, lenses can bend multiple light rays. Most of the lenses we use in everyday life are designed to bend light rays to a specific focal point where items will be in focus (clear). Types of Lenses There are different ways to classify lenses. One way to classify lenses is by how they bend light. Converging A converging lens will cause the light rays to bend to a specific focal point. Another name for this type of lens is a positive lens.

9 Diverging A diverging lens will cause light rays from a specific focal point to be spread out. Another name for this type of lens is a negative lens. Other Types of Lenses Another way to classify lenses is by the curve of the glass on each side of the lens. There are terms used to describe each side. Then the two sides are combined to come up with the name of the lens. Convex - A convex lens is one where the center of the lens is thicker than the edges. Concave - A concave lens is one where the center of the lens is thinner than the edges. One way to remember the difference between the two lenses is to think of "caving in" with the concave lens. Plano - A plano lens is a flat lens. This is used when one side is flat and the other side is concave or convex. You can think of flat as a "plain." Meniscus - A meniscus lens is one where one side is concave and one side is convex. Putting the Names Together Biconvex - A lens in which both sides are convex is biconvex. Biconvex lenses are converging lenses. Plano-convex - A lens in which one side is convex and the other is plano. Planoconvex lenses are converging lenses. Biconcave - A lens in which both sides are concave is biconcave. Biconcave lenses are diverging lenses. Plano-concave - A lens in which one side is concave and the other is plano. Plano-concave lenses are diverging lenses.

10 Positive meniscus - A converging lens where one side is concave and the other convex. Negative meniscus - A diverging lens where one side is concave and the other convex. Focal Point The focal point of a lens is generally noted by the capital letter "F." This is the point in space where the light rays will converge to after passing through a converging lens. A diverging lens will have a negative focal point where the rays originate from before diverging through the lens. Focal Length The focal length is the distance from the center of the lens to the focal point. Principal Axis The principal axis is a horizontal imaginary line drawn through the center of the lens. In a perfect lens the focal point will reside on the principal axis at a distance of the focal length from the center of the lens.

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