SPIE. Lens Design Fundamentals PRESS. Second Edition RUDOLF KINGSLAKE R. BARRY JOHNSON

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1 Lens Design Fundamentals Second Edition RUDOLF KINGSLAKE R. BARRY JOHNSON AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier SPIE PRESS

2 Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition A Special Tribute to Rudolf Kingslake ix xiii xv Chapter 1 The Work of the Lens Designer Relations Between Designer and Factory The Design Procedure Optical Materials Interpolation of Refractive Indices Lens Types to be Considered 20 Chapter 2 Meridional Ray Tracing Introduction Graphical Ray Tracing Trigonometrical Ray Tracing at a Spherical Surface Some Useful Relations Cemented Doublet Objective Ray Tracing at a Tilted Surface Ray Tracing at an Aspheric Surface 45 Chapter 3 Paraxial Rays and First-Order Optics Tracing a Paraxial Ray Magnification and the Lagrange Theorem The Gaussian Optics of a Lens System First-Order Layout of an Optical System Thin-Lens Layout of Zoom Systems 87 Chapter 4 Aberration Theory Introduction Symmetrical Optical Systems Aberration Determination Using Ray Trace Data Calculation of Seidel Aberration Coefficients 128

3 v Chapter 5 Chromatic Aberration Introduction Spherochromatism of a Cemented Doublet Contribution of a Single Surface to the Primary Chromatic Aberration Contribution of a Thin Element in a System to the Paraxial Chromatic Aberration Paraxial Secondary Spectrum Predesign of a Thin Three-Lens Apochromat The Separated Thin-Lens Achromat (Dialyte) Chromatic Aberration Tolerances Chromatic Aberration at Finite Aperture 163 Chapter 6 Spherical Aberration Surface Contribution Formulas Zonal Spherical Aberration Primary Spherical Aberration The Image Displacement Caused by a Planoparallel Plate Spherical Aberration Tolerances 206 Chapter 7 Design of a Spherically Corrected Achromat The Four-Ray Method A Thin-Lens Predesign Correction of Zonal Spherical Aberration Design of an Apochromatic Objective 220 Chapter 8 Oblique Beams Passage of an Oblique Beam through a Spherical Surface Tracing Oblique Meridional Rays Tracing a Skew Ray Graphical Representation of Skew-Ray Aberrations Ray Distribution from a Single Zone of a Lens 252 Chapter 9 Coma and the Sine Condition The Optical Sine Theorem The Abbe Sine Condition 256

4 VI Contents 9.3 Offense Against the Sine Condition Illustration of Comatic Error 266 Chapter 10 Design of Aplanatic Objectives Broken-Contact Type Parallel Air-Space Type An Aplanatic Cemented Doublet A Triple Cemented Aplanat An Aplanat with a Buried Achromatizing Surface The Matching Principle 283 Chapter 11 The Oblique Aberrations Astigmatism and the Coddington Equations The Petzval Theorem Illustration of Astigmatic Error Distortion Lateral Color The Symmetrical Principle Computation of the Seidel Aberrations 318 Chapter 12 Lenses in Which Stop Position Is a Degree of Freedom The H'-L Plot Simple Landscape Lenses A Periscopic Lens Achromatic Landscape Lenses Achromatic Double Lenses 339 Chapter 13 Symmetrical Double Anastigmats with Fixed Stop The Design of a Dagor Lens The Design of an Air-Spaced Dialyte Lens A Double-Gauss-Type Lens Double-Gauss Lens with Cemented Triplets Double-Gauss Lens with Air-spaced Negative Doublets 373 Chapter 14 Unsymmetrical Photographic Objectives The Petzval Portrait Lens The Design of a Telephoto Lens Lenses to Change Magnification 397

5 Vll 14.4 The Protar Lens 14.5 Design of a Tessar Lens 14.6 The Cooke Triplet Lens Chapter 15 Mirror and Catadioptric Systems 15.1 Comparison of Mirrors and Lenses 15.2 Ray Tracing a Mirror System 15.3 Single-Mirror Systems 15.4 Single-Mirror Catadioptric Systems 15.5 Two-Mirror Systems 15.6 Multiple-Mirror Zoom Systems 15.7 Summary Chapter 16 Eyepiece Design Design of a Military-Type Eyepiece Design of an Erfle Eyepiece Design of a Galilean Viewfmder 510 Chapter 17 Automatic Lens Improvement Programs Finding a Lens Design Solution Optimization Principles Weights and Balancing Aberrations Control of Boundary Conditions Tolerances Program Limitations Lens Design Computing Development Programs and Books Useful for Automatic Lens Design 529 Appendix A Selected Bibliography of Writings by Rudolf Kingslake 535 Index 537

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