Bidirectional Reflectance and Texture Database of Printed Special Effect Colors
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1 Bidirectional Reflectance and Texture Database of Printed Special Effect Colors Katharina Kehren, Philipp Urban, Edgar Dörsam Institute of Printing Science and Technology Institute of Printing Science and Technology Katharina Kehren
2 Introduction Background and Problem thin coating flaky substrate 5 µm µm special effect pigment high-refracting coating transparent substrate thin-layer interference background: geometry-dependent color due to interference effect clearly visible texture caused by particle size problem: no founded assortment of measuring geometries no appropriate set of appearance correlates blue pigments on black paper 100 µm particle size of 5 µm to 300 µm Institute of Printing Science and Technology Katharina Kehren 2
3 Introduction Objectives and Application objectives: this paper: information about a new reflectance and texture database my research: investigation of essential appearance correlates application: printing industry: tolerances for process control and quality assurance computer graphics: physically-based rendering using measured bidirectional data large color spread large color spread and high texture intensity high texture intensity Institute of Printing Science and Technology Katharina Kehren 3
4 Samples Printing Substrates parallel, embedded pigments two wood-free art papers with a grammage of 120 g/m² provided by Stora Enso Research Center Mönchengladbach even, nonporous substrate glossy coated paper Lumi Art glossy coated paper: sharp color shift and high gloss intensity nonparallel, exposed pigments uneven, porous substrate matte coated paper: blurry color shift and high texture intensity matte coated paper Lumi Silk Institute of Printing Science and Technology Katharina Kehren 4
5 Samples Printing Press modular design and flexo unit of web-fed printing press Gallus RCS Institute of Printing Science and Technology Katharina Kehren 5
6 Samples Digital Masters and Printing Plates 100 % black ink 60 % effect ink 100 % gloss varnish 70 % effect ink 80 % effect ink digital master, printing plate and sample of pre-print digital master, printing plate and sample of main-print digital master, printing plate and sample of post-print Institute of Printing Science and Technology Katharina Kehren 6
7 Samples Pre-Print with Black Absorption Ink ink layer absorption black background absorption on black background: no contribution to interference effect color ink layer scattering white background scattering on white background: superposition of complementary color sample after pre-print with waterbased flexo ink Aqualabel Black of Siegwerk Druckfarben AG Institute of Printing Science and Technology Katharina Kehren 7
8 Samples Main-Print with 28 Special Effect Inks 3 silver white pigments 3 gold pigments 3 iron oxide pigments 8 interference effect pigments 7 multi-color pigments 4 sparkle pigments 28 pigment types sample after main-print with one of 28 water-based special effect inks provided by MERCK KGaA Institute of Printing Science and Technology Katharina Kehren 8
9 Samples Post-Print with Clear Gloss Varnish diffuse reflection printing substrate somehow diffuse reflection on uneven ink surface: lower gloss intensity directional reflection printing substrate more directional reflection on even varnish surface: higher gloss intensity sample after post-print with clear UV-curing gloss varnish Senolith of Weilburger Graphics GmbH Institute of Printing Science and Technology Katharina Kehren 9
10 Samples Sample Set paper background pigment varnishing tonal 2 x 2 x 28 x 2 x 3 = 672 grades colors types states values printed samples 2 paper grades glossy coated paper matte coated paper 2 background colors black printed background white paper background 28 pigment types 2 varnishing states unvarnished surface glossy varnished surface 3 tonal values unvarnished surface matte paper glossy paper sample set for pigment 20 varnished surface Institute of Printing Science and Technology Katharina Kehren 10
11 Measurements light source photo detectors 45as45 45as75 45as25 45as15 45as110 45as-15 sample spectral measurements in 6 geometries white LEDs CCD chip 15/0 45/0 75/0 d/0 sample spatial measurements in 4 geometries multi-angle spectrophotometer BYK-mac of BYK-Gardner GmbH Institute of Printing Science and Technology Katharina Kehren 11
12 B Evaluation Hue Difference Sum b* a* 6 H ab HDS H 2 2 E ab L C ab 2 2 a b C 2 15, 15, 25, hue difference hue difference sum i 1 ab 5 2 ab 45as,45as 45, 75, i 3 i 1 2, A hue difference between color coordinates of aspect line for pigment 22 on matte paper without clear varnish and black ink Institute of Printing Science and Technology Katharina Kehren 12
13 Hue Difference Sum Results Color Spread hue difference sum (HDS) for the matte paper and a tonal value of 70 % no clear varnish, no black ink no clear varnish, black ink clear varnish, no black ink clear varnish, black ink interference effect pigments HDS(black background) > HDS(white background) HDS(varnished surface) > HDS(unvarnished surface) silver white pigments iron gold oxide pigments pigments sparkle pigments 10 5 multi-color pigments Pigment Number Institute of Printing Science and Technology Katharina Kehren 13
14 Evaluation Distinctness-of-Image Gloss 6 5 NAGL max Y 4 FFGL min Y 3 near-at-gloss luminance 45as 15, Y 45as15 far-from-gloss luminance 45as75, Y 45as110 distinctness-of-image gloss 2 NAGL FFGL DOI 1 NAGL 1 FFGL NAGL coarsely measured angular luminance distribution probably accurate angular luminance distribution FFGL NAGL aspect angle angular luminance distribution for pigment 10 on matte paper without clear varnish and black ink Institute of Printing Science and Technology Katharina Kehren 14
15 Distinctness-Of-Image Gloss Results Gloss Intensity distinctness-of-image (DOI) gloss for the matte paper and a tonal value of 70 % DOI(black background) > DOI(white background) no clear varnish, no black ink no clear varnish, black ink clear varnish, no black ink clear varnish, black ink silver white pigments DOI(unvarnished surface) > DOI(varnished surface) iron gold oxide pigments pigments interference effect pigments multi-color pigments sparkle pigments Pigment Number Institute of Printing Science and Technology Katharina Kehren 15
16 Sparkle Intensity 15 /0 Results Texture Intensity sparkle intensity (SI) for the matte paper and a tonal value of 70 % no clear varnish, no black ink no clear varnish, black ink clear varnish, no black ink clear varnish, black ink silver white gold pigments pigments iron oxide pigments interference effect pigments SI(varnished surface) > SI(unvarnished surface) SI(black background) > SI(white background) 5 0 multi-color pigments sparkle pigments Pigment Number Institute of Printing Science and Technology Katharina Kehren 16
17 Conclusion samples and measurements: 2 paper grades 2 background colors 28 pigments types 2 varnishing states 3 tonal values 672 printing setups 224 data sets evaluation and results: high hue difference sum describing color spread for multi-color pigments, black background and varnished surface high distinctness-of-image gloss describing gloss intensity for black background (and unvarnished surface) high sparkle intensity describing texture intensity for sparkle pigments, black background and varnished surface Institute of Printing Science and Technology Katharina Kehren 17
18 Outlook measurements and experiments: robot-based gonioreflectometer of Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) magnitude estimation of appearance differences evaluation and results: multidimensional scaling number of essential appearance correlates principal component and correlation analysis names of appearance correlates DOI gloss texture contrast texture graininess contrast gloss Institute of Printing Science and Technology Katharina Kehren 18
19 Acknowledgment Paul-Heinz Dähling of Stora Enso Research Center Mönchengladbach for paper reels, We thank Andreas Becker of Merck KGaA for the printing inks, Martin Schmitt- Lewen of Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG for machine runtime, the professional printers Thorsten Euler and Evgeny Kurmakaev for printing samples, the student assistant Tobias Schwind for measuring samples Institute of Printing Science and Technology Katharina Kehren 19
20 Thanks for your attention. Are there any questions? Institute of Printing Science and Technology Technische Universität Darmstadt Magdalenenstraße Darmstadt kehren@idd.tu-darmstadt.de Institute of Printing Science and Technology Katharina Kehren
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