CGT 211 Sampling and File Formats

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1 CGT 211 Sampling and File Formats The Physics of What We Do 2 types of waves - electromagnetic and pressure Analog frequency variations, infinite defines color, brightness, pitch, volume Digital Data Binary on and off states, discrete data Electronics are on or off Cycle the repetitions of a wave determines the pitch or hue Amplitude intensity of a wave is it positive (above baseline) or negative (below baseline) determines the brightness or volume (decibel)

2 The Sampling Process What is Sampling? 1. Digitizing an image using a scanner 2. Digitizing a sound using a microphone or stereo 3. Digitizing a video clip using a capture/encoder What Happens During Sampling? Portions of analog data are captured over time and converted to digital representations ADC - analog to digital conversion The rate of sampling is important b/c it affects the resolution. Sampling Terminology Sample Sampling Rate - smallest unit - an instance in time (audio) or unit from an image - the frequency of samples or how often the samples are taken - affects resolution (sampled quality) - controls the dpi/size of an image being captured - in the case of sound controls the decibel level captured Material frequency - the natural frequency - the hue or pitch being captured Bit depth Nyquist Theorum - the number of bits to describe each sample - must sample at 2x the highest frequency in the material to capture

3 that frequency - wave requires two values So, the optimum sampling rate is 2x the highest frequency Aliasing occurs when sampling rate interferes or hinders the natural frequency of material. Side bands - artifact frequencies as a result of aliasing 2 Solutions to Aliasing Oversampling - sampling at greater than 2x the material Filtering - massaging data with an algorithm to approximate data through interpolation or extrapolation To maximize a device's output quality, image resolution (size/dpi ratio) and bit depth must equal output device resolution and bit depth When sampled is less than 2x the highest frequency anomalies occur: called aliasing Aliasing occurs when the sampling device or output device interferes or cannot fully represent the material its normal frequency File Format Types 1. Graphics Vector 2. Animation/ Video 3. Multimedia 4. Hypermedia 5. 3D/ Scene Computer File Formats

4 6. Audio 7. Fonts - - Stroke - Outline 8. Page Description Language (PDL) 9. Other/ Hybrid Examples: Adobe Illustrator Adobe Photoshop AutoCAD DXF CALS Raster CGM: Encapsulated Postscript GIF JPG Kodak Photo CD Macromedia Freehand Macintosh PICT Microsoft RTF Microsoft Windows Microsoft Windows PCX PNG TGA TIFF Vector/ 3D Raster Graphics Formats (s) Multimedia and the Web Print Based Applications JPEG, GIF, PNG TIFF, EPS, or DCS File Structure Header Palette - lists descriptive information about the image - optional

5 Data Footer - scan line or planar definition of pixel color - closing information allows for backward compatibility GIF (Graphic Interchange Format) - 1 to 8 bits colors - Transparency (1-bit) - LZW compression - Compuserve/ Unisys Patent - Animations - Interlacing - Best for flat colors, use B-safe clut - GIF 87a normal - GIF 89a transparency JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) - JFIF is the actual format - JPEG File Interchange Format - up to 24 bit - lossy compression - Progressive (interlaced) - subsampling, quantization - Best for photographic colors - Color shifting frequently occurs PNG (Portable Network Graphics) - Pronounced ping - Extension:.png - 1-bit to 48-bit - LZ77 variant - lossless compression - Interlaced - Transparency - Developed by the W3C - aimed at replacing GIF BMP - also known as Microsoft Windows - Extension:.bmp bits (CYMK and RGB) - Optional RLE - Used way more than it probably should TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) - Extension.tif,.tiff bit

6 - RLE, LZW, CCITT, JPEG - Used as Mac clipboard format Adobe Illustrator - Extension:.ai,.eps - Colors: unlimited - format Adobe Photoshop - Extension:.psd - Colors: Unlimited - Should save as this because it retains the most number of options - RLE used automatically - Nice because selection channels are shrunk tremendously - Files with multiple layers are compressed as well because transparent space shrinks to almost nothing - Photoshop automatically saves a flattened image with your layer for programs that will read.psd files but not layers (ex. Freehand) - Can turn this option off in Preferences to make file sizes smaller by turning off the Maximize backwards compatibility in Photoshop format option EPS (Encapsulated Postscript) - Extension:.eps, epsf, epsi - Subset of Postscript Page Description Language (PDL) - Postscript created in 1985 by Adobe Systems - / PDL Macintosh Pict Resource - Extension:.pct - - Up to 24-bit - Developed by Apple - Used to be used as Mac clipboard format (replaced by TIFF) Microsoft Windows - Extension:.wmf - 24-bit max - Used for windows clipboard CALS Raster (Computer Aided Acquisition and Logistics Support Office) - United States Department of Defense - Extension:.cals,.cal,.ras - Colors: Mono - CCITT compression - format

7 CGM (Computer Graphics ) - Extension:.cgm - Colors: Unlimited - RLE and CCITT Compression available Kodak Photo CD - 24-bit - Proprietary compression - Multiple resolution stamps - Varies from 64x96 to 2048x resolutions in one file PCX PDF (Portable Document Format) TGA (Targa) Scitex CT Filmstrip Amiga IFF MacPaint Pixar

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