Hyperspectral Imaging Basics for Forensic Applications
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1 Hyperspectral Imaging Basics for Forensic Applications Sara Nedley, ChemImage Corp. June 14,
2 ChemImage Corporation Pioneers in Hyperspectral Imaging industry Headquartered in Pittsburgh, PA In operation since 1994 Company size: ~70 Employees with expertise in: Chemistry and Physics Forensic Science Materials Science Optical Engineering Software Engineering Image Processing Chemometrics 2
3 What Is Hyperspectral Imaging? Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI) combines digital imaging with spectroscopy. 1. Images are collected as a function of wavelength. 2. Individualized spectrum provided for each pixel. 3. Images are combined to form a datacube. 4. The power of visual perception and the objectivity of spectroscopy are combined to make material characterization more intuitive. 3
4 Hyperspectral Imaging Imaging and Color Black / White (Monochrome) Color / RGB Multispectral (4 to 20 bands) More colors = more information Hyperspectral (20+ bands) 4
5 HSI Instrumentation Vis/Sw-NIR Data Collection Light Source: Illuminates the sample. White light can be used for visible and NIR data collection and specific wavelengths can be selected for fluorescence data collection. Imaging CCD Imaging Optics: Collects sample reflectance or fluorescence wavelengths along with all illumination wavelengths. Tunable Filter: Allows only a specific wavelength corresponding to a particular image frame to be detected by the camera. Imaging CCD: Records intensities of individual pixels for each wavelength in the data collection range. Light Source Tunable Filter Imaging Optics Light Source Sample 5
6 What Information Does a Datacube Give Us? λn λ9 λ8 λ7 λ6 λ5 λ4 λ3 λ2 λ1 6
7 Individual Frames and Spectral Data 400 nm 700 nm Reflectance Intensity 7 Wavelength (nm)
8 Advantages of LCTF-Based Acquisition Spectral Processing Principal Component Analysis Hyperspectral imaging capitalizes on having many images Reducing the 70 images to 10 images while enhancing the spectral differences. PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4 PC5 PC6 PC7 PC8 PC9 PC10 9
9 Advantages of LCTF-Based Acquisition nm, 30 nm steps nm, 10 nm steps nm, 2 nm steps 10
10 Advantages of HSI Highly sensitive and specific to molecular structure Time efficient Little to no sample preparation with nondestructive sampling Spatially resolved spectra and spectrally resolved images together provide more information than either one separately Data is easy to interpret, even for the non-scientist Data can be processed using powerful algorithms 11
11 Hyperspectral Imaging and Forensic Science HSI can be applied to numerous areas of forensic investigation: Questioned Document Analysis Fire Investigation Bloodstain Visualization Fiber Comparison Gun Powder Residue Visualization Duct Tape Examination Fingerprint Enhancement TLC Plate Visualization 12
12 Questioned Document Analysis Application: HSI can be applied to comparisons of traditional handwritten documents, as well as computer printed or copied documents to provide sample characterization. 560 nm 710 nm 850 nm 1050 nm 560 nm 710 nm 850 nm 1050 nm Original Ink Alteration Ink 13
13 Fluorescence Hyperspectral Imaging Ink Differentiation Digital Image Colored Hyperspectral Image Intensity Wavelength (nm) 14
14 Blue Base KG Standard Quantitative Hyperspectral Imaging Known Ink Standards Blue Base KG Determination Victoria Blue Base Determination Ink Mixture Blue Base KG Ink Mixture Victoria Blue Base Victoria Blue Base Standard /-.51% 100% /-.68% 100% Blue Ink Mixture Intensity Ink Mixture Blue Base KG Victoria Blue Base Formulation Blue Base KG Victoria Blue Base Predicted % % Wavelength (nm) Known 68% 32% 15
15 Bloodstain Visualization Application: HSI can visualize contrast between bloodstains and dark substrates. Individual droplets can also be imaged in a magnified view to determine the shape of the droplet. Left: Digital image of a piece of black fabric containing bloodstains which cannot be seen with the unaided eye. Middle: Hyperspectral image of blood droplets on the black fabric. Right: Magnified view of blood droplets on black fabric. 16
16 Hyperspectral Imaging of Impact Spatter Black 50/50 Cotton/Polyester Blend 810 nm Sw-NIR Image Extract Digital Image Approximate Imaging Area 17
17 Hyperspectral Imaging of Blood Transfer Black 100% Cotton Denim Fabric 720 nm Sw-NIR Image Extract Digital Image Approximate Imaging Area 18
18 Fire Investigation Application: HSI can detect µl size quantities of ignitable liquid residues on substrates, even weeks after their deposition. HSI visualizes the fluorescence of the dyes and additives in the residues that persist after the hydrocarbon components evaporate. Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Left: Digital and fluorescence hyperspectral image of 20µL gasoline on denim fabric. Right: Hyperspectral images of gasoline (20 µl) on denim 1-4 weeks after deposition. 19
19 Fiber Comparison Application: HSI can collect both reflectance and fluorescence data of fibers being compared to determine if there are any differences in intensity between dye components. Intensity Wavelength (nm) Left: Comparison of fluorescence hyperspectral images of similar fibers. Right: Fluorescence spectra of the two fibers. 20
20 Gun Powder Residue Visualization Application: HSI can visualize the fluorescence of gun powder residue directly on a dark or patterned substrate. Left: Digital image of a piece of black fabric containing gun powder residue on its surface. Right: Fluorescence hyperspectral image of gun powder residue on the black fabric. 21
21 Duct Tape Examination Application: HSI can aid in the examination of intact duct tape by providing fluorescence data for the adhesive, backing and scrim of the tapes. Nashua 357 Duct Tape 3M Cloth Duct Tape Tough Stuff Duct Tape Polyken 223 Duct Tape Intensity Wavelength (nm) Left: Fluorescence hyperspectral image of four different duct tapes, adhesive side. Right: Spectra of the four duct tapes being compared: Tough Stuff (red), Polyken (blue), Nashua 357 (green), and 3M Cloth (yellow). 22
22 Fingerprint Enhancement Application: HSI can produce images with increased contrast between both treated and untreated fingerprints and the substrate on which they are placed, revealing ridge detail that was not previously discernable. Left: Fingerprint developed using black powder. Hyperspectral imaging was used to enhance the area of the print covered by text. Right: Digital and hyperspectral image of a ninhydrin-developed fingerprint on newspaper. 23
23 Hyperspectral Imaging of Latent Prints Counterfeit $10 Bill * Reproduced with permission from the U.S. Secret Service Light Background Extract Dark Background Extract Combined Extracts 24
24 Hyperspectral Imaging of Latent Prints Digital Image Hyperspectral Image 25
25 Benefits of HSI to Casework HSI provides both digital and spectral data HSI is a versatile technology and can be applied to numerous forensic analyses HSI can be used in conjunction with traditional examination methods HSI results are intuitive to interpret for both the scientist and the jury HSI is nondestructive and requires little to no sample preparation Additional multivariate processing steps can be applied to HSI data without re-examining the evidence itself 26
26 Questions??? Sara Nedley (412)
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