The Aquatic Eye. David G. Heidemann. Foreword by Ivan R. Schwab
|
|
- Oswin Wade
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 The Aquatic Eye David G. Heidemann Foreword by Ivan R. Schwab
2 Introduction It is with great pleasure that I have the opportunity to share some of my passions with you: marine biology and underwater photography. Being an ophthalmologist, I pay close attention to the eyes of ocean creatures. While many spectacular books have illustrated the beauty of ocean life, none have emphasized the eyes. I found myself asking many questions about the eyes of the ocean creatures that I was observing. I wondered, for example: Why is the lens of fishes so large and spherical compared to the lens of humans? Why is the pupil of fishes pear shaped? Why do some fishes have a shimmering cornea? The evolution of functional eyes was a huge factor in the explosion of life in the Cambrian period. Aquatic animals have evolved an amazing variety of ocular structures and functions in order to thrive in their particular environments. This book illustrates and describes the beauty and diversity of the eyes of these ocean animals. The text was kept short and accessible. For a wealth of additional information, please refer to the two excellent books and other articles listed in the references. The emphasis of this book is on the eyes of teleosts (bony fishes), elasmobranchs (sharks and rays), and cephalopods (squids and octopuses). A few examples of compound eyes in arthropods (crabs, lobsters, and shrimp) are included at the end. All images in this book show marine life in its natural setting and were taken while diving or snorkeling in the Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean, and Hawaii. Great care was taken never to harm or stress any of these wonderful animals. Many thanks to my friend and colleague, Dr. Ivan Schwab, Professor of Ophthalmology at University of California, Davis and author of the outstanding and definitive book on eye evolution Evolution s Witness: How Eyes Evolved for educating me on the aquatic eye. I hope you find as much joy reading this book as I did assembling it. Dave Heidemann, The Aquatic Eye
3 Grey Angelfish, Curacao, 2014 The Aquatic Eye 3
4 What are the parts of an eye? CORNEA the front, clear part of the eye analogous to a crystal over a watch. It covers and protects the inner structures of the eye including the iris, pupil, and lens. FOVEA a small depression in the retina where visual acuity is highest. IRIS the thin, circular tissue behind the cornea which controls the shape and size of the pupil. In humans, the color of the iris gives the eye its color. LENS the solid, round structure behind the cornea that refracts (focuses) light rays entering the eye onto the retina. The lens is attached to the eye wall by various ligaments. PUPIL the opening in the iris that allows light to pass through the cornea and the lens, then on to the retina. PHOTORECEPTOR the individual cells in the retina that turn light into a chemical impulse. Rods and cones are the two basic types of photoreceptors. Cones allow color perception and rods have better sensitivity to light OPTIC NERVE the structure composed of retinal cell processes which exits through the back of the eye and transmits visual information to other regions in the brain. RETINA the light sensitive layer of tissue that lines the inner surface of the back of the eye. The optics of the eye (cornea and lens) focus light to create an image on the retina. Eye of bony fish 4 The Aquatic Eye
5 How does the eye work? There are two basic types of eyes compound and camera. Most invertebrates, for example insects and crabs, have a compound eye that is composed of many individual optical units, with light entering though multiple openings. This book will focus on the camera eye where light is transmitted and focused by a single opening (cornea and lens) as it passes through the eye and is focused on the retina. The retina then transmits information through the optic nerve to the brain. The iris and pupil act as a diaphragm to control the amount of light which enters the eye. A camera eye is found in vertebrates (mammals, reptiles, birds, and fishes) and cephalopods (squids and octopuses). Cephalopods are invertebrates, but they have also evolved a sophisticated camera eye that is amazingly similar to the eye of vertebrates. Other invertebrates with camera eyes include spiders, scallops, conchs, and even some jellyfishes. Vision helps animals survive by allowing them to find food, avoid predators, seek shelter, and find suitable mates. Two basic and important aspects of an eye are the ability to see fine detail (resolution) and ability to see in low lighting. Resolution depends on the nature and quality of the optics (cornea, lens), size of the eye, and the size and density of individual light-sensitive units (photoreceptors) in the retina. Sensitivity depends on the size the eye, the size of the lens and pupil, and on the number and quality of photoreceptors. The images in this book will demonstrate how the eyes of various aquatic animals in different environments have evolved to meet their unique visual needs. Compound Eye Camera Eye Spiny Lobster, Curacao, 2011 Barracuda, Florida Keys, 2006 The Aquatic Eye 5
6 A few more definitions: ACCOMMODATION the ability of the eye to change its focus from distant to near object (and vice versa). FOCAL LENGTH the distance between a convex lens and the point where parallel rays of light converge (or are focused). INDEX OF REFRACTION refers to the ability of a lens to refract light when passing from one medium into another. The higher the refractive index of the lens compared to the refractive index of the surroundings (air or water), the more refractive power. REFRACTION the bending of waves when they enter a medium. For example, the lens refracts incoming light so that it is focused on the retina. SPHERICAL ABERRATION an optical effect that occurs due to increased refraction of light rays when they strike a lens near its edge compared to when they strike a lens near its center. A spherical lens with high refractive power has more spherical aberration than a flatter lens with low refractive power. Snapper, Grand Cayman, The Aquatic Eye
7 Balloonfish, Curacao, 2006 The Aquatic Eye 7
8 Bony fishes: Why is the cornea flat? The cornea of humans is steep (highly curved) and accounts for more refractive power than the lens. However, in water, the cornea would have no refractive power whether it was steep or flat because the index of refraction of water and cornea tissue is similar (Appendix B). Therefore, there was no selection pressure or advantage for fishes to evolve a steep cornea. In fact, a flat cornea would be helpful in aquatic animals in another way it would protrude less and create less drag in the water than a steep cornea. The cornea of humans must be extremely smooth to allow a clearly focused image. However, because of the similar refractive index of water and corneal tissue, a rough corneal surface in water does not result in a blurred image (Appendix C). In the images on these pages, while the cornea surface looks relatively smooth, it is actually quite rough and irregular compared to the cornea of humans and land animals. Porcupinefish, Bonaire, 2012 Porcupinefish, Bonaire, The Aquatic Eye
9 Balloonfish, Blue Heron Bridge, Florida, 2014 Balloonfish, Blue Heron Bridge, Florida, 2014 The Aquatic Eye 9
10 Checkered Pufferfish, Blue Heron Bridge, Florida, 2012 Checkered Pufferfish, Blue Heron Bridge, Florida, 2012 Why do some fishes have yellow corneas? Some shallow water fishes are able to change their corneas to become yellow or orange under direct sunlight. They do this by moving pigment granules (called melanosomes) in cells in the upper peripheral part of the cornea. These pigment granules reflect or absorb certain wavelengths of light and act as sunshades. The pigment-containing cells may be pear-shaped and have ribbon-like processes extending to the central cornea, forming a veil which reduces the amount of light entering the eye from above. The yellow or orange coloration helps the fish in bright light by: 1) limiting blurred vision which would result from focusing of different colors on different focal planes; 2) limiting glare by absorption of blue light; 3) improving contrast between different colored objects. Note the yellow cornea in the checkered puffer on this page and the facing page. In the upper two images on this page, note the parasitic isopod attached to the fish below the eye. The image on the facing page represents a close view of the eye from above. Note the yellow pigment and the pear-shaped processes originating from the upper part of the cornea. 10 The Aquatic Eye
11 Checkered Pufferfish, Blue Heron Bridge, Florida, 2013 The Aquatic Eye 11
12 Balloonfish, Curacao, 2005 Why do some fishes have shimmering or sparkling eyes? Iridescence is a type of structural coloration that applies to surfaces that change in color with viewing angle. These colors can appear rainbow-like, shimmering, or sparkling. Iridescence is produced when light encounters boundaries between media that differ in refractive index, creating colors that change with angle of view. We sometimes see iridescent coloration from films in soap bubbles and oil slicks. Iridescent coloration can be found throughout the animal kingdom, for example, in insect wings, bivalve shells, and bird feathers. Many fishes have corneal iridescence to limit the amount of light entering the eye like sunglasses. Bright sunlight from above is reflected without reducing the amount of light coming in from the side or below. In a darker setting, the coloration lessens or changes to allow more light into the eye. Note the marked corneal iridescence in the balloonfish eye viewed from the side on this page and viewed from above on the facing page. See references for a more detailed explanation of iridescence. Balloonfish, Blue Heron Bridge, Florida, The Aquatic Eye
13 Balloonfish, Blue Heron Bridge, Florida, 2014 The Aquatic Eye 13
14 Corneal iridescence Jawfish, Blue Heron Bridge, Florida, 2014 Jawfish, Blue Heron Bridge, Florida, The Aquatic Eye
15 Sea Robin and Diver, Blue Heron Bridge, Florida, 2014 Corneal iridescence Sea Robin, Blue Heron Bridge, Florida, 2014 The Aquatic Eye 15
16 Corneal iridescence Note that the pupil of the scorpionfish appears red. This represents light being reflected from the retina at the back of the eye. Flecks of corneal iridescence are visible within the red reflex. Scorpionfish, Blue Heron Bridge, Florida, 2014 Scorpionfish, Blue Heron Bridge, Florida, The Aquatic Eye
17 Striated Frogfish, Blue Heron Bridge, Florida, 2014 Corneal iridescence Striated Frogfish, Blue Heron Bridge, Florida, 2012 The Aquatic Eye 17
18 About the author Dave Heidemann has been hooked on the underwater world ever since snorkeling in Michigan inland lakes as a child. Dave has immersed himself in underwater photography and marine biology starting in the mid-1980s. He enjoys diving with friends and family and sharing the beauty and diversity of marine life with others. He is particularly interested in evolution and imaging of the aquatic eye. When not diving, Dave is a corneal transplant surgeon in the Detroit area. Please visit Dave at: or contact him at: Dave@TheAquaticEye.com. The Aquatic Eye 75
19
Refraction, Lenses, and Prisms
CHAPTER 16 14 SECTION Sound and Light Refraction, Lenses, and Prisms KEY IDEAS As you read this section, keep these questions in mind: What happens to light when it passes from one medium to another? How
More informationHOW THE EYE EVOLVED By Adrea R. Benkoff, M.D.
HOW THE EYE EVOLVED By Adrea R. Benkoff, M.D. HOW THE EYE EVOLVED BY ADREA R. BENKOFF, M.D. CREATIONISM vs. NATURAL SELECTION The complex structure of the eye has been used as evidence to support the theory
More informationPHGY Physiology. SENSORY PHYSIOLOGY Vision. Martin Paré
PHGY 212 - Physiology SENSORY PHYSIOLOGY Vision Martin Paré Assistant Professor of Physiology & Psychology pare@biomed.queensu.ca http://brain.phgy.queensu.ca/pare The Process of Vision Vision is the process
More informationLife Science Chapter 2 Study Guide
Key concepts and definitions Waves and the Electromagnetic Spectrum Wave Energy Medium Mechanical waves Amplitude Wavelength Frequency Speed Properties of Waves (pages 40-41) Trough Crest Hertz Electromagnetic
More informationScience 8 Unit 2 Pack:
Science 8 Unit 2 Pack: Name Page 0 Section 4.1 : The Properties of Waves Pages By the end of section 4.1 you should be able to understand the following: Waves are disturbances that transmit energy from
More informationInstructional Resources/Materials: Light vocabulary cards printed (class set) Enough for each student (See card sort below)
Grade Level/Course: Grade 7 Life Science Lesson/Unit Plan Name: Light Card Sort Rationale/Lesson Abstract: Light vocabulary building, students identify and share vocabulary meaning. Timeframe: 10 to 20
More informationTopic 4: Lenses and Vision. Lens a curved transparent material through which light passes (transmit) Ex) glass, plastic
Topic 4: Lenses and Vision Lens a curved transparent material through which light passes (transmit) Ex) glass, plastic Double Concave Lenses Are thinner and flatter in the middle than around the edges.
More informationPHGY Physiology. The Process of Vision. SENSORY PHYSIOLOGY Vision. Martin Paré. Visible Light. Ocular Anatomy. Ocular Anatomy.
PHGY 212 - Physiology SENSORY PHYSIOLOGY Vision Martin Paré Assistant Professor of Physiology & Psychology pare@biomed.queensu.ca http://brain.phgy.queensu.ca/pare The Process of Vision Vision is the process
More informationThe Special Senses: Vision
OLLI Lecture 5 The Special Senses: Vision Vision The eyes are the sensory organs for vision. They collect light waves through their photoreceptors (located in the retina) and transmit them as nerve impulses
More informationRefraction of Light. Refraction of Light
1 Refraction of Light Activity: Disappearing coin Place an empty cup on the table and drop a penny in it. Look down into the cup so that you can see the coin. Move back away from the cup slowly until the
More informationThe Human Eye and a Camera 12.1
The Human Eye and a Camera 12.1 The human eye is an amazing optical device that allows us to see objects near and far, in bright light and dim light. Although the details of how we see are complex, the
More informationGrade 8. Light and Optics. Unit exam
Grade 8 Light and Optics Unit exam Unit C - Light and Optics 1. Over the years many scientists have contributed to our understanding of light. All the properties listed below about light are correct except:
More informationSlide 4 Now we have the same components that we find in our eye. The analogy is made clear in this slide. Slide 5 Important structures in the eye
Vision 1 Slide 2 The obvious analogy for the eye is a camera, and the simplest camera is a pinhole camera: a dark box with light-sensitive film on one side and a pinhole on the other. The image is made
More informationChapter: Sound and Light
Table of Contents Chapter: Sound and Light Section 1: Sound Section 2: Reflection and Refraction of Light Section 3: Mirrors, Lenses, and the Eye Section 4: Light and Color 1 Sound Sound When an object
More informationVisual System I Eye and Retina
Visual System I Eye and Retina Reading: BCP Chapter 9 www.webvision.edu The Visual System The visual system is the part of the NS which enables organisms to process visual details, as well as to perform
More informationVision. The eye. Image formation. Eye defects & corrective lenses. Visual acuity. Colour vision. Lecture 3.5
Lecture 3.5 Vision The eye Image formation Eye defects & corrective lenses Visual acuity Colour vision Vision http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2009/04/schizoillusion/ Perception of light--- eye-brain
More informationOptics Review (Chapters 11, 12, 13)
Optics Review (Chapters 11, 12, 13) Complete the following questions in preparation for your test on FRIDAY. The notes that you need are in italics. Try to answer it on your own first, then check with
More informationsclera pupil What happens to light that enters the eye?
Human Vision Textbook pages 202 215 Before You Read Some people can see things clearly from a great distance. Other people can see things clearly only when they are nearby. Why might this be? Write your
More informationNovember 14, 2017 Vision: photoreceptor cells in eye 3 grps of accessory organs 1-eyebrows, eyelids, & eyelashes 2- lacrimal apparatus:
Vision: photoreceptor cells in eye 3 grps of accessory organs 1-eyebrows, eyelids, & eyelashes eyebrows: protection from debris & sun eyelids: continuation of skin, protection & lubrication eyelashes:
More informationPhysics Chapter Review Chapter 25- The Eye and Optical Instruments Ethan Blitstein
Physics Chapter Review Chapter 25- The Eye and Optical Instruments Ethan Blitstein The Human Eye As light enters through the human eye it first passes through the cornea (a thin transparent membrane of
More informationEYE. The eye is an extension of the brain
I SEE YOU EYE The eye is an extension of the brain Eye brain proxomity Can you see : the optic nerve bundle? Spinal cord? The human Eye The eye is the sense organ for light. Receptors for light are found
More informationEYE ANATOMY. Multimedia Health Education. Disclaimer
Disclaimer This movie is an educational resource only and should not be used to manage your health. The information in this presentation has been intended to help consumers understand the structure and
More informationEYE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Name: Class: Date: EYE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION The eye is the body s organ of sight. It gathers light from the environment and forms an image on specialized nerve cells on the retina. Vision occurs when
More informationSection 1: Sound. Sound and Light Section 1
Sound and Light Section 1 Section 1: Sound Preview Key Ideas Bellringer Properties of Sound Sound Intensity and Decibel Level Musical Instruments Hearing and the Ear The Ear Ultrasound and Sonar Sound
More information12.1. Human Perception of Light. Perceiving Light
12.1 Human Perception of Light Here is a summary of what you will learn in this section: Focussing of light in your eye is accomplished by the cornea, the lens, and the fluids contained in your eye. Light
More informationMastery. Chapter Content. What is light? CHAPTER 11 LESSON 1 C A
Chapter Content Mastery What is light? LESSON 1 Directions: Use the letters on the diagram to identify the parts of the wave listed below. Write the correct letters on the line provided. 1. amplitude 2.
More informationChapter 25. Optical Instruments
Chapter 25 Optical Instruments Optical Instruments Analysis generally involves the laws of reflection and refraction Analysis uses the procedures of geometric optics To explain certain phenomena, the wave
More informationChapter 6 Human Vision
Chapter 6 Notes: Human Vision Name: Block: Human Vision The Humane Eye: 8) 1) 2) 9) 10) 4) 5) 11) 12) 3) 13) 6) 7) Functions of the Eye: 1) Cornea a transparent tissue the iris and pupil; provides most
More informationPhysics 11. Unit 8 Geometric Optics Part 2
Physics 11 Unit 8 Geometric Optics Part 2 (c) Refraction (i) Introduction: Snell s law Like water waves, when light is traveling from one medium to another, not only does its wavelength, and in turn the
More informationChapter 36. Image Formation
Chapter 36 Image Formation Image of Formation Images can result when light rays encounter flat or curved surfaces between two media. Images can be formed either by reflection or refraction due to these
More informationVisual Effects of Light. Prof. Grega Bizjak, PhD Laboratory of Lighting and Photometry Faculty of Electrical Engineering University of Ljubljana
Visual Effects of Light Prof. Grega Bizjak, PhD Laboratory of Lighting and Photometry Faculty of Electrical Engineering University of Ljubljana Light is life If sun would turn off the life on earth would
More information2 The First Steps in Vision
2 The First Steps in Vision 2 The First Steps in Vision A Little Light Physics Eyes That See light Retinal Information Processing Whistling in the Dark: Dark and Light Adaptation The Man Who Could Not
More informationSensory receptors External internal stimulus change detectable energy transduce action potential different strengths different frequencies
General aspects Sensory receptors ; respond to changes in the environment. External or internal environment. A stimulus is a change in the environmental condition which is detectable by a sensory receptor
More informationChapter Introduction. Chapter Wrap-Up. and the Eye
Chapter Introduction Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Sound Light Chapter Wrap-Up Mirrors, Lenses, and the Eye How do sound and light waves travel and interact with matter? What do you think? Before you begin,
More informationVisual Optics. Visual Optics - Introduction
Visual Optics Jim Schwiegerling, PhD Ophthalmology & Optical Sciences University of Arizona Visual Optics - Introduction In this course, the optical principals behind the workings of the eye and visual
More informationChapter 16 Light Waves and Color
Chapter 16 Light Waves and Color Lecture PowerPoint Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. What causes color? What causes reflection? What causes color?
More informationTest Review # 8. Physics R: Form TR8.17A. Primary colors of light
Physics R: Form TR8.17A TEST 8 REVIEW Name Date Period Test Review # 8 Light and Color. Color comes from light, an electromagnetic wave that travels in straight lines in all directions from a light source
More informationAS Psychology Activity 4
AS Psychology Activity 4 Anatomy of The Eye Light enters the eye and is brought into focus by the cornea and the lens. The fovea is the focal point it is a small depression in the retina, at the back of
More informationChapter 24 Geometrical Optics. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 24 Geometrical Optics Lenses convex (converging) concave (diverging) Mirrors Ray Tracing for Mirrors We use three principal rays in finding the image produced by a curved mirror. The parallel ray
More informationKen Giesecke Science & Art of Depiction Lecturer: Fredo Durand April 2001 VISUAL EVOLUTION & ACCOMODATION: THE HAWK AND THE AMOEBA
Ken Giesecke 4.209 Science & Art of Depiction Lecturer: Fredo Durand April 2001 VISUAL EVOLUTION & ACCOMODATION: THE HAWK AND THE AMOEBA A degree of responsiveness towards environmental conditions may
More informationPhotography (cont d)
Lecture 13 Ch. 4 Photography continued Ch. 5 The Eye Feb. 23, 2010 Exams will be back on Feb. 25 Homework 5 is due Feb. 25 Read all of Ch. 5. on The Eye. 1 Photography (cont d) Polarizing and haze filters
More informationEye. Eye Major structural layer of the wall of the eye is a thick layer of dense C.T.; that layer has two parts:
General aspects Sensory receptors ; External or internal environment. A stimulus is a change in the environmental condition which is detectable by a sensory receptor 1 Major structural layer of the wall
More informationSCIENCE 8 WORKBOOK Chapter 6 Human Vision Ms. Jamieson 2018 This workbook belongs to:
SCIENCE 8 WORKBOOK Chapter 6 Human Vision Ms. Jamieson 2018 This workbook belongs to: Eric Hamber Secondary 5025 Willow Street Vancouver, BC Table of Contents A. Chapter 6.1 Parts of the eye.. Parts of
More informationL. R. & S. M. VISSANJI ACADEMY SECONDARY SECTION PHYSICS-GRADE: VIII OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
L. R. & S. M. VISSANJI ACADEMY SECONDARY SECTION - 2016-17 PHYSICS-GRADE: VIII OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS SIMPLE MICROSCOPE A simple microscope consists of a single convex lens of a short focal length. The object
More informationSeeing and Perception. External features of the Eye
Seeing and Perception Deceives the Eye This is Madness D R Campbell School of Computing University of Paisley 1 External features of the Eye The circular opening of the iris muscles forms the pupil, which
More informationVisual Perception. Readings and References. Forming an image. Pinhole camera. Readings. Other References. CSE 457, Autumn 2004 Computer Graphics
Readings and References Visual Perception CSE 457, Autumn Computer Graphics Readings Sections 1.4-1.5, Interactive Computer Graphics, Angel Other References Foundations of Vision, Brian Wandell, pp. 45-50
More informationEarly Visual Processing: Receptive Fields & Retinal Processing (Chapter 2, part 2)
Early Visual Processing: Receptive Fields & Retinal Processing (Chapter 2, part 2) Lecture 5 Jonathan Pillow Sensation & Perception (PSY 345 / NEU 325) Princeton University, Spring 2015 1 Summary of last
More informationVisual Effects of. Light. Warmth. Light is life. Sun as a deity (god) If sun would turn off the life on earth would extinct
Visual Effects of Light Prof. Grega Bizjak, PhD Laboratory of Lighting and Photometry Faculty of Electrical Engineering University of Ljubljana Light is life If sun would turn off the life on earth would
More informationLecture 8. Lecture 8. r 1
Lecture 8 Achromat Design Design starts with desired Next choose your glass materials, i.e. Find P D P D, then get f D P D K K Choose radii (still some freedom left in choice of radii for minimization
More informationRetina. Convergence. Early visual processing: retina & LGN. Visual Photoreptors: rods and cones. Visual Photoreptors: rods and cones.
Announcements 1 st exam (next Thursday): Multiple choice (about 22), short answer and short essay don t list everything you know for the essay questions Book vs. lectures know bold terms for things that
More informationLecture Outline Chapter 27. Physics, 4 th Edition James S. Walker. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Lecture Outline Chapter 27 Physics, 4 th Edition James S. Walker Chapter 27 Optical Instruments Units of Chapter 27 The Human Eye and the Camera Lenses in Combination and Corrective Optics The Magnifying
More informationIII: Vision. Objectives:
III: Vision Objectives: Describe the characteristics of visible light, and explain the process by which the eye transforms light energy into neural. Describe how the eye and the brain process visual information.
More informationVision. PSYCHOLOGY (8th Edition, in Modules) David Myers. Module 13. Vision. Vision
PSYCHOLOGY (8th Edition, in Modules) David Myers PowerPoint Slides Aneeq Ahmad Henderson State University Worth Publishers, 2007 1 Vision Module 13 2 Vision Vision The Stimulus Input: Light Energy The
More informationUNIT 12 LIGHT and OPTICS
UNIT 12 LIGHT and OPTICS What is light? Light is simply a name for a range of electromagnetic radiation that can be detected by the human eye. What characteristic does light have? Light is electromagnetic
More informationTest Review # 9. Physics R: Form TR9.15A. Primary colors of light
Physics R: Form TR9.15A TEST 9 REVIEW Name Date Period Test Review # 9 Light and Color. Color comes from light, an electromagnetic wave that travels in straight lines in all directions from a light source
More informationName: Date: Block: Light Unit Study Guide Matching Match the correct definition to each term. 1. Waves
Name: Date: Block: Light Unit Study Guide Matching Match the correct definition to each term. 1. Waves 2. Medium 3. Mechanical waves 4. Longitudinal waves 5. Transverse waves 6. Frequency 7. Reflection
More informationSCIENCE 8 WORKBOOK Chapter 6 Human Vision Ms. Jamieson 2018 This workbook belongs to:
SCIENCE 8 WORKBOOK Chapter 6 Human Vision Ms. Jamieson 2018 This workbook belongs to: Eric Hamber Secondary 5025 Willow Street Vancouver, BC Table of Contents A. Chapter 6.1 Parts of the eye.. Parts of
More informationSense Organs (Eye) The eye is the sense organ of sight. The eye is shaped like a ball and is located in bony
Sense Organs (Eye) The eye is the sense organ of sight. The eye is shaped like a ball and is located in bony sockets in the skull. It is held in place by six muscles which are joined to the outside of
More informationChapter 29/30. Wave Fronts and Rays. Refraction of Sound. Dispersion in a Prism. Index of Refraction. Refraction and Lenses
Chapter 29/30 Refraction and Lenses Refraction Refraction the bending of waves as they pass from one medium into another. Caused by a change in the average speed of light. Analogy A car that drives off
More informationVisual Perception of Images
Visual Perception of Images A processed image is usually intended to be viewed by a human observer. An understanding of how humans perceive visual stimuli the human visual system (HVS) is crucial to the
More informationChapter 20 Human Vision
Chapter 20 GOALS When you have mastered the contents of this chapter, you will be able to achieve the following goals: Characterize the physical parameters that are significant in human vision. Visual
More informationOptics: Lenses & Mirrors
Warm-Up 1. A light ray is passing through water (n=1.33) towards the boundary with a transparent solid at an angle of 56.4. The light refracts into the solid at an angle of refraction of 42.1. Determine
More informationChapter 23 Study Questions Name: Class:
Chapter 23 Study Questions Name: Class: Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. When you look at yourself in a plane mirror, you
More information1. What are the components of your nervous system? 2. How do telescopes and human eyes work?
Chapter 18 Vision and Hearing Although small, your eyes and ears are amazingly important and complex organs. Do you know how your eyes and ears work? Scientists have learned enough about these organs to
More informationOPTICAL SYSTEMS OBJECTIVES
101 L7 OPTICAL SYSTEMS OBJECTIVES Aims Your aim here should be to acquire a working knowledge of the basic components of optical systems and understand their purpose, function and limitations in terms
More informationID: A. Optics Review Package Answer Section TRUE/FALSE
Optics Review Package Answer Section TRUE/FALSE 1. T 2. F Reflection occurs when light bounces off a surface Refraction is the bending of light as it travels from one medium to another. 3. T 4. F 5. T
More informationChapter 36. Image Formation
Chapter 36 Image Formation Notation for Mirrors and Lenses The object distance is the distance from the object to the mirror or lens Denoted by p The image distance is the distance from the image to the
More informationYokohama City University lecture INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN VISION Presentation notes 7/10/14
Yokohama City University lecture INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN VISION Presentation notes 7/10/14 1. INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN VISION Self introduction Dr. Salmon Northeastern State University, Oklahoma. USA Teach
More informationThe eye & corrective lenses
Phys 102 Lecture 20 The eye & corrective lenses 1 Today we will... Apply concepts from ray optics & lenses Simple optical instruments the camera & the eye Learn about the human eye Accommodation Myopia,
More informationVISUAL PHYSICS ONLINE DEPTH STUDY: ELECTRON MICROSCOPES
VISUAL PHYSICS ONLINE DEPTH STUDY: ELECTRON MICROSCOPES Shortly after the experimental confirmation of the wave properties of the electron, it was suggested that the electron could be used to examine objects
More information2 The First Steps in Vision: Seeing Stars
2 The First Steps in Vision: Seeing Stars Outline What is light? Types of waves Dual nature of light: waves and particles Spectrum of electromagnetic radiation Intensity, wavelength, polarization, direction
More informationThe Human Brain and Senses: Memory
The Human Brain and Senses: Memory Methods of Learning Learning - There are several types of memory, and each is processed in a different part of the brain. Remembering Mirror Writing Today we will be.
More informationPhysics 1230: Light and Color. Guest Lecture, Jack again. Lecture 23: More about cameras
Physics 1230: Light and Color Chuck Rogers, Charles.Rogers@colorado.edu Ryan Henley, Valyria McFarland, Peter Siegfried physicscourses.colorado.edu/phys1230 Guest Lecture, Jack again Lecture 23: More about
More informationCOURSE NAME: PHOTOGRAPHY AND AUDIO VISUAL PRODUCTION (VOCATIONAL) FOR UNDER GRADUATE (FIRST YEAR)
COURSE NAME: PHOTOGRAPHY AND AUDIO VISUAL PRODUCTION (VOCATIONAL) FOR UNDER GRADUATE (FIRST YEAR) PAPER TITLE: BASIC PHOTOGRAPHIC UNIT - 3 : SIMPLE LENS TOPIC: LENS PROPERTIES AND DEFECTS OBJECTIVES By
More informationINTERNATIONAL TURKISH HOPE SCHOOL ACADEMIC YEAR CHITTAGONG SENIOR SECTION BIOLOGY CO-ORDINATION CLASS 09 and 10 Name :... Date :...
1 P a g e 2 P a g e 3 P a g e 4 P a g e 5 P a g e 6 P a g e 7 P a g e 8 P a g e 9 P a g e 10 P a g e Name :... Date :... 11 P a g e Name :... Date :... 12 P a g e 13 P a g e 14 P a g e play important role
More informationClass 10 Science NCERT Exemplar Solutions Human Eye and Colourful World
Class 10 Science NCERT Exemplar Solutions Human Eye and Colourful World Short Answer Questions Question 1. A student sitting at the back of the classroom cannot read clearly the letters written on the
More informationOptics B. Science Olympiad North Regional Tournament at the University of Florida DO NOT WRITE ON THIS BOOKLET. THIS IS AN TEST SET.
Optics B Science Olympiad North Regional Tournament at the University of Florida 1 DO NOT WRITE ON THIS BOOKLET. THIS IS AN TEST SET. Part I: General Body Knowledge Questions 2 1) (3 PTS) For much of the
More informationCSE 527: Introduction to Computer Vision
CSE 527: Introduction to Computer Vision Week 2 - Class 2: Vision, Physics, Cameras September 7th, 2017 Today Physics Human Vision Eye Brain Perspective Projection Camera Models Image Formation Digital
More information30 Lenses. Lenses change the paths of light.
Lenses change the paths of light. A light ray bends as it enters glass and bends again as it leaves. Light passing through glass of a certain shape can form an image that appears larger, smaller, closer,
More informationDigital Image Processing COSC 6380/4393
Digital Image Processing COSC 6380/4393 Lecture 2 Aug 23 rd, 2018 Slides from Dr. Shishir K Shah, Rajesh Rao and Frank (Qingzhong) Liu 1 Instructor Digital Image Processing COSC 6380/4393 Pranav Mantini
More informationVision 1. Physical Properties of Light. Overview of Topics. Light, Optics, & The Eye Chaudhuri, Chapter 8
Vision 1 Light, Optics, & The Eye Chaudhuri, Chapter 8 1 1 Overview of Topics Physical Properties of Light Physical properties of light Interaction of light with objects Anatomy of the eye 2 3 Light A
More informationbetter make it a triple (3 x)
Crown 85: Visual Perception: : Structure of and Information Processing in the Retina 1 lectures 5 better make it a triple (3 x) 1 blind spot demonstration (close left eye) blind spot 2 temporal right eye
More informationEC-433 Digital Image Processing
EC-433 Digital Image Processing Lecture 2 Digital Image Fundamentals Dr. Arslan Shaukat 1 Fundamental Steps in DIP Image Acquisition An image is captured by a sensor (such as a monochrome or color TV camera)
More informationExplanation of Aberration and Wavefront
Explanation of Aberration and Wavefront 1. What Causes Blur? 2. What is? 4. What is wavefront? 5. Hartmann-Shack Aberrometer 6. Adoption of wavefront technology David Oh 1. What Causes Blur? 2. What is?
More informationPHYSICS. Chapter 35 Lecture FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS A STRATEGIC APPROACH 4/E RANDALL D. KNIGHT
PHYSICS FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS A STRATEGIC APPROACH 4/E Chapter 35 Lecture RANDALL D. KNIGHT Chapter 35 Optical Instruments IN THIS CHAPTER, you will learn about some common optical instruments and
More informationL 32 Light and Optics [2] The rainbow. Why is it a rain BOW? Atmospheric scattering. Different colors are refracted (bent) by different amounts
L 32 Light and Optics [2] Measurements of the speed of light The bending of light refraction Total internal reflection Dispersion Dispersion Rainbows Atmospheric scattering Blue sky and red sunsets Mirrors
More informationAP PSYCH Unit 4.2 Vision 1. How does the eye transform light energy into neural messages? 2. How does the brain process visual information? 3.
AP PSYCH Unit 4.2 Vision 1. How does the eye transform light energy into neural messages? 2. How does the brain process visual information? 3. What theories help us understand color vision? 4. Is your
More informationChapter Human Vision
Chapter 6 6.1 Human Vision How Light Enters the Eye Light enters the eye through the pupil. The pupil appears dark because light passes through it without reflecting back Pupil Iris = Coloured circle of
More informationDigital Image Processing
Digital Image Processing Lecture # 3 Digital Image Fundamentals ALI JAVED Lecturer SOFTWARE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT U.E.T TAXILA Email:: ali.javed@uettaxila.edu.pk Office Room #:: 7 Presentation Outline
More informationDigital Image Processing COSC 6380/4393
Digital Image Processing COSC 6380/4393 Lecture 2 Aug 24 th, 2017 Slides from Dr. Shishir K Shah, Rajesh Rao and Frank (Qingzhong) Liu 1 Instructor TA Digital Image Processing COSC 6380/4393 Pranav Mantini
More informationThe Human Eye Nearpoint of vision
The Human Eye Nearpoint of vision Rochelle Payne Ondracek Edited by Anne Starace Abstract The human ability to see is the result of an intricate interconnection of muscles, receptors and neurons. Muscles
More informationPhysical Science Physics
Name Physical Science Physics C/By Due Date Code Period Earned Points PSP 5W4 Seeing Problems (divide by 11) Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers
More informationThe Eye. Nakhleh Abu-Yaghi, M.B.B.S Ophthalmology Division
The Eye Nakhleh Abu-Yaghi, M.B.B.S Ophthalmology Division Coats of the Eyeball 1- OUTER FIBROUS COAT is made up of : Posterior opaque part 2-THE SCLERA the dense white part 1- THE CORNEA the anterior
More informationVision. By: Karen, Jaqui, and Jen
Vision By: Karen, Jaqui, and Jen Activity: Directions: Stare at the black dot in the center of the picture don't look at anything else but the black dot. When we switch the picture you can look around
More informationReading. 1. Visual perception. Outline. Forming an image. Optional: Glassner, Principles of Digital Image Synthesis, sections
Reading Optional: Glassner, Principles of Digital mage Synthesis, sections 1.1-1.6. 1. Visual perception Brian Wandell. Foundations of Vision. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA, 1995. Research papers:
More informationPHYS:1200 LECTURE 31 LIGHT AND OPTICS (3)
1 PHYS:1200 LECTURE 31 LIGHT AND OPTICS (3) In lecture 30, we applied the law of reflection to understand how images are formed using plane and curved mirrors. In this lecture we will use the law of refraction
More informationExemplar for Internal Achievement Standard Level 2
Exemplar for internal assessment resource Physics 2.2A for Achievement Standard 91169 Exemplar for Internal Achievement Standard 91169 Level 2 This exemplar supports assessment against: Achievement Standard
More informationGeneral Physics - E&M (PHY 1308) - Lecture Notes. General Physics - E&M (PHY 1308) Lecture Notes
General Physics - E&M (PHY 1308) Lecture Notes Lecture 036: Application of Lenses - the Human Eye SteveSekula, 1 December 2010 (created 30 November 2010) Goals of this lecture no tags conclude the discussion
More informationRetinal stray light originating from intraocular lenses and its effect on visual performance van der Mooren, Marie Huibert
University of Groningen Retinal stray light originating from intraocular lenses and its effect on visual performance van der Mooren, Marie Huibert IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's
More informationThe Optics of Mirrors
Use with Text Pages 558 563 The Optics of Mirrors Use the terms in the list below to fill in the blanks in the paragraphs about mirrors. reversed smooth eyes concave focal smaller reflect behind ray convex
More information