附录 В 手工计算参考答案附录 В 手工计算参考答案 336

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1 附录 A 参考文献透镜设计 Kingslake,Rudolph,Lens Design Fundamentals. New York:Academic press,1978. Kingslake,Rudolph. A History of the Photographic Lens. Boston:Academic Press Malacara,Daniels and Malacara,Zacarias,Handbook of lens design New York Marcel Dekker Rutten,Harry G.J.,and Martin A.M. van Venrooij,Telescope Optics.Richmond,VA:Willmann- Bell Inc.,1988. Smith,Gregory H.,Practical Computer Aided Lens Design Richmond,VA:Willmann-Bell Inc., Shannon,Robot R.,The Art and Science of Lens Design Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press,1997. Smith,Warren,Modern Lens Design. New York:McGraw Hill,1992. 像差理论 Wellord,W.T.,Aberration of Symmetrical Optical System (First edition).boston:academic Press Mahajan,V.,Aberration Theory-Made Simple.(TT6).Bellingham. SPIC Press,1991. 线性系统和傅立叶光学 Gaskill,J.,Linear SYsrerns, Fourier Transform and Optics(second edition). John Wiley and Sons,1978. Goodman,J.,Introduction to Fourier Optics. New York. McGraw-Hill New York: 几何光学 hecht,e. and Zajac,A,Optics (Firs edition). Boston:Addison-Wesley Pedrotii,F.and Pedrotti,L.,Introduction to Optics (Second edition). New Jersey:Prentice Hall,1993. Sears,F,Optics (Third edition). Boston:Addison-Wesley,1958. 光学系统 Kingslake,R.,Optical Systems Design. New York:Academic Press Smith,W.,Modern Optical Engineering. New York:McGraw-Hill,1966. 史料 Kingslake,R.,A History of the Photographic Lens. New York: Academic Press,1989. King,H.C.,The History of the Telescope. Cambridge:Sky Publishing Corporation,1955. 光学测试 Malacara,Daniel,Optical Shop Testing.New York:John Wiley and Sons,1978. Suiter,H.R.,Star Testing Astronomical Telescopes. Richmond,VA:Willmann Bell,Inc

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4 附录 С ZEMAX 设计结果参考附录 С ZEMAX 设计结果参考 12.9 节对称结构 12.9 节不对称结构 338

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9 附录 D 术语表 Aberration: An ideal monochromatic point image is formed from a spherical converging wavefront. Wavefronts that are not spherical are considered aberrated as are the images they form. The common aberrations affecting the point image are spherical aberration,coma,and astigmatism. Aberrations that effect image point location axially and laterally also occur. These are field curvature and distortion. Abbe number: A number which quantifies the dispersive nature of glass. Achromat: A lens composed of two elements with different dispersive properties which correct primary axial color. Airy Disk: In geometric optics,an ideal lens forms a point image of a point object. When physical optics is taken into account,the point object is imaged by an ideal lens as a finite-sized circular disk (assuming a circular aperture). Aplanat: An optical imaging system that has no spherical aberration or coma. Aspheric: An optical surface that is not spherical in shape. Axial Color: The refractive index of glass is wavelength dependent so glass lenses form images of different colors at different points along the optical axis. Back Image Distance: The separation between the last optical surface in an imaging system and the paraxial image plane. Chief Ray: The ray from the maximum field position that passes through the center of the stop. Conic Constant: A number that defines an optical surface's departure from a spherical surface. Corrector Plate: A refractive optical element that eliminates spherical aberration in an imaging system. Curvature: The reciprocal of the radius of curvature for an optical surface. Defocus: The axial separation between the paraxial image plane and a different plane of observation. Depth of Focus: Roughly the axial range over which the image appears unchanged to an observer. Dispersion: Variation of the refractive index with wavelength. Diffraction Limited: The performance of the imaging system is limited not by geometric aberrations, but by the physical optics phenomenon of diffraction. Effective Focal Length: The separation between the rear principal plane and the paraxial image plane. Entrance Pupil: Image of stop formed by optics to the left of stop. Exit Pupil: Image of stop formed by optics to the right of stop. Field Angle: The angle an object point makes with respect to the optical axis as determined from the vertex of the entrance pupil. Field Flattener: Usually a negative element close to the image plane that reduces or eliminates Petzval field curvature. Field of View: Object scene that fits within defined image plane format. Format:That which physically limits the image scene extent in the image plane, e.g., the size of a CCD chip. f-number: The ratio of the effective focal length to the entrance pupil diameter for an object at infinity. 343

10 附录 D 术语表 Lateral Color: Chromatic aberration associated with the chief ray. Magnification: Ratio of image height to object height. Marginal Ray: Ray from the axial object point to the rim of the entrance pupil. Merit Function: A number that summarizes the state of optimization of an imaging system. The lower the number, the better the optimization. Modulation Transfer Function (MTF): A measure of image contrast as a function of spatial frequency. Null Lens: A refractive or reflective optical system interposed between a test point and an aspheric mirror in a radius of curvature test configuration. Compensates for the spherical aberration associated with the normals to the mirror surface. Numerical Aperture: Defines the light collection capability of an optical system in object space for a finite object distance. Optical Path Length: The actual path length multiplied by the refractive index within that path. Optical Path Difference: The separation between an aberrated wavefront and a reference sphere at some point in the exit pupil. Optical Power: The reciprocal of focal length. Principal Plane(s): An optical imaging system has a pair of principal planes (front and rear). These planes, along with a knowledge of focal point locations, can represent the first order imaging properties of the system (no matter how complicated that system may be). The image point location of any object point can be determined via simple graphical ray tracing techniques. Paraxial Plane: For an optical imaging system,trace rays which lie close to the optical axis through the system for a given axial object point. The convergence point of such rays in image space defines the location of the paraxial 344

11 附录 E 本书 ZEMAX 优化操作数汇总 ASTI: Astigmatism wavefront aberration coefficient in waves for the surface(s)/ system designated. AXCL: The axial separation(in lens units) between the wavelength extremes selected. COMA: Coma wavefront aberration coefficient in waves for the surface(s)/system designated. DIFF: Difference between two operands. DIST: System distortion in percent. DIVI: Division of two operands. EFFL: System focal length in lens units at the primary wavelength. EFLY: Focal length of subsystem between designated surfaces in lens units at the primary wavelength. FCGS: Sagittal field curvature in waves for a specified field position. FCGT: Tangential field curvature in waves for a specified field position. FCUR: Field curvature wavefront aberration coefficient in waves for the surfaced/system designated. LACL: Lateral color which provides the Ду height difference in the paraxial plane for chief rays at the extreme wavelengths. MNCA: Used to set a minimum axial air thickness between designated surfaces. MNCG: Used to set a minimum axial glass thickness between designated surfaces. MXCA: Used to set a maximum axial air thickness between designated surfaces. MXCG: Used to set a maximum axial glass thickness between designated surfaces. OPTH: The optical path length in lens units from the first optical surface (object at infinity) to the designated surface. PARR: Paraxial radial distance(in lens units)from the axis at a specified surface for a specified ray field location and pupil coordinate). PETC: Petzval curvature in inverse lens units. PETZ: Petzval radius of curvature in lens units. PMAG: Paraxial magnification. RAID: Real ray angle of incidence(in degrees)at a specified surface. SPHA: Spherical aberration wavefront aberration coefficient in waves for the surfaced/system designated. TOTR: Total track(in lens units)from first optical surface to image plane. TRAC: The radial transverse aberration measured in the image plane for a specified ray (field location, pupil coordinate, and color) with respect to the centroid. Multiple TRACs are inserted into the merit function via the default merit function. TRAC is used to minimize the RMS spot radius. TTHI: Cumulative axial thickness from first designated surface to the second designated surface (which includes the thickness following this second surface). 345

Geometric optics & aberrations

Geometric optics & aberrations Department of Astrophysical Sciences University AST 542 http://www.northerneye.co.uk/ Outline Introduction: Optics in astronomy Basics of geometric optics Paraxial approximation

附录 В 手工计算参考答案 附录 В 手工计算参考答案 336

附录 В 手工计算参考答案附录 В 手工计算参考答案 336