Digital Image Processing

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1 Digital Image Processing Dr. T.R. Ganesh Babu Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Muthayammal Engineering College, Rasipuram, Namakkal Dist. S. Leo Pauline Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Veltech Multitech Dr. Rangarajan & Dr. Sagunthala College of Engineering, Avadi, Chennai. C. Srinivasan Director, Vee Eee Technologies Solution Pvt. Ltd., Chennai.

2 Copyright c 2017 Dipti Press (OPC) Pvt. Ltd., Dipti Press (OPC) Pvt. Ltd., 7/3L, Second Floor Madley Road, T.Nagar, Chennai This book or any part thereof may not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher Published by V. Ramesh for Dipti Press (OPC) Pvt. Ltd., 7/3L, Second Floor, Madley Road, T.Nagar, Chennai

3 Preface Digital image processing is important research area. The techniques developed in this area so far require to be summarized and it is to be presented in a book form. In this book, the fundamental theories of these techniques are introduced and presented for better understanding of the subject. The entire book consists of five chapters. Chapter 1 Begins with important concept of digital image processing like sampling quantization and pixel connectivity. Also includes various objectives like. To define the scope of digital image processing. To give a historical perspective of the origin of this field. To discuss briefly the principle approaches used in digital image processing. Chapter 2 Covers a detailed discussion of spatial correlation and convolution and their application to image filtering using spatial masks Chapter 3 This chapter discuss about the resolution techniques is to improve an image in some predefined sense, also restoration attempts to recover an image that has been degraded by using a prior knowledge of the degradation phenomenon. This chapter also include various segmentation concepts when the objects or region of interest in an application have been detected. Chapter 4 This chapter examines wavelets based transformation from a multiresolution point of view, also includes Image compression concepts which is the art and science of reducing the amount of data required to represent an image. This technique is most useful and commercially successful technologies in the field of digital image processing. Chapter 5 This chapter deals with resulting aggregate of segmented pixels usually is represented and described in a form suitable for further computer processing.the next task is to describe the region based on the chosen representation.the region may be represented by its boundary, which is described by features such as its length, the orientation of the straight line joining its extreme points. This book was conceived with the idea of benefiting the engineering students and general the reader who will gain basic information and comprehensive idea on digital image processing. Any suggestions towards the improvement of this book will be highly appreciated. January, 2017 Dr. T.R. Ganesh Babu S. Leo Pauline C. Srinivasan

4 Acknowledgement Dr. T. R. Ganesh Babu, would like to express his heartfelt thanks and gratitude to Mr.K. Gunasekaran ME (Ph.D) Secretary & Managing Trustee, Muthayammal Engineering College, Rasipuram, Namakkal Dist. He is very much thankful to Dr.(Mrs.) S. Nirmala M.E Ph.D., Principal Muthayamal Engineering College, Rasipuram for providing moral support and constant encouragement. S. Leo Pauline, would like to express heartfelt thanks and gratitude to higher authorities of Vel Tech group of institution. C. Srinivasan, would like to thank Mr.S. Murugan (Managing Director) Vee Eee Technology Solutions Pvt. Ltd. Chennai, for his support. A word of thanks may not be sufficient to show our loving Parents and family members. We also express our sincere thanks to all our colleagues and friends who have provided encouragement and support. Valuable feedback given by Mrs. R.S. Priya, is gratefully acknowledged. We are greatly indebted to Mr. V.Ramesh Dipti Press (OPC) Pvt. Ltd., for the interest shown in this project. January 2017

5 Contents Chapter 1 Digital Image Fundamentals Introduction The Origin Important fundamentals Fundamental steps in image processing Components of Image processing system Vidicon Camera Tube Digital camera Elements of visual perception Image sensing and acquisition Image sampling and quantization Basic relationships between pixels Color Image processing fundamentals Questions with Short Answers Review Questions Chapter 2 Image Enhancement Introduction Gray Level Transformation some basic gray level transformation function Image negative Log transformation Power Law (Gamma) transformation Piece wise - Linear transformation function Intensity level slicing Bit plane slicing Histogram Processing Histogram equalization Histogram specification Basic of Spatial Filtering Smoothing Linear Filter [Low pass filter] Order - statistic (nonlinear) filter [median filter] Sharpening Spatial Filter Second derivative for image sharpening (Laplacian) Unsharp masking and High boot filtering

6 2.6.3 Derivative filter Fourier Transform Frequency Domain Low pass frequency domain filter Butterworth Lowpass Filter (BLPF) Gaussian Lowpass filter High pass filter Ideal Highpass filter Butterworth Highpass filter Gaussian high pass filter Questions with Short Answers Review Questions Chapter 3 Image Restoration and Segmentation Restoration Degradation Model Degradation Modes for Continuous Function Discrete Degradation Model Noise model Gaussian function Rayleigh Noise Gamma noise [Erlang noise] Exponential Noise Salt and Pepper noise Uniform noise Mean Filter Arithmetic mean filter Geometric mean spatial filter Harmonic mean filter Contra harmonic filter Order Statistic Filters Median filter Max min filters Midpoint filter Alpha trimmed mean filter Adaptive filter Adaptive local noise reduction filter Adaptive median filtering Band reject filter

7 3.10 Band pass filter Notch filter Optimum Notch Filtering Constrained Least Squares Filtering Method Inverse filter Pseudo inverse filter Unconstrained method Wiener filter Image Segmentation Point detection Line Detection Edge Detection Gradient operator Roberts Mask Prewitts mask Sobel Mask Canny edge detector Image segmentation using the second derivative the Laplacian Laplacian of Gaussian Edge Linking Local processing Hough transform Region Based Segmentation Region splitting Mathematical Morphology Dilation Properties Erosion Opening and closing Boundary Detection Questions with Short Answers Review Questions Chapter 4 Wavelets and Image Compression Wavelet Transform Subband Coding Multiresolution Expansions Image Compression Fundamentals Image compression models

8 4.6 Error - free compression Variable - length coding Lossless predictive coding Lossy compression Transform coding Wavelet coding system Lossy predictive coding Image compression standards JPEG 2000 standard Video compression standard - MPEG Two Mark Questions and Answers Review Questions Chapter 5 Image Representation and Recognition Boundary representation Chain code Polygonal approximation Signature Boundary segment Boundary Description Shape number Fourier descriptors Moments Regional Descriptors Topological descriptors Texture Statistical approach Structural approach Pattern and Pattern Classes Recognition Based on Decision Theoretic Method Minimum distance classifier Matching by correlation Questions with Short Answers Review Questions Index I.1 - I.4

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