Camera Exposure Modes

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1 What is Exposure? Exposure refers to how bright or dark your photo is. This is affected by the amount of light that is recorded by your camera s sensor. A properly exposed photo should typically resemble the brightness of the original scene. A poorly exposed photo will either be too dark (under exposed) or too bright (over exposed), and may contain areas that are so dark or so bright that they contain no detail (know as being blown out). However exposure can also be used as a creative tool for photographers.

2 Camera Exposure Modes Most digital cameras have one of the following standardized exposure modes: Auto, Program (P), Aperture Priority (Av), Shutter Priority (Tv), Manual (M) and Bulb (B) mode. Av, Tv, and M are often called "creative modes" or "auto exposure (AE) modes. Each of these modes influences how aperture, ISO and shutter speed are chosen for a given exposure. Some modes attempt to pick all three values for you, whereas others let you specify one setting and the camera picks the other two (if possible). In addition, the camera may also have several pre-set modes; the most common include landscape, portrait, sports and night mode. The symbols used for each mode vary slightly from camera to camera, but will likely appear similar to those below: The following chart shows the common exposure modes:

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4 For compact cameras that don't allow you to manipulate exposure manually, scene modes can be a useful tool in helping to get correct exposure. Choose the scene mode that best fits the situation you are photographing, and the camera will adjust the settings with the aim of getting the best exposure.

5 The Exposure Triangle The exposure triangle is a simplistic way of describing the relationship between the three aspects of exposure. Each corner of the triangle represents one of the three variables, aperture, shutter speed and ISO. Adjusting just one of these will make the photo darker or brighter and will change the appearance of the photo based on what you have changed. E.g. using a longer shutter speed will introduce motion blur to your photo but also make the photo brighter (increased exposure) due to more light hitting the sensor.

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7 The Histogram A histogram is a visual representation of an image s tonal range. The horizontal axis indicates the picture s extent from pure black to pure white. Pure black is represented by 0 (far left), while pure white is indicated by 255 (far right). The vertical axis illustrates exactly how many pixels have that particular value. Therefore, by simply looking at an image s histogram, a photographer can tell whether the picture is made up of predominantly light, dark or mid-tones and make adjustments to suit. There is no one correct histogram, it depends on your own creative intent, however generally speaking a histogram should show a good spread of tones across the horizontal axis, with the majority of pixels positioned near the middle. You will also generally want to avoid "clipping" - losing detail in the shadows an highlights. You may be able to utilize a live view option on your camera or view the histogram after taking the image.

8 Metering The metering system in your camera measures the amount of light in the scene you are photographing and determines the aperture and shutter speed needed for a correct exposure. Choosing the wrong reference area in a scene for the camera to measure light from, can cause problems of over and under exposure. There are several metering modes a camera may use to measure light, most commonly these are: Spot or Partial Metering In this mode the meter takes a light reading from a small spot in the center of the view finder while basically ignoring the proper readings for the rest of the frame. This mode is best for when you want the subject properly exposed and you are not too concerned about getting the proper exposure for the rest of the image. Center Weighted metering This is the most common metering mode used in digital cameras. This mode assumes the main subject will be somewhere in the center of the frame and the camera will attempt to expose that area properly. The exposure for the rest of the frame will be averaged out. Matrix or Evaluative metering In this case the meter will take light readings from different areas in the frame instead of just in the middle area. It also takes into account the position of the subject as well as the brightness or darkness of the foreground and background areas. It will then select an exposure that is typical for the type of scene you are shooting.

9 By using the half press method or utilising the Exposure Lock (AE) you can meter (ie measure) the light in one part of the scene which you want to be accurately exposed, and then recompose the photograph while retaining the values for the subject.

10 Exposure Compensation Exposure Compensation is a feature of a camera that allows you to adjust the exposure measured by its light meter. Usually, the range of adjustment goes from +2 to -2 EV in 1/3 steps. This means that you can adjust the exposure measured by the light meter by telling the camera to allow more light in (positive exposure compensation) or to allow less light in (negative exposure compensation). Bracketing exposure refers to taking multiple images of a subject at different exposure compensation settings. You can do this manually altering the Exposure (EV) Compensation or by using the Automatic Exposure Bracketing (AEB). This gives you a better chance at capturing difficult exposures accurately. General Guidelines: If the scene contains nothing but white objects on white backgrounds (white rabbit in the snow), make it lighter (to counteract the camera s tendency to underexpose this kind of shot). That means a positive number of stops in exposure compensation. If the scene contains nothing but dark objects on a dark background (black bug on a black wall) then make it darker (to counteract the camera s tendency to overexpose this kind of shot). That means a negative number of stops in exposure compensation. To highlight detail in a dark texture make it lighter (positive number of stops in exposure compensation) To highlight detail in a light texture make it darker (negative number)

11 ISO Changing the ISO setting on your camera changes the sensitivity to light of the image sensor inside of it. The lower number that you select the less sensitive the sensor is to light (and conversely the higher the number the more sensitive it becomes). ISO speed affects the shutter speed / aperture combinations you can use to obtain correct exposure, if for example, you increase your ISO up from 100 to 400 you ll notice that you can shoot at higher shutter speeds and/or smaller apertures. Most often you would adjust your Auto ISO setting in order to compensate for low light situations. The range of ISO you have available depends on your model of camera. High-end DSLR's have a better range than compacts.

12 The cost of increasing ISO is that the noise or grain in your shots also begins to increase. This may not be noticeable on your LCD screen but will become evident when printing or viewing your image on the computer. Choose a low ISO number whenever possible, however there are circumstances where a lower quality photograph is better than none at all.

13 AUTO ISO The camera decides on the settings, by judging the brightness of the settings. The photographer has no control. ISO This manual setting is best used for images taken in bright sun light, portrait and landscape photography. It can be used for macro photography as it also tends to produce better quality. The higher end of the range is a good use for is photography in the shade on a sunny day. ISO Choose a setting within this range for overcast or early evening, or where the indoor light is low. ISO For night and indoor low light situations, start at the midrange and increase the ISO until you can take a satisfactory image, balancing the resulting noise.

14 Post Production Exposure Correction If in doubt, underexpose your photograph for post editing. You can bring detail out but cannot replace detail that has been "blown out" Levels and Curves Exposure/Shadow Highlights Compositing (layer masks) Selective correction: Dodge and burn High Dynamic Range (HDR)

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16 LINKS How to Read Image Histograms Understanding Exposure Exposure Compensation Exposure Triangle: Bryan Peterson Video Tips Creatively Correct Exposure Part 1 & 2 Understanding Camera Metering The Basics of Exposure Other Recommended Resources: Understanding Exposure by Bryan Peterson Exposure: Photo Workshop by Jeff Wignall Exposure and Lighting for Digital Photographers Only by Digital Exposure Handbook by Ross Hoddinot The BetterPhoto Guide to Exposure by Sean Arbabi

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