The Prehistoric and Ancient Mediterranean

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1 The Prehistoric and Ancient Mediterranean

2 Terms Ocher- a pigment found in nature containing hydrated iron oxide Pigment- the colored material used in paints. Often made from finely ground minerals Stencil- perforated templated allowing ink or paint to pass through to print a design. Shaman- a priest or priestess regarded as having the ability to communicate directly with the spiritual world Fresco- painting made on freshly applied plaster Subject- the person object or space depicted in a work of art polytheism- the worship of more than one god or goddess Lapis lazuli- bright blue semiprecious stone containing sodium, aluminum silicate, and sulfur Register- horizontal sections into which a space is divided in order to depict the episodes of a story Hierarchical scale- the use of size to denote the relative importance of subjects in an artwork Relief- a sculpture that projects from a flat surface Stylized- art that represents objects in an exaggerated way to emphasize certain aspects of the object Ka- in egyptian belief, the spirit of a person that leaves the body upon death and travels to the afterlife Sarcophagus- coffin, made of stone or clay Cardinal points- North, South East West Hieroglyph- written language involving sacred characters that may be pictures as well as letters or signifiers or sounds Deify- to worship or make into a god or goddess Architectural order- a style of designing columns and related parts of a greek or a Roman Building Frieze- the strip that goes around the top of a building, often filled with sculptural ornamentation Capital- the Architectural feature that crowns a column Shaft- the main vertical part of a column Entablature- the part of a greek or roman building that rests on top of a column Pediment- the triangular space, situated above the row of columns on the facade of a building in the clasical style Contrapposto-a pose in sculpture in which displays a natural shifting of body weight

3 Mixing of Cultures A key misconception is to view each of these works in a societal bubble. But each society we talk about traded with each other. Art History Terminology Hellenizing- to project your thoughts styles and beliefs on other cultures. Such as Hellenistic Greek Art in Asia Minor. Orientalizing- Going out and seeing other cultures ideas and art, and bringing those ideas home. Orientalizing Greek Art borrowed from Egyptian civilization as they traded with them

4 Prehistoric art Prehistoric- Referring to eras in time that do not have sufficient written record. As long as 40,000 years ago, prehistoric people painted the interiors of caves, Sculptures survive from 35,000 years ago. Artworks survive, but writing and ideas surrounding theology, process, governance do not exist. So analysis of these times are only done thru artifacts that are found.

5 Prehistoric art Prehistoric- Referring to eras in time that do not have sufficient written record. As long as 40,000 years ago, prehistoric people painted the interiors of caves, Sculptures survive from 35,000 years ago. Artworks survive, but writing and ideas surrounding theology, process, governance do not exist. So analysis of these times are only done thru artifacts that are found. Map of neanderthal sites. Both Homo Sapiens and neanderthals existed in the same place at the same time, As neanderthals were dying off, homo sapiens were growing. Seal levels were lower due to more land ice.

6 Prehistoric art Altamira Cave, found in 1880 by a kid playing, the parents/owners pled with archaeologists and scholars for 20 years to examine the authenticity of the site. It became recogized in The earliest cave paintings date from 35,000 bce

7 Prehistoric art Altamira Cave, found in 1880 by a kid playing, the parents/owners pled with archaeologists and scholars for 20 years to examine the authenticity of the site. It became recogized in The earliest cave paintings date from 35,000 bce Bison, Cave Painting, Made from Red Ochre pigment.

8 Prehistoric art Altamira Cave, found in 1880 by a kid playing, the parents/owners pled with archaeologists and scholars for 20 years to examine the authenticity of the site. It became recogized in The earliest cave paintings date from 35,000 bce

9 Prehistoric art Venus of Laussel, found in Marquay, Dordogne, France, c23000 bce. Low relief in limestone. Fertility figures. Can we spot the reason why it was wrong to call these figures Venuses

10 Prehistoric art Venus of Willendorf 22,000BCE Fertility figures. Can we spot the reason why it was wrong to call these figures Venuses

11 Prehistoric art Venus of hole fels 38,000bce Fertility figures. Can we spot the reason why it was wrong to call these figures Venuses

12 Prehistoric art Lion man of Hohlenstein Stadel, 38,000BCE Lion headed human form carved out of mammoth bone.

13 Prehistoric art Attributed to the Steiner Master, Reclining female figure of the Late Spedos Variety, Cyclades, BCE

14 Prehistoric art Palace of Knossos, Crete, Greece. Ca BCE

15 Prehistoric art Palace of Knossos, Crete, Greece. Ca BCE

16 Prehistoric art Palace of Knossos, Crete, Greece. Ca BCE

17 Prehistoric art Bull Leapers, Palace of Knossos, Crete, Greece. Ca BCE

18 Prehistoric art Bull Leapers, Palace of Knossos, Crete, Greece. Ca BCE

19 Mesopotamia Map of Mesopotamia.. Mesopotamia (land between) Tigris and Euphrates River.

20 Mesopotamia Cuneiform Historical-- a culture or artifacts that have ample writing to catalog the existence of the artifact. Epic of Gilgamesh was written in ancient mesopotamia, Music, Literature, and written language existed.

21 Mesopotamia Standard of Ur, c BCE

22 Mesopotamia Zigguraut of Ur 2100 BCE, near modern day Nasiriyah Iraq. The lands of Mesopotamia did not have access to stone, was traded for (lapis lazuli in the east)(diorite from Egypt) so they built with mud brick. The building was an elevated place, placed on cardinal points, and only the leaders, military and spiritual would be able to go to the top, they would talk to their gods from the top

23 Mesopotamia Head of an akkadian ruler c2300, For all of the authoritarianism we speak of, it created music, art and culture.

24 Mesopotamia Stele of Hammurabi ca1790bce. Stele is a frieze that is commemorative. This stele was the first instance of laws that governed citizens in history. Speaks to the inefficient nature of the first empires. Great administrators quickly conquered but passed their rule down to sons who might not have been as good, leaving the empire to be conquered by another great administrator.

25 Mesopotamia Head of an Akkadian ruler c 2300 bce Probably Naram Sin. Bronze Why is his eye poked out.

26 Mesopotamia Akkadians Human headed winged lions of Lamassu from gateway in Ashurnasirpal II s palace in Nimrud 859BCE Alabaster (STONE)

27 Mesopotamia Akkadians Human headed winged lions of Lamassu from gateway in Ashurnasirpal II s palace in Nimrud 859BCE

28 Mesopotamia Akkadians Human headed winged lions of Lamassu from gateway in Ashurnasirpal II s palace in Nimrud 859BCE

29 Mesopotamia Babylonian/Neo Babylonian Ishtar Gate from Babylon reign of Nebuchadnezzar II BCE

30 Mesopotamia Babylonian/Neo Babylonian Ishtar Gate from Babylon reign of Nebuchadnezzar II BCE

31 Ancient Egypt Pyramids at Giza EGYPT Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure

32 Ancient Egypt Palete of King Namar, diorite, 3100BCE Marks the Unification of Upper and Lower Kingdom Egypt

33 Ancient Egypt Palete of King Namar, diorite, 3100BCE Marks the Unification of Upper and Lower Kingdom Egypt

34 Ancient Egypt Pyramids at Giza EGYPT Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure

35 Ancient Egypt Mastaba illustration- a mastaba is an above ground tomb. THe egyptians had a very calm way of viewing the transition to the afterlife.

36 Ancient Egypt Kafre with the falcon god Horus embracing the back of his head, c2500 BCE Diorite

37 Ancient Egypt Rosetta Stone- Found in 1799 by a campeign led by Napoleon that found this diorite stele. Significance- the stone contained 3 scripts of Egyptian Hieroglyphs (a religious language), Demotic Script (the everyday ancient egyptian script), and Ancient Greek. Europeans knew ancient greek but not the other two. Once this document was found, the Greek translated the other two, which led to an explosion of understanding of Ancient Egyptian Civilization.

38 Ancient Egypt Fowling scene, from the tomb of nebamun THebes 1350 BCE Fresco Secco- Pigment applied to dried plaster, not the greek buon method

39 Ancient Greece Measure of man was important.. Its portrayal of God's (ideal humans) fighting giants. The gods are always calm in the chaos of man. Its of note though that this work was painted in rich vibrant colors How does this affect the reading or feeling of this work, its visual function? t-reveals-how-ancient-greek-statues-really-look ed

40 Ancient Greece Measure of man was important.. Its portrayal of God's (ideal humans) fighting giants. The gods are always calm in the chaos of man. Its of note though that this work was painted in rich vibrant colors How does this affect the reading or feeling of this work, its visual function? t-reveals-how-ancient-greek-statues-really-look ed

41 Ancient Greece Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens. Doric order Temple 447BCE

42 Ancient Greece Roman version of the Doryphoros of Polykleitos, 120BCE, Statue of a kouros, 590bce Greeks in 400 years took a process similar to egyptian civilization and made their own, with their religious and social menaings.

43 Roman Art Started with the Etruscans, a city state/region that predated the founding of the roman city state. They borrowed the concept of death that was present in Egyptian civilization.. Etruscan Necropolis. C530 BCE

44 Roman Art Started with the Etruscans, a city state/region that predated the founding of the roman city state. They borrowed the concept of death that was present in Egyptian civilization.. Etruscan Necropolis. C530 BCE

45 Roman Art Started with the Etruscans, a city state/region that predated the founding of the roman city state. They borrowed the concept of death that was present in Egyptian civilization.. Etruscan Necropolis. C530 BCE

46 Roman Art Romulus and remus suckling from a wolf. Capultine Wolf Ca 500 BCE. Telling the story of the founding of Rome, two orphans Romulus and Remus suckle from a wolf, who then grow up. Romulus Killed Remus and Founded the city of Rome ca750 BCE. It ended up conquering all of the italian peninsula and wrecking much of the etruscan artifacts. Rome became a melting pot of Egyptian, Etruscan, and Greek ideas, spreading it across the european, african, and asian continent.

47 Roman Art Romulus and remus suckling from a wolf. Capultine Wolf Ca 500 BCE. Telling the story of the founding of Rome, two orphans Romulus and Remus suckle from a wolf, who then grow up. Romulus Killed Remus and Founded the city of Rome ca750 BCE. It ended up conquering all of the italian peninsula and wrecking much of the etruscan artifacts. Rome became a melting pot of Egyptian, Etruscan, and Greek ideas, spreading it across the european, african, and asian continent.

48 Roman Art Veristic Portraiture- an opposite of ideal beauty from greek and egyptian culture, its leaders were portrayed in a hyper realism to show their wisdom.

49 Roman Art The civil war between Octavian and Marc antony ended with Octavian winning, becoming the first emperor, Augustus. Who portrayed himself in an idealized god, borrowing from greece and egypt.

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