MODERNISM IN ARTS. CLASSE 5B Prof. A. Le Piane Prof. D. Mauri

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1 MODERNISM IN ARTS CLASSE 5B Prof. A. Le Piane Prof. D. Mauri

2 In the first half of the 20 th century, in the period between 1910 and 1920, there was a proliferation of international art movements, ranging from Italy to the Soviet Union, though the two main centres were Paris and London.

3 POST-IMPRESSIONISM The term was coined by the British artist and art critic Roger Fry when in 1910 he organized in London the first great exhibition of modern French painters, titled «Manet and the Post-Impressionists». Post-Impressionists derived from the Impressionist Movement: they continued using vivid colours, often thick application of paint and real-life subject matter, but they were more inclined to emphasize geometric forms and to use unnatural or arbitrary colours. Its most famous representatives are Van Gogh, Gauguin, Redon, Seurat and Toulouse-Lautrec.

Vincent Van Gogh (1853-1890) Vincent Van Gogh was a post-impressionist Dutch painter whose work, notable for its beauty, emotion and color, highly influenced 20th century art.

4 Vincent Van Gogh ( ) Vincent Van Gogh was a post-impressionist Dutch painter whose work, notable for its beauty, emotion and color, highly influenced 20th century art. He struggled with mental illness and remained poor and unknown throughout his life. Van Gogh died in France on 29 th July 1890, at the age of 37, from a selfinflicted gunshot wound. He began to draw as a child and he continued to draw throughout the years that led up to his decision to become an artist. He did not begin painting until his late twenties, completing many of his bestknown works during the last two years of his life.

In just over a decade, he produced more than 2,100 artworks, consisting of 860 oil paintings and more than 1,300 watercolors, drawings, sketches and prints.

5 In just over a decade, he produced more than 2,100 artworks, consisting of 860 oil paintings and more than 1,300 watercolors, drawings, sketches and prints. His work included self portraits, landscapes, still lifes, portraits as well as paintings of cypresses, wheat fields and sunflowers. In 1885 he painted his first major work, entitled The Potato Eaters. His palette at the time consisted mainly of somber earth tones and showed no sign of the vivid coloration that distinguished his later work. In 1886 he moved to Paris and discovered the French Impressionists. Later he moved to the south of France and was influenced by the strong sunlight that he found there. His work grew brighter in color and he developed his unique style that became fully realized during his stay in Arles in View of Arles with Irises, 1888

6 CUBISM Cubism took Impressionism and Post-Impressionism to extremes, breaking the subject into pieces and then recomposing it geometrically. In Cubist artwork, objects are analyzed, broken up and reassembled in an abstracted form. Instead of depicting objects from one viewpoint, the artist depicts the subject from a multitude of viewpoints to represent the subject in a greater context. Pablo Picasso is its most important representative.

7 Cubism was a very important avant-garde art movement which started in 1910 to 1914 in France. Cubism was first started by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. Cubism is a style of art which aims to show all of the possible viewpoints of an object all at once. It is called Cubism because the items represented in the artworks look like they are made out of cubes and other geometrical shapes. Analytical Cubism is the first type of cubism. Most analytical Cubists painted and drew in monochrome (only one colour) so that the person who was looking at the painting did not pay attention to colours, but only to the shapes and the forms that were being shown. This was changed in 1912 when Picasso first started painting with colours and using collages. He glued together different cut-up pieces of paper to make his artwork. This new form of Cubism was called Synthetic Cubism. Picasso invented collage because he was tired of the way he was making his art and wanted to try out something new. Picasso's Synthetic Cubism period was from 1912 to 1919 and he created over 20,000 pictures.

It is a large oil painting created in 1907 by the Spanish artist Pablo Picasso (1881-1973).

8 It is a large oil painting created in 1907 by the Spanish artist Pablo Picasso ( ). In this work, Picasso makes a radical departure from traditional European painting, since he abandons perspective in favor of a flat, two-dimensional picture plan. The work portrays five nude female prostitutes from a brothel on Carrer d'avinyó (Avinyó Street) in Barcelona. Each figure is depicted with angular and disjointed body shapes. Three figures on the left exhibit facial features in the Iberian style of Picasso's native Spain, while the two on the right are shown with African mask-like features. The racial primitivism evoked in these masks is typical of the early 20 th century European artists who were discovering African, Oceanic and Native American art. Artists such as Gauguin, Matisse and Picasso were inspired by the stark power and simplicity of styles of those cultures. Around 1906, Picasso, Matisse, Derain and other artists in Paris had acquired an interest in primitivism, Iberian sculpture, African art and tribal masks. PABLO PICASSO Les Demoiselles d'avignon, 1907

Braque's paintings of 1908-1913 reflected his new interest in geometry and multiple perspective.

9 Braque's paintings of reflected his new interest in geometry and multiple perspective. He conducted an intense study of the effects of light and perspective and the technical means that painters use to represent these effects. In 1907 Braque began to work closely with Pablo Picasso who had been developing a similar proto-cubist style of painting. In his village scenes, for example, Braque frequently reduced an architectural structure to a geometric form approximating a cube, yet rendered its shading so that it looked both flat and three-dimensional by fragmenting the image. He showed this innovative technique in the painting Houses at l'estaque. GEORGES BRAQUE Houses at l Estaque, 1908

The Cubist painter Georges Braque, inspired by Pablo Picasso's collage method, invented the papier collé technique and first used it in his 1912 work, Fruit Dish and Glass.

10 The Cubist painter Georges Braque, inspired by Pablo Picasso's collage method, invented the papier collé technique and first used it in his 1912 work, Fruit Dish and Glass. Braque continued to use this technique in works such as Bottle, Newspaper, Pipe and Glass. Papier collé (pasted paper or paper cut outs) is a type of collage and collaging technique in which paper is adhered to a flat mount. The difference between collage and papier collé is that the latter refers exclusively to the use of paper, while the former may incorporate other twodimension (non-paper) components. Since the term papier collé is not commonly used, this type of work is often simply called collage. GEORGES BRAQUE Fruit Dish and Glass, 1912

11 FUTURISM Modern technological developments and innovations were reflected in the arts. The Futurist Movement originated in Italy in the early 20 th century and celebrated the triumph of the modern over the ancient. Its founder was the Italian writer Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. He was soon joined by the painters Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carrà, Giacomo Balla and Gino Severini. They wanted to abolish past artistic conventions to give expression to something radically new.

12 FUTURISM

13 F. T. MARINETTI Zang tumb, 1914 F. T. MARINETTI Otto anime in una bomba, 1919

14 DADA In 1916, during the war, Tristan Tzara in Switzerland founded Dadaism, the most radical of the modernist movements. Tzara denied progress, knowledge, morality and family values and cultivated destructiveness, randomness and incoherence (the very name Dada was a random combination of letters). In France the movement involved artists like Marcel Duchamp, Hans Arp and Francis Picabia. The movement lasted until the mid-1920s, when it evolved into Surrealism.

Cabaret Voltaire was the name of a nightclub in Zurich, Switzerland. It was founded by Hugo Ball and his companion Emmy Hennings on February 1, 1916 as a cabaret for artistic and political purposes.

Other founding members were Marcel Janco, Richard Huelsenbeck, Tristan Tzara and Sophie Taeuber-Arp and Jean Arp.

16 Cabaret Voltaire was the name of a nightclub in Zurich, Switzerland. It was founded by Hugo Ball and his companion Emmy Hennings on February 1, 1916 as a cabaret for artistic and political purposes. It was a meeting place for young artists and writers whose aim was to create a centre for artistic entertainment. Other founding members were Marcel Janco, Richard Huelsenbeck, Tristan Tzara and Sophie Taeuber-Arp and Jean Arp. Events at the cabaret proved pivotal in the founding of the anarchic art movement known as Dada. Though the Cabaret was to be the birthplace of the Dadaist movement, it featured artists from every sector of the avant-garde, including the Italian Futurist Marinetti. The Cabaret exhibited radically experimental artists, such as Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, Giorgio de Chirico, Sophie Taeuber- Arp, and Max Ernst. On July 28, 1916, Ball read out the Dada Manifesto. In June, Ball had also published a journal with the same name. It featured work from artists such as the poet Guillaume Apollinaire and had a cover designed by Arp.

17 WWI, Cabaret Voltaire & the beginnings of Dada Hugo Ball performing at Cabaret Voltaire in 1916

18 SURREALISM Surrealist artists painted illogical scenes with photographic precision, created strange creatures from everyday objects and developed painting techniques that allowed the unconscious to express itself. Its most famous representative was Salvador Dalì.

19 Surrealism

26 SALVADOR DALÌ Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bumblebee around a Pomegranate a Second Before Awakening (1944)

Lecture 9 Friday, March 18, 2005

FCS195 Page 1 Lecture 9 Friday, March 18, 2005 2:14 PM The Four-isms 1. Fauvism and Henri Matisse 2. Cubism: Picasso & Braque 3. Dadaism and Marcel Duchamp 4. Surrealism and Rene Magritte Fauvism (1898-1908)