BIODEGRADABLE YARNS FOR WEAVES USED FOR COMPOSITE MATERIALS
|
|
- Bryan Pierce
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 BULETINUL INSTITUTULUI POLITEHNIC DIN IAŞI Publicat de Universitatea Tehnică Gheorghe Asachi din Iaşi Tomul LVI (LX), Fasc. 2, 2010 SecŃia TEXTILE. PIELĂIE BIODEGADABLE YANS FO WEAVES USED FO COMPOSITE MATEIALS BY DOIN AVAM and LILIANA BUHU Abstract. In this paper we have created the characteristics of yarns from biodegradable fibres, which will be used for weaving. Weaves for composite materials improves the physical-mechanical characteristics of composite materials with reinforced from textile and wood. Key words: biodegradability, biodegradable yarns, weaves and composite materials. 1. Introduction Composite material consists of two or more structures physically and/or chemically distinct, suitable arranged or distributed phases, with an interface separating them. The concept of composite materials is classic: to combine different materials to produce a new material with performance inaccessible by the individual constituents. The constituents of composites can be in the form of fibres, yarns, fabrics, etc. [1]. Biocomposites are the combination of natural fibres such as wood fibres (hardwood and softwood) or non-wood fibres (flax, hemp, jute, kenaf, coir, sisal, and corn) with polymer matrices from both of the renewable and nonrenewable resources. Natural fibres offer many advantages such as renewability, recyclability, biodegradability, low specific gravity and high specific strength. Biocomposites have been used widely for making building products such as window, door, siding, fencing, roofing, decking, etc. [1]. Composite materials with reinforced from textile fibres (glass fibre, carbon or aramid fibres) and matrix from epoxy and unsaturated polyester had an important role in recent times due to multiple fields of use where mechanical strength and high module are very important.
2 18 Dorin Avram and Liliana Buhu Natural fibres like jute, flax, ramie and sisal can be used in green composites as reinforced; as matrix are used biodegradable resins obtained from cellulose, starch, lactic acid etc. The fact that both constituents are biodegradable composite is the great advantage of these composites. Using natural fibres to the glass is advantageous because they have the less cost, low density, acceptable strength and biodegradability. Another advantage of using natural fibres is the low temperature required to obtain the composite because it the possible occurrence of thermal degradation of the fibres, which will influence the composite properties. The main disadvantage of natural fibres is their hydrophilic, because it reduces the compatibility with hydrophobic polymer matrix during to obtaining the composite. Therefore the weak adhesion between fibres and matrix lead to reduced mechanical properties [2]. In addition now the expensive cost of biodegradable resins may limit their application to green composites, but is expected to reduce these costs in the near future. 2. Experimental Part 2.1. Characteristics of the Fibres Yarn characteristics are obtained by transferring the fibre characteristics through their structure. Fibre characteristics, such as: fineness (count), strength, elongation, density are transferred in the yarn characteristics of the same type, while the fibre length influence the mode of and the statistical parameters (dispersion, coefficient of variation) of these characteristics. To obtain yarns biodegradable were chosen flax fibres that respond to the requirements imposed by biodegradability. Characteristics of fibres have chosen depending on the processing technology. The main characteristics of fibres are experimentally determined and are presented in Table 1. Table 1 The Main Characteristics of Flax Fibres Characteristics of fibres UM Average count [m/g] 360 Length: average [mm] 98 CV [%] 75 Average strength [cn] 55.7 Tenacity [cn/tex] 20 Elongation [%] 4 Density [kg/m 3 ] 1,500 Legal moisture [%] 12 Fibre length influences the processing and appearance of the yarn, as well as the transfer of the fibre strength to yarn. The length of fibres used in
3 Bul. Inst. Polit. Iaşi, t. LVI (LX), f. 2, carding and combing processing were included in the following categories: short fibre with lengths below 40 mm, average fibre length between 40 to 100 mm, long fibre length from 100 to 150 mm and very long fibres with length over 150 mm [3],,[5]. Modelling of variation for flax fibres length used in processing technology by carding and combing draws to the Weibull distribution by means of which it can determine the statistical parameters of fibre length (average, dispersion variance and variation).values obtained from statistical Weibull function are presented by frequency and cumulative curves (Fig. 1). Fig. 1 Frequency and cumulative curves for the length of flax fibres. where: f i frequency according to Weibull function for shape parameter α = 1.3 and the scale parameter β = 100; F i cumulative frequency according to Weibull function; l med = mm - average length of fibres; D 2 = 4,562 - dispersion variance of fibre length; σ = standard deviation of fibre length; CV = 74.9% coefficient of variation of fibre length. The yarn destination is for composite materials made of biodegradable woven fabric and a wooden structure. Fabric characteristics are adopted in accordance to required properties of composite: longitudinal and transversal composite strength; reduced burst strength; low fabric mass; formability; lower costs, etc. The fabric selected based on these requirements has: weight g/m² and density of the warp yarns in woven fabric of 72 yarns/10 cm and density of the weft yarns in woven fabric 62 yarns/10cm. The fabric used yarns count Nm 5/2 for warp and Nm 5/1 for weft. Warp and weft yarns are obtained from same carded and combed blend of flax. The following aspects were considered in yarn processing: the general yarn characteristics in order to ensure its processability and the mass per unit area. The yarn aspect characteristics were not considered important.
4 20 Dorin Avram and Liliana Buhu 2.2. Characteristics of the Single Yarn a) Count. Yarn count is created in terms of influence on mass of fabric and is appreciated by the nominal value, the effective value and count variation. The selected nominal yarn count was Nm 5, in accordance to the fabric characteristics and the industrial nominal values [5]. The effective value is obtained based on equation: (1) Nm = Nm a eff nom ± where: a count deviation and it is determined by equation: (2) t σ a= n where: t Student s t test parameter that takes the value 2.04 for the number of measurements (n = 30) and level of significance 5%; σ standard deviation of yarn count, determined by equation: (3) σ = CV Nm Nm 100 where: CV Nm is the variation of yarn count CV Nm ; Nm average yarn count. In view of the fact that CV Nm = 7.5% for Nm = 5 it results that σ = 0.38 m/g and a = 0.14 m/g representing 2.8% from the nominal value. Effective yarn count is Nm ef = 5± m/g. b) Twist. The yarns manufactured through carding and combing technology are characterised by a yarn torsion factor αm = 100, and the yarn torsion is = 224 t/m, while the adopted torsion was 220 t/m. Because of the variable distribution of fibre length, the diameter yarn varies between mm characterised of: coefficient of variation 13%; standard deviation t/m; coefficient of variation 13.64%; variation interval for torsion 220 ± 10.5 t/m. It can be observed that torsion variation is high for such yarns, because the sectional variation is high, which leads to a different distribution of torsion according to thickness variation, i.e. on the thin portions the number of torsions is bigger than on the thick portions. c) Strength. Yarn strength is a transfer characteristic obtained by equation [5]: (4) F = n rf k u where: n number of fibres in the yarn cross section; r f average fibre strength; ku transfer coefficient of strength fibres in strength yarn.
5 Bul. Inst. Polit. Iaşi, t. LVI (LX), f. 2, The yarn strength was determined to be N for 72 fibres crosssection, the average strength of fibres being 55.7 cn (see Table 1) and transfer coefficient 0.5. The yarn strength can be considered a random variable with normal distribution behaviour with parameters: average value of N and standard deviation 5 N and variation interval 9.96 to N, for a level of significance α=0.05. Strength coefficient of variation is 25%. d) Tenacity. The average tenacity is N/tex for the yarn average strength and average fineness (tex). e) Elongation. Elongation is a transfer characteristic of yarn obtained by the equation [5]: (5) A = a ka F where: a f average fibre elongation; ka elongation transfer coefficient from fibres to yarn. Yarn elongation is determined by fibre elongation as well as the yarn structure, because the fibres are loose in the yarn, i.e. at the beginning of the tensile test the fibres slip until they become fixed and then the fibre elongation is transferred to yarn level. For 4% elongation of flax fibres (see Table 1) and 1.08 transfer coefficient results 4.32% yarn elongation. f) Force elongation curve. Average force elongation curve of the single yarn can be approximated by a straight line (Fig. 2), with equation: (6) F= A where: F yarn strength, [N]; A yarn elongation, [mm]. f Fig. 2 Force - elongation curve of the single yarn. The coefficient of determination 2 = shows a good approximation of the experimental data with a straight line, which is specific for the yarns with very small elongations.
6 22 Dorin Avram and Liliana Buhu From force-elongation curve of the yarn were calculated: index of the work to break: 190 N mm; index of specific work to break: 9.5 N mm/tex; secant longitudinal elastic modulus of yarn: 9.5 N/tex [6] Characteristics of the Twisted Yarn a) Count. The woven fabric was produced using twisted yarns count Nm 5/2 as warp yarns. The designed twisted yarn is based on the characteristics of the single yarn. The nominal yarn count is Nm 2.5, and the effective count is between the limits given by the equation: (7) Nm e = Nm ± a where: a count deviation for the twisted yarn, given by (8) a t σ = n where: t = 2.04 for n = 30 and level of significance α = 0.05, while standard deviation for the twisted yarn count is: σ (9) σ = = σ 2 2 For σ = 0.38 m/g, it results σ = m/g and a = 0.27 m/g. b) Diameter. Diameter of the twisted yarn depends on its packing factor and the average fibres density. The packing factor is for thick carded and combed flax yarns (0.35 was adopted). The density of twisted yarn is: ρ = ν ρ f = = g/cm 3. Yarn diameter is determined with equation: (10) D 2 =, [mm] π Nm ρ The diameter of the twisted yarn is D = 0.98 mm. c) Twist. Twist of yarn is calculated with equation: (11) T = αm Nm, [t/m] where: α m twist factor. Yarns for woven fabrics have twist factor of 100, resulting a nominal twist value of 160 t/m. For the average twist the confidence interval is
7 Bul. Inst. Polit. Iaşi, t. LVI (LX), f. 2, determined. The deviation of twist is 7.68 t/m for n = 30, level of significance α = 0.05, Student s test parameter t = 2.04 and twist standard deviation σ T = = 6.3 t/m. d) Strength. Strength of the twisted yarn is determined from the transfer condition of the single yarn strength in the twisted yarn strength depending on the twisted yarn structure and is calculated with the equation [5]: (12) = N F Ku where: N number of yarns in the structure of the twisted yarn (N = 2); F single yarn strength ( F = N); Ku strength transfer coefficient from single yarn to twisted yarn. The transfer coefficient from single yarn to twisted yarn depends on structure of the twisted yarn, particularly on twist, twisting direction and single yarn roughness. Strength transfer coefficient is for the weaves made from thick flax yarns with S twist. If Ku = 2 the minimum strength of twisted yarns is = 79 N. The coefficient of variation of twisted yarn strength is lower than in the case of single yarn strength due to the plying effect, its maximum value being 25 / 2 = 18%. e) Force elongation curve. Force elongation curve for the twisted yarn can be approximate with a straight line that has the equation: (13) F = 5.32 a where: F strength of twisted yarn [N]; a elongation of twisted yarn [mm]. Fig. 3 presents the average force-elongation curve of the twisted yarn. Fig. 3 Force elongation curve of the twisted yarn. The following parameters can be determined based on the forceelongation curve:
8 24 Dorin Avram and Liliana Buhu - index of the work to break: 518 N mm; - index of specific work to break: 1.3 N mm/tex; - secant modulus of yarn: 6.6 N/tex [6]. 3. Conclusions Production of a biodegradable composite from flax woven fabrics and wood contributes to improving of composite s characteristics especially by: decreasing the mass per unit area; reducing the composite thickness; improving transversal and longitudinal tensile behaviour of the composite material; improving impact behaviour of composite material; It also offers the possibility of modelling the composite behaviour depending on destination. The yarns designed for the fabric used for the composite material satisfy the processability conditions. The experimental values presented in the paper constitute calculus elements for the fabrics design and for determining the characteristics of these fabrics. eceived: September 15, 2009 Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iaşi, Department of Technology and Design of Textile Products davram@tex.tuiasi.ro E F E E N C E S 1. Golbabaie M., Applications of Biocomposites in Building Industry. Department of Plant Agriculture. University of Guelph, Koichi G., Yong C., J. of Solid Mech. and Mat. Eng., 1, 9, 1073 (2007). 3. Avram D., Structura firelor. Edit. Performantica, Iaşi (2005). 4. Avram D., Structura şi designul firelor. Edit. PIM, Iaşi (2008). 5. Avram M., Avram D., Structura şi proprietăńile. Edit. Cermi, Iaşi (1998). 6. Hearle J.W.S., Grosberg P., Backer S., Willey Interscience, London (1969). FIE BIODEGADABILE PENTU łesătui UTILIZATE PENTU OBłINEEA MATEIALELO COMPOZITE (ezumat) În această lucrare au fost create caracteristicile firelor obńinute din fibre biodegradabile, care se vor utiliza la obńinerea Ńesăturilor. łesăturile pentru materialele compozite îmbunătăńesc caracteristicile fizico-mecanice ale compozitelor din lemn şi inserńii textile.
EVALUATION OF THE YARN QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS THROUGH SYNTHETIC INDICATORS
BULETINUL INSTITUTULUI POLITEHNIC DIN IAŞI Publicat de Universitatea Tehnică Gheorghe Asachi din Iaşi Tomul LVI (LX), Fasc. 2, 2010 SecŃia TEXTILE. PIELĂRIE EVALUATION OF THE YARN QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS
More informationFLAX AND HEMP NATURAL ALTERNATIVES IN THE FIELD OF MEDICAL TEXTILES
BULETINUL INSTITUTULUI POLITEHNIC DIN IAŞI Publicat de Universitatea Tehnică Gheorghe Asachi din Iaşi Tomul LVI (LX), Fasc., 00 SecŃia TEXTILE. PIELĂRIE FLAX AND HEMP NATURAL ALTERNATIVES IN THE FIELD
More informationRENEWABLE RESOURSE INTEGRATION IN BIODEGRADABLE COMPOSITES
ISSN 1691-5402 ISBN 978-9984-44-071-2 Environment. Technology. Resources Proceedings of the 8th International Scientific and Practical Conference. Volume I1 Rēzeknes Augstskola, Rēzekne, RA Izdevniecība,
More informationComparison of the Mechanical Properties Between 2D and 3D Orthogonal Woven Ramie Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Composites
Comparison of the Mechanical Properties Between 2D and 3D Orthogonal Woven Ramie Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Composites Comparison of the Mechanical Properties Between 2D and 3D Orthogonal Woven Ramie
More informationTHE THICKNESS MEASUREMENT OF WEFT KNITTED STRUCTURES MADE WITH ELASTOMERIC YARNS
BULETINUL INSTITUTULUI POLITEHNIC DIN IAŞI Publicat de Universitatea Tehnică Gheorghe Asachi din Iaşi Tomul LVI (LX), Fasc. 3, 2010 SecŃia TEXTILE. PIELĂRIE THE THICKNESS MEASUREMENT OF WEFT KNITTED STRUCTURES
More informationEXPERIMENTAL RESULTS REGARDING STRUCTURAL RESPONSE OF BOLTED AND HYBRID CONNECTIONS FOR PULTRUDED ELEMENTS
BULETINUL INSTITUTULUI POLITEHNIC DIN IAŞI Publicat de Universitatea Tehnică Gheorghe Asachi din Iaşi Tomul LIX (LXIII), Fasc. 6, 2013 Secţia CONSTRUCŢII. ARHITECTURĂ EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS REGARDING STRUCTURAL
More informationECOLOGICAL NONWOVEN TEXTILES FOR TECHNICAL APPLICATIONS
BULETINUL INSTITUTULUI POLITEHNIC DIN IAŞI Publicat de Universitatea Tehnică Gheorghe Asachi din Iaşi Tomul LVI (LX), Fasc. 1, 2010 SecŃia TEXTILE. PIELĂRIE ECOLOGICAL NONWOVEN TEXTILES FOR TECHNICAL APPLICATIONS
More informationInfluence of the Kind of Fabric Finishing on Selected Aesthetic and Utility Properties
Iwona Frydrych 1,2, Gabriela Dziworska 2, Małgorzata Matusiak 2 1. Technical University of Łódź ul. Żeromskiego 116, 90-543 Łódź, Poland e-mail: ifrydrych@mail.p.lodz.pl 2. Institute of Textile Architecture
More informationAPPLICATION OF SOYBEAN PROTEIN FIBERS IN WOVEN FABRICS
APPLICATION OF SOYBEAN PROTEIN FIBERS IN WOVEN FABRICS Małgorzata Matusiak Faculty of Material Technologies and Textile Design Institute of Architecture of Textiles, Lodz University of Technology, malgorzata.matusiak@p.lodz.pl
More informationEFFECT OF YARN CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPES AND CRIMP ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF 3D WOVEN COMPOSITES
EFFECT OF YARN CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPES AND CRIMP ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF 3D WOVEN COMPOSITES S. Kari, M. Kumar, I.A. Jones, N.A. Warrior and A.C. Long Division of Materials, Mechanics & Structures,
More informationASSESSMENT OF COMPOSITES REINFORCED WITH INNOVATIVE 3D WOVEN HOLLOW FABRICS
Munich, Germany, 26-30 th June 2016 1 ASSESSMENT OF COMPOSITES REINFORCED WITH INNOVATIVE 3D WOVEN HOLLOW FABRICS R. Geerinck 1, I. De Baere 1, G. De Clercq 2, J. Ivens 3 and J. Degrieck 1 1 Department
More informationSTUDIES ON MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF CYNARA SCOLYMUS/ POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE NONWOVEN COMPOSITES
STUDIES ON MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF CYNARA SCOLYMUS/ POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE NONWOVEN COMPOSITES Ayben Adalet İZGİ 1, Emine Dilara KOÇAK 2, Burcu YILMAZ ŞAHİNBAŞKAN 3,+, Nigar MERDAN 4, Büşra ARDIÇ
More informationCHAPTER 9 THE EFFECTS OF GAUGE LENGTH AND STRAIN RATE ON THE TENSILE PROPERTIES OF REGULAR AND AIR JET ROTOR SPUN COTTON YARNS
170 CHAPTER 9 THE EFFECTS OF GAUGE LENGTH AND STRAIN RATE ON THE TENSILE PROPERTIES OF REGULAR AND AIR JET ROTOR SPUN COTTON YARNS 9.1 INTRODUCTION It is the usual practise to test the yarn at a gauge
More informationASPECTS OF THE INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS ON THE TENSION PROPERTIES OF THE YARNS
ASPECTS OF THE INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS ON THE TENSION PROPERTIES OF THE YARNS HRISTIAN Liliana 1, BORDEIANU Demetra Lacramioara 1 and OSTAFE Maria Magdalena 1 1 "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical
More informationIntroduction. Fig. 1. Structure of warp (a) and weft (b) knitted fabrics (picture from [4]) (Received 10 April 2012; accepted 14 May 2012)
794. Characterization of mechanical properties by inverse technique for composite reinforced by knitted fabric. Part 1. Material modeling and direct experimental evaluation of mechanical properties O.
More informationMechanical Properties of Glass Fiber Composites Reinforced by Textile Fabric
Environment. Technology. Resources, Rezekne, Latvia Proceedings of the 1 th International Scientific and Practical Conference. Volume I, 133-138 Mechanical Properties of Glass Fiber Composites Reinforced
More informationIn the simplest case, a distance weftknitted
Bogdan Włodarczyk, Krzysztof Kowalski Lodz University of Technology, Department of Knitting Technology ul. Żeromskiego, 90-9 Łódź, Poland E-mail: kjkowalski@p.lodz.pl Technology and Properties of Distance
More informationDEVELOPMENT OF NON-WOVEN BIOFIBRE MATS FOR COMPOSITE REINFORCEMENT
DEVELOPMENT OF NON-WOVEN BIOFIBRE MATS FOR COMPOSITE REINFORCEMENT Z.C. Yu, M. Alcock, E. Rothwell, S. McKay Composites Innovation Centre 300-78 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, Canada R3T 6C2 zyu@compositesinnovation.ca
More informationEngineering of Tearing Strength for Pile Fabrics
Engineering of Tearing Strength for Pile Fabrics Kotb N. 1, El Geiheini A. 2, Salman A. 3, Abdel Samad A. 3 1. Faculty of Education, Technical Department, Helwan University, Egypt 2. Faculty of Engineering,
More informationMODELLING PATTERNS FOR FABRIC REINFORCED COMPOSITES
BULETINUL INSTITUTULUI POLITEHNIC DIN IAŞI Publicat de Universitatea Tehnică Gheorghe Asachi din Iaşi Volumul 62 (66), Numărul 1, 2016 Secţia CONSTRUCŢII. ARHITECTURĂ MODELLING PATTERNS FOR FABRIC REINFORCED
More informationICMIEE-PI Selection of Hemp Fabric as Reinforcement in Composite Materials
International Conference on Mechanical, Industrial and Energy Engineering 2014 26-27 December, 2014, Khulna, BANGLADESH ICMIEE-PI-14013810 Selection of Hemp as Reinforcement in Composite Materials Mohd
More informationDevelopment of Natural Fiber Nonwovens for Thermal Insulation
Development of Natural Fiber Nonwovens for Thermal Insulation M. Bhuvaneshwari 1 & Dr. K. Sangeetha 2 1 Research Scholar & 2 Professor and Head Department of Textiles and Apparel Design, Bharathiar University,
More informationINTRODUCTION. Research was done in the frame of the Eureka project: EUREKA! 3151 NAGREFIAT. Start of the project: January 2004.
INTODUCTION Ma gorzata Matusiak Teresa ymarz, Krzysztof Sikorski Textile esearch Institute, odz Poland Urania Kechagia, Elleni Tsaliki National Agricultural esearch oundation NAGE, Cotton and Industrial
More informationASPECTS REGARDING THE ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY SOFTWARE MEASUREMENTS ON INSULATING MATERIALS USING 6517A HI-R SWEEP TEST PROGRAM
BULETINUL INSTITUTULUI POLITEHNIC DIN IAŞI Publicat de Universitatea Tehnică Gheorghe Asachi din Iaşi Tomul LVII (LXI), Fasc. 4, 2011 SecŃia ELECTROTEHNICĂ. ENERGETICĂ. ELECTRONICĂ ASPECTS REGARDING THE
More informationInfluence of production technology on the cotton yarn properties
Influence of production technology on the cotton yarn properties Dana Kremenakova and Jiri Militky Technical University of Liberec, Textile Faculty, Research Center Textile, Liberec 463 11, CZECH REPUBLIC
More informationCETextile 2016, 11 th October 2016 Jens Oelerich, SaXcell BV SAXCELL TM
CETextile 2016, 11 th October 2016 Jens Oelerich, SaXcell BV SAXCELL TM SAXION RESEARCH GROUP SMART FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS Sustainable Textiles Responsive Smart Textiles Surface Modification Textile & Garment
More informationINFLUENCE OF STRUCTURE OF THE YARN ON MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF YARNS EXPOSED TO DYNAMIC STRESS
INFLUENCE OF STRUCTURE OF THE YARN ON MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF YARNS EXPOSED TO DYNAMIC STRESS Petr Tumajer 1, Petr Ursíny 1, Martin Bílek, Eva Mouckova 1, Martina Pokorna 1 1 Technical University
More informationEffect of crease behaviour, drape and formability on appearance of light weight worsted suiting fabrics
Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research Vol. 32, September 2007, pp. 319-325 Effect of crease behaviour, drape and formability on appearance of light weight worsted suiting fabrics B K Behera a & Rajesh
More informationWOOL AND ALPACA FIBRE BLENDS. L. Wang, X. Wang, X. Liu School of Engineering and Technology, Deakin University Geelong, VIC 3217, Australia
WOOL AND ALPACA FIBRE BLENDS L. Wang, X. Wang, X. Liu School of Engineering and Technology, Deakin University Geelong, VIC 3217, Australia Alpaca fibre has low crimp and smooth fibre surface. This makes
More informationStudy on heat and moisture vapour transmission characteristics through multilayered fabric ensembles
Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research Vol. 36, December 2011, pp. 410-414 Study on heat and moisture vapour transmission characteristics through multilayered fabric ensembles A Das a, Shabaridharan
More informationPROPERTY ANALYSIS OF SKIRTS MADE FOR READY-TO-WEAR COLLECTION.PART I: TENSILE TESTING OF SEWING THREADS AND WOVEN FABRICS
PROPERTY ANALYSIS OF SKIRTS MADE FOR READY-TO-WEAR COLLECTION.PART I: TENSILE TESTING OF SEWING THREADS AND WOVEN FABRICS ABSTRACT Rodica Harpa Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Romania rodica_harpa@yahoo.com
More informationHYBRID REINFORCING FABRICS FOR ADVANCED POLYMERIC COMPOSITES
HYBRID REINFORCING FABRICS FOR ADVANCED POLYMERIC COMPOSITES NICOLAE TARANU 1, LILIANA BEJAN 2, GEORGE TARANU 1, MIHAI BUDESCU 1 1 Technical University Gh. Asachi Iasi, Department Civil Engineering B.dul
More informationAnisotropy of Woven Fabric Deformation after Stretching
Ramunė Klevaitytė, *Vitalija Masteikaitė Siauliai University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vilniaus 141, LT-76353, Siauliai, Lithuania, E-mail: R.Klevaityte@su.lt *Kaunas University of Technology,
More informationComputer-aided textile design LibTex
Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research Vol. 33, ecember 2008, pp. 400-404 Computer-aided textile design LibTex ana Křemenáková a, Iva Mertová & Brigita Kolčavová-Sirková epartment of Textile Materials,
More informationEffect of linear density, twist and blend proportion on some physical properties of jute and hollow polyester blended yarn
Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research Vol. 34, March 009, pp. 11-19 Effect of linear density, twist and blend proportion on some physical properties of jute and hollow polyester blended yarn Sanjoy
More informationMechanical Characterisation of Natural Fibre Reinforced Plastics
Mechanical Characterisation of Natural Fibre Reinforced Plastics P. Vieira 1, C. Romão 2, A.T. Marques 3 J.L. Esteves 3 1 INEGI Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Management, Leça do Balio,
More informationROUND ROBIN FORMABILITY STUDY
ROUND ROBIN FORMABILITY STUDY Characterisation of glass/polypropylene fabrics Tzvetelina Stoilova Stepan Lomov Leuven, April 2004 2 Abstract Thiereport presents results of measuring geometrical and mechanical
More informationQuality of Cotton Yarns Spun Using Ring-, Compact-, and Rotor-Spinning Machines as a Function of Selected Spinning Process Parameters
Lidia Jackowska-Strumiłło, *Danuta Cyniak, *Jerzy Czekalski, *Tadeusz Jackowski Computer Engineering Department Technical University of Łódź, Poland Al. Politechniki 11, 90-942 e-mail: lidia_js@kis.p.lodz.pl
More informationMECHANICAL PROPERTY OF CARBON NANOTUBE YARN REINFORCED EPOXY
THE 19 TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPOSITE MATERIALS MECHANICAL PROPERTY OF CARBON NANOTUBE YARN REINFORCED EPOXY Y. Shimamura 1*, K. Oshima 2, M. Ishihara 2, K. Tohgo 1, T. Fujii 1 and Y. Inoue 3
More informationA method for plaiting polymer fibre around natural yarn to form a composite fabric
Natural Filler and Fibre Composites: Development and Characterisation 10 A method for plaiting polymer fibre around natural yarn to form a composite fabric T. Izumi 1, T. Matsuoka 1, T. Hirayama 1, H.
More informationTrace Evidence: Fiber
Trace Evidence: Fiber Fibers Used in forensic science to create a link between a crime and a suspect. Considered to be CLASS EVIDENCE because they are mass produced. Sensitive evidence 95% of all fibers
More informationElectronic supplementary material
Electronic supplementary material Three-dimensionally Deformable, Highly Stretchable, Permeable, Durable and Washable Fabric Circuit Boards Qiao Li 1, and Xiao Ming Tao 1,2 * 1 Institute of Textiles and
More informationFibres and polymers used in Textile Filtration Media
Fibres and polymers used in Textile Filtration Media Presented by Robert Bell Robert G Bell Projects October 2012 The most ingenious filter is useless without an adequate filter medium So what is filter
More informationThe Bombay Textile Research Association, L. B. S. Marg, Ghatkopar (West), Mumbai, Maharashtra. Discipline Mechanical Testing Issue Date
Last Amended on - Page 1 of 7 I. TEXTILES & RELATED PRODUCTS 1. FIBRES Neps in Cotton Fibres (AFIS-N-Instrument) Physical Properties of Cotton Fibres by High Volume Instrument (HVI) 2.5% Span Length Uniformity
More informationTable 1: Specifications of acrylic and viscose fibres. Fibre used Fibre length, mm Fibre denier Tenacity, cn/tex Breaking extension% Acrylic 51
American International Journal of Research in Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics Available online at http://www.iasir.net ISSN (Print): 2328-3491, ISSN (Online): 2328-38, ISSN (CD-ROM): 2328-3629
More informationInfluence of Selected Parameters of the Spinning Process on the State of Mixing of Fibres of a Cotton/Polyester- Fibre Blend Yarn
Danuta Cyniak, Jerzy Czekalski, Tadeusz Jackowski Department of Spinning Technology and Yarn Structure Faculty of Textile Engineering and Marketing Technical University of Łódź ul. Żeromskiego 116, 90-543
More informationUnit 6: Introduction to Fiber and Textile Analysis
Unit 6: Introduction to Fiber and Textile Analysis By the end of this chapter, you will be able to: üidentify and describe common weave patterns of textile samples ücompare and contrast various types of
More informationAn Investigation into the Parameters of Terry Fabrics Regarding the Production
Mehmet Karahan, Recep Eren*, Halil Rifat Alpay* University of Uludag Vocational School of Technical Sciences Gorukle Campus, Gorukle-Bursa, Turkey e-mail: mehmet_karahan@pentatek.stil.com * University
More informationSIGRATEX. Textile Products Made from Carbon Fibers. Composite Materials. Broad Base. Best Solutions.
Textile Products Made from Carbon Fibers Composite Materials Broad Base. Best Solutions. SIGRATEX for fiber composites Under the trademark SIGRATEX, we manufacture textile products from highstrength carbon
More informationCHARACTERISTICS OF COTTON FABRICS PRODUCED FROM SIROSPUN AND PLIED YARNS
Egypt. J. Agric. Res., 89 (2), 2011 579 CHARACTERISTICS OF COTTON FABRICS PRODUCED FROM SIROSPUN AND PLIED YARNS Cotton Research Institute, ARC, Giza EL-SAYED, M. A. M. AND SUZAN H. SANAD (Manuscript received
More informationAcoustic Emission For Damage Monitoring of Glass /Polyester Composites under Buckling Loading
Research Article International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology ISSN 2277-4106 2012 INPRESSCO. All Rights Reserved. Available at http://inpressco.com/category/ijcet Acoustic Emission For Damage
More informationTESTING OF YARN ABRASION
TESTING OF YARN ABRASION Krupincová, G. 1, Hatipoglu, J. 2 1 Technical University of Liberec, Department of Textile Technology, Liberec, Czech Republic Tel.: +420 48 535 342474, Fax: +420 48 535 3542,
More informationCHAPTER V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The new developments in the textile manufacture with various types of blends offer varieties in the market. Consumers seek not only fashionable but also have become conscious
More informationEffect of Yarn Twist on Young s Modulus of Fully-green Composites Reinforced with Ramie Woven Fabrics ABSTRACT
Effect of Yarn Twist on Young s Modulus of Fully-green Composites Reinforced with Ramie Woven Fabrics Rie NAKAMURA, Hiroi NOMURA 2, Koichi GODA 3 and Junji OHGI 4 23 Department of Mechanical Engineering,
More informationCREASING BEHAVIOR OF SOME WOVEN MATERIALS MADE FROM COMBED YARNS TYPE WOOL AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
10 INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE 19 0 Novemer 010, GABROVO CREASING BEHAVIOR OF SOME WOVEN MATERIALS MADE FROM COMBED YARNS TYPE WOOL AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION Liliana Hristian, Ph.D* Iliana
More informationRESEARCH CONCERNING THE INFLUENCE OF ANGLE OF FILING FROM THE KNIFE BLADES VINDROVERS ON THE MECHANICAL WORK ON CUTTING
BULETINUL INSTITUTULUI POLITEHNIC DIN IAŞI Publicat de Universitatea Tehnică Gheorghe Asachi din Iaşi Tomul LIX (LXIII), Fasc. 2, 13 SecŃia CONSTRUCłII DE MAŞINI RESEARCH CONCERNING THE INFLUENCE OF ANGLE
More informationEvaluation of fibre twisting angle and composite properties
Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Dec 20, 2017 Evaluation of fibre twisting angle and composite properties Rask, Morten; Madsen, Bo Publication date: 2011 Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Rask, M.,
More informationEFFECT OF ROTOR VARIABLES ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF JUTE-VISCOSE BLENDED YARN
International Journal of Textile and Fashion Technology (IJTFT) ISSN 2250 2378 Vol.2, Issue 2 June 2012 23-30 TJPRC Pvt. Ltd., EFFECT OF ROTOR VARIABLES ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF JUTE-VISCOSE BLENDED
More informationCONSEQUENCE OF TWIST ON YARN PROPERTIES IN TEXTILES
ISSN-1997-2571 (Online J. Innov. Dev. Strategy 5(1:22-27(April 2011 CONSEQUENCE OF TWIST ON YARN PROPERTIES IN TEXTIES R. KHANUM 1, F. AHMED 2, A.K.M. MAHABUBUZZAMAN 3, M.N. EHSAN 4 AND M. ASADUZZAMAN
More informationInfluence of the Spinning Process Parameters on Strength Characteristics of Cotton Yarns
T. Jackowski, B. Chylewska, D. Cyniak Technical University of ódÿ ul. eromskiego 6, 90-543 ódÿ, Poland Influence of the Spinning Process Parameters on Strength Characteristics of Cotton Yarns Abstract
More informationCOMPARISON OF IN-PLANE PERMEABILITY BETWEEN FLAX AND GLASS STITCHED FABRICS
COMPARISON OF IN-PLANE PERMEABILITY BETWEEN FLAX AND GLASS STITCHED FABRICS C. Re 1, L. Bizet 1, J. Breard 1 1 Laboratoire Ondes et Milieux Complexes (LOMC), University of Le Havre, 53 rue de Prony, F-76600,
More informationGeometrical parameters of yarn cross-section in plain woven fabric
Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research Vol. 38, June 2013, pp. 126-131 Geometrical parameters of yarn cross-section in plain woven fabric Siavash Afrashteh 1,a, Ali Akbar Merati 2 & Ali Asghar Asgharian
More informationReinforcement fabrics
Reinforcement fabrics carbon glass fabric multiaxial c-glass mat hybrid aramid www.hp-textiles.com Page Reinforcement fabrics overview Reinforcements fabrics Page Carbon fabrics 3 Multiaxial carbon fabrics
More informationInfluence of Metal Fiber Content and Arrangement on Shielding Effectiveness for Blended Electromagnetic Shielding Fabric
ISSN 1392 1320 MATERIALS SCIENCE (MEDŽIAGOTYRA). Vol. 21, No. 2. 2015 Influence of Metal Fiber Content and Arrangement on Shielding Effectiveness for Blended Electromagnetic Shielding Fabric Zhe LIU, Xing
More informationRiding the Wave of Technical Textiles: Opportunities and Challenges for African Textile Industry
Riding the Wave of Technical Textiles: Opportunities and Challenges for African Textile Industry Mohamad Midani, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, German University in Cairo intexive Technical Consulting, Egypt
More informationConversion of Glass Reinforced and Polypropylene Matrix Hybrid Materials into Thermoplastic Laminates
Conversion of Glass Reinforced and Polypropylene Matrix Hybrid Materials into Thermoplastic Laminates Dr Hireni Mankodi 1 Associate Professor, Principal Investigator (MRP GUJCOST), Department of Textile,
More informationTEXTILE ENGINEERING & FIBRE SCIENCE
TEXTILE ENGINEERING & FIBRE SCIENCE Subject Code: TF Course Structure Sections/Units Section A Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4 Unit 5 Unit 6 Section B Section C Section D Section E Section F Topics Engineering
More informationNeural Model of the Spinning Process for Predicting Selected Properties of Flax/Cotton Yarn Blends
Lidia Jackowska-Strumiłło*, Tadeusz Jackowski, Danuta Cyniak, Jerzy Czekalski Technical University of Łódź Faculty of Engineering and Marketing of Textiles Department of Spinning Technology and Yarn Structure
More informationEffect of yarn twisting and de-twisting on comfort characteristics of fabrics
Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research Vol 40, June 2015, pp. 144-149 Effect of yarn twisting and de-twisting on comfort characteristics of fabrics Ayano Koyrita Banale & R Chattopadhyay a Department
More informationEffect of linear density of feed yarn filaments and air-jet texturing process variables on compressional properties of fabrics
Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research Vol 4, March 017, pp. 9-16 Effect of linear density of feed yarn filaments and air-jet texturing process variables on compressional properties of fabrics R K
More informationINDUSTRIAL WOVEN NON-CRIMP MULTILAYER FABRICS FOR BETTER IMPACT PROPERTIES
INDUSTRIAL WOVEN NON-CRIMP MULTILAYER FABRICS FOR BETTER IMPACT PROPERTIES M. Haeske a*, B. Wendland a, L. Van der Schueren b, Y.-S. Gloy a, T. Gries a a Institut für Textiltechnik of RWTH Aachen University,
More informationDyeing Behavior and Fastness Properties of Corn (PLA) Fiber
IOSR Journal of Polymer and Textile Engineering (IOSR-JPTE) e-issn: 2348-019X, p-issn: 2348-0181, Volume 1, Issue 2 (Jan. 2014), PP 01-07 Dyeing Behavior and Fastness Properties of Corn (PLA) Fiber Nidhi
More informationA NOVEL ACTIVE INDUCTOR WITH VOLTAGE CONTROLLED QUALITY FACTOR AND SELF-RESONANT FREQUENCY
BULETINUL INSTITUTULUI POLITEHNIC DIN IAŞI Publicat de Universitatea Tehnică Gheorghe Asachi din Iaşi Tomul LX (LXIV), Fasc. 4, 2014 Secţia ELECTROTEHNICĂ. ENERGETICĂ. ELECTRONICĂ A NOVEL ACTIVE INDUCTOR
More informationProperties of viscose air-jet spun plied yarns
Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research Vol. 42, December 2017, pp. 386-390 Properties of viscose air-jet spun plied yarns Moaz Eldeeb a, Eva Moučková & Petr Ursíny Department of Textile Technology,
More informationAPPLICATION OF JUTE TREATED WITH FLAME RETARDANT IN HOOD AND TRUNK LINING. Ghalia El-Shennawy Ibrahim
APPLICATION OF JUTE TREATED WITH FLAME Abstract RETARDANT IN HOOD AND TRUNK LINING Ghalia El-Shennawy Ibrahim Lecturer.Spinning, Weaving & Knitting Dept. Faculty of Applied Arts Helwan University This
More informationMECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF HEMP FIBER REINFORCED POLYMERIC COMPOSITE
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 9, Issue 11, November2018, pp. 1061 1066, Article ID: IJMET_09_11_108 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?jtype=ijmet&vtype=9&itype=11
More informationReview. Directions: After watching Design: All About Textiles, answer the following questions.
#300006 Name: Hour: VIDEO WORKSHEET Review Directions: After watching Design: All About Textiles, answer the following questions. NATURAL FIBERS 1. All textiles start as fibers, either or. 2. Natural fibers
More informationThe tensile strength of mechanical joint prototype of lontar fiber composite
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering PAPER OPEN ACCESS The tensile strength of mechanical joint prototype of lontar fiber composite To cite this article: Jefri Bale et al 2018 IOP Conf.
More informationPenetration of Multi-Layered E-Glass Armors by Small Projectiles
J. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res., 5(5)8-15, 2015 2015, TextRoad Publication ISSN 2090-4304 Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research www.textroad.com Penetration of Multi-Layered E-Glass Armors by Small
More informationEffect of seamed viscose fabrics on drape coefficient
Ö. Yücel: Effect of seamed viscose fabrics on drape coefficient, Tekstil 61 (1-6 1-6 (12. 1 Effect of seamed viscose fabrics on drape coefficient Prof. Önder Yücel, PhD Ege University Bayindir Vocational
More informationProperties of Polyester, Nylon blended Air-Jet Textured Fabrics
Properties of Polyester, Nylon blended Air-Jet Textured Fabrics Mrs. Ashwini Raybagi., Prof. Dr. M.Y.Gudiyawar DKTE Society s Textile and Engineering Institute, Ichalkaranji Email : ashwiniraibagi@yahoo.co.in
More informationModule 1: Introduction to Composites. Lecture 5: Terminologies. The Lecture Contains: Terminologies Used in Fibrous Composites
The Lecture Contains: Terminologies Used in Fibrous Composites The Advantages of Composite Materials References file:///d /Web%20Course%20(Ganesh%20Rana)/Dr.%20Mohite/CompositeMaterials/lecture5/5_1.htm[8/18/2014
More informationTIME SCHEDULE OBJECTIVES. On completion of this Course students should be able to understand the
COURSE TITLE : TEXTILE TESTING & QUALITY ASSURANCE COURSE CODE : 4109 COURSE CATEGORY : A PERIODS/WEEK : 5 PERIODS/SEMESTER : 90 CREDITS : 5 TIME SCHEDULE MODULE TOPIC PERIODS I Elements of Statistics,
More informationMOULDABILITY OF ANGLE INTERLOCK FABRICS
FPCM-9 (2008) The 9 th International Conference on Flow Processes in Composite Materials Montréal (Québec), Canada 8 ~ 10 July 2008 MOULDABILITY OF ANGLE INTERLOCK FABRICS François Boussu 1, 3, Xavier
More informationGLUED SOLID TIMBER DUO/TRIO
GLUED SOLID TIMBER DUO/TRIO THE DIMENSIONALLY STABLE AESTHETE. 01 AT A GLANCE AREAS OF APPLICATION Single and multiple family houses Multi-storey residential buildings Visual application with the highest
More informationWe are IntechOpen, the world s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists. International authors and editors
We are IntechOpen, the world s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists 3,900 116,000 120M Open access books available International authors and editors Downloads Our
More informationEFFECTS OF STITCH PATTERN ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NON-CRIMP FABRIC COMPOSITES
EFFECTS OF STITCH PATTERN ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NON-CRIMP FABRIC COMPOSITES Leif E. Asp, Fredrik Edgren and Anders Sjögren SICOMP AB, P O Box 14, SE-431 22 Mölndal, Sweden ABSTRACT Mechanical
More informationYarn Testing. Table Of Contents. 1.0 Yarn Count 2.0 Yarn Twist 1.1 Yarn Count Variation 2.1 Twist Standards 1.2 Conversion Table For Yarn Counts
Yarn Testing Yarn occupies the intermediate position in the production of fabric from raw material. Yarn results are very essential, both for estimating the quality of raw material and for controlling
More informationNEW FIBRES IN BIOCOMPOSITES: SPANISH BROOM-NEW FIBRE FOR COMPOSITES. Zorana KOVAČEVIĆ; Edyta BOGACZ; Malgorzata ZIMNIEWSKA; Sandra BISCHOF VUKUŠIĆ
NEW FIBRES IN BIOCOMPOSITES: SPANISH BROOM-NEW FIBRE FOR COMPOSITES Zorana KOVAČEVIĆ; Edyta BOGACZ; Malgorzata ZIMNIEWSKA; Sandra BISCHOF VUKUŠIĆ Introductio n Studying the long history of clothing, the
More informationDAMPING MATERIALS BITUMEN FLEX PANEL BITUMEN SMOOTH PANEL
BITUMEN FLEX PANEL Self-adhesive high density bituminuous laminate. Composed of mixture with a basis of bitumen, plasticizers, elastomers, Index: 014-0435 SPECIFICATION 1,8-1,9 g/cm³ Sold per. Panel (50
More informationLESSON 6 PRODUCTION OF FANCY YARNS STRUCTURE 6.0 OBJECTIVES 6.1 INTRODUCTION 6.2 STRUCTURE OF FANCY YARNS 6.3 SOME EXAMPLES OF FANCY YARNS
LESSON 6 PRODUCTION OF FANCY YARNS STRUCTURE 6.0 OBJECTIVES 6.1 INTRODUCTION 6.2 STRUCTURE OF FANCY YARNS 6.3 SOME EXAMPLES OF FANCY YARNS 6.4 MANIPULATION OF FIBRE CHARACTERISTICS 6.5 MANIPULATION OF
More informationThere is considerable interest within
Blending could add value to long staple Upland varieties By Marinus H. J. van der Sluijs, CSIRO Textile and Fibre Technology, Geelong There is considerable interest within the Australian cotton industry
More informationSeam Performance of the Inseam of a Military Trouser in Relation to Garment Fit
Textiles and Light Industrial Science and Technology (TLIST) Volume 3, 2014 DOI: 10.14355/tlist.2014.03.006 http://www.tlist-journal.org Seam Performance of the Inseam of a Military Trouser in Relation
More informationA Potential Approach to Analyze the Optimum Characteristics of Cotton/Modal & Cotton/Viscose Blended Yarn
Global Journal of Researches in Engineering: J General Engineering Volume 18 Issue 2 Version 1. Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Online ISSN: 2249-4596
More informationDraft Tanzania Standard. Textiles Specification for open mouth woven poly-sacks made from polypropylene tape- yarns
tbs TDC3(5126)p3 Draft Tanzania Standard Textiles Specification for open mouth woven poly-sacks made from polypropylene tape- yarns TANZANIA BUREAU OF STANDARDS TANZANIA BUREAU OF STANDARDS DRAFT TANZANIA
More informationTextile composites from hydro-entangled non-woven fabrics
Loughborough University Institutional Repository Textile composites from hydro-entangled non-woven fabrics This item was submitted to Loughborough University's Institutional Repository by the/an author.
More informationFABRIC SETTING VER 3.0 APPLICATION
FABRIC SETTING VER 3.0 APPLICATION 1992-2007 by Itru Group Ltd www.itru.net info@itru.net Tel/Fax:90-212-50143 57 Fabric Setting ver 3.0 Application Notes 2 Table of Contents 1. What' s New in Fabric Setting
More informationAnalysis of the multilayer woven fabric behaviour during the forming process. Focus on the loss of cohesion within the woven fibre network.
Analysis of the multilayer woven fabric behaviour during the forming process. Focus on the loss of cohesion within the woven fibre network. Ahmad Rashed Labanieh a*, Christian Garnier a, Pierre Ouagne
More informationAmerican International Journal of Research in Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics
American International Journal of Research in Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics Available online at http://www.iasir.net ISSN (Print): 2328-3491, ISSN (Online): 2328-3580, ISSN (CD-ROM): 2328-3629
More information1465 PROPERTIES OF THE NATURALLY COLORED COTTON AND ITS APPLICATION IN THE ECOLOGICAL TEXTILES
1465 PROPERTIES OF THE NATURALLY COLORED COTTON AND ITS APPLICATION IN THE ECOLOGICAL TEXTILES Dr. Malgorzata Matusiak, Institute of Textile Architecture, Lodz, Poland Dr. Urania Kechagia, National Agricultural
More information