3D Modelling Is Not For WIMPs Part II: Stylus/Mouse Clicks

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1 3D Modelling Is Not For WIMPs Part II: Stylus/Mouse Clicks David Gauldie 1, Mark Wright 2, Ann Marie Shillito 3 1,3 Edinburgh College of Art 79 Grassmarket, Edinburgh EH1 2HJ d.gauldie@eca.ac.uk, a.m.shillito@eca.ac.uk 2 Edinburgh Virtual Environment Centre James Clerk Maxwell Building The King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JZ. mark.wright@ed.ac.uk Abstract. Here we present a companion study to work previously detailed in 3D Modelling is not for WIMPs (Scali, S., Wright, M., Shillito, A.M., 23). In that study we showed that the use of a 3D haptic environment in combination with stereovision provided a marked improvement in the ability to complete a 3D task when compared to traditional WIMP (Window, Icon, Menu, Pointer) interfaces. Using the same haptic equipment we examined how the new environment affected the number of stylus/mouse clicks performed during a 3D object alignment task. The results showed that when using haptics there was a highly significant decrease in the number of clicks required to perform the alignment task when compared to a WIMP interface. In conjunction with our previous work this shows that using a haptic system drastically increases the overall system usability, and decreases the users perceived task load. 1 Introduction There is a need for gestural interaction for computer aided design (CAD) in the applied arts (Scali, S., Shillito, A.M., Wright, M., 22). Many artists and designers are considering the potential for using computers to aid in their work. A traditional CAD program has many benefits in the design process. It is able to handle a high level of detail, and can maintain the entire interaction history of a project. However, these advantages are sometimes outweighed by the complexity and cognitive load imposed on the user when performing even simple tasks (Stappers, PJ., Hennessey, JM., 1999a). Conventional CAD packages use WIMP (Window, Icon, Menu, Pointer) interfaces. The WIMP interface does not tend to mimic the way an artist works and moves objects in the real world. For many artists and designers the actual process of sketching or building during the conceptualization phase is more important then a final product or idea. Therefore, an effective tool is one that can allow a user to create and design 182

2 without breaks in workflow or creativity. With traditional CAD systems the user must first learn the syntax of actions and navigate through a series of windows, menus, coordinate systems and naming conventions in order to achieve a desired action (Stappers, PJ., Hennessey, JM., 1999b). Generally, individuals explore and manipulate objects in the real world using our hands. The hand enables us to move objects with six degrees of freedom (DOF). However conventional CAD interfaces use a 2 DOF mouse to communicate with a 3D object, which poses several serious shortcomings especially in the conceptualization stage of the design process (Overbeeke CJ., et.al., 21). As 3D object manipulation and movement requires much more than a 2 DOF interface, a WIMP method of object interaction tends to interfere with fluidity. Restricting the ability to explore new ideas more freely hinders the range, speed and flow in conceptualization (Hanna, R., Barber, T., 21). We therefore propose that by mimicking real world manipulation and vision in a computer interface we can add a new level of usability. By adding stereovision and a 6 DOF spatial input device with haptic feedback, it is possible utilize all the benefits that CAD offers, in a more freely expressible and intuitive environment to support designers and artists. 2 Related Research The previous paper, 3D modelling is not for WIMPs (Scali, S., Wright, M., Shillito, A.M., 23), highlighted the need for a new type of interface that addressed some of the mismatches between three dimensional content creation and traditional 2D mouse/windows interfaces. They focused on one aspect of modelling in particular, 3D alignment of objects. 3D alignment is a typical task in modelling to which objective measures can be easily applied. The major findings of this paper showed that the use of 6DOF spatial input devices provided a significant increase in system usability and a significant decrease in perception of workload and task completion time. Stereovision and haptics also played a major role in operating within a 3D environment and are valuable in lowering workload and increasing usability. Experimental Design and Hypothesis The experiment involved comparing two types of interfaces: A WIMP system running 3D Studio Max TM and a 3D haptic system using a Reachin Technologies Developer Display and a PHANToM TM haptic force feedback device running a program that permits haptic feedback, stereovision, and a snap alignment tool. 183

3 (a) Fig. 1. Combining task in (a) the WIMPs interface using 3D Studio Max TM, and (b) the Reachin Technologies developer display and PHANToM TM 6DOF haptic device. An equivalent 3D combining task was performed by 12 expert 3D Studio Max users on both setups. The task involved placing 4 different geometric shapes, randomly positioned in the task space, against a non-movable target surface, also randomly positioned in space. (b) (a) (b) Fig. 2. 3D combining task using the haptic interface. (a) Objects being positioned onto the target planes. (b) Final state of the combining task Comparisons on the number of stylus/mouse clicks performed during a 3D combining task were made on the two systems. In addition, six subsets of the haptic system were tested against each other to determine if any individual element affects the overall performance of the system. Therefore, seven conditions were formulated: 6DOF device, no haptic feedback, no stereovision, and no snap tool 6DOF device, no haptic feedback, stereovision, and no snap tool 6DOF device, haptic feedback, no stereovision, and no snap tool 6DOF device, haptic feedback, no stereovision, and a snap tool 184

4 6DOF device, haptic feedback, stereovision, and no snap tool 6DOF device, haptic feedback, stereovision, and a snap tool WIMP system running 3D Studio Max TM From these seven conditions we formulated 5 hypotheses to test: 1. Users of the haptic display will show a significant decrease in the number of stylus/mouse clicks when compared to the WIMPS interface. 2. The average number of stylus/mouse clicks will correlate positively with the average task completion time and task load, and correlate negatively with usability. 3. The use of haptics in the 6DOF device will provide a significant decrease in the number of stylus/mouse clicks 4. The use of stereovision with the 6DOF device will provide a significant decrease in the number of stylus/mouse clicks 5. The use of a snap tool with the 6DOF device will provide a significant decrease in the number of stylus/mouse clicks We performed a within subjects test of these hypotheses. Each subject performed 21 combining tasks -- 3 trials for each condition listed above. 3.1 Data Analysis Normality tests confirmed the data collected from the haptic system was not normally distributed. It had a large positive skew. This is due to many subjects reaching the lower bounds of stylus clicks. Since there are 4 objects to place on targets the minimum number of clicks is 4. Because of this we implemented non-parametric tests of the data including the Mann-Whitney test and the Spearman rank correlation test. 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Results of Stylus/Mouse Click Data When we measured the number of stylus/mouse clicks during the combining task we found a significant increase in the number of mouse clicks for the WIMP system when compared to stylus clicks in all 6 conditions of the haptic system (P<.1, Mann- Whitney) (see Fig. 3). The mean of the 6 haptic conditions ranged from /-.67 stylus clicks () to 7.9 +/-6.32 stylus clicks (). By contrast, the WIMP interface had a mean number of mouse clicks of / Differences were also found when making comparisons within the haptic conditions. We found that there was a significant difference in the number of clicks required with all variables off () when compared to having all variables on () (P<.5, Mann-Whitney). The individual haptic conditions were further examined to 185

5 determine if stereo vision, haptics, or a snap tool showed a statistically significant improvement. The haptic conditions in which either stereo vision or haptics were altered were not found to be significantly different. However, the difference in the median values with the snap tool on and off ( and ) showed a significant difference (P<.1, Mann-Whitney). These results are consistent with observations made by the researchers during the combining task. Subjects would make large movements with the objects at the start of the combining task and then perform minor alterations close to the target. With the snap tool on, minor alterations were not necessary # Clicks Fig. 3. A standard Box and Whisker graph of the number of clicks occurred during the combining task. This includes the 6 conditions of the haptic interface ranging from haptics, stereo, and snap tool all turned off () to haptics, stereo, and snap tool all turned on () and the WIMP system (). The graph shows the minimum and maximum, the upper and lower quartiles, and the median of the data collected. Stylus/mouse click data was compared to the results of the previous study. We found through a Spearman rank correlation test that the mean stylus/mouse clicks performed during the combining task positively correlated with task completion time (correlation coefficient =.796, p <.1) and the NASA Task load index (correlation coefficient =.538, p <.1). Also, as suspected, stylus/mouse click data is negatively correlated to the system usability scale (correlation coefficient = -.643, p <.1). Therefore, the number of stylus/mouse clicks correlates positively with the average task completion time and task load, and negatively with usability (see Fig. 4). 186

6 System Usability Scale NASA Task Load Index 1 1 SUS (-1) 5 WWL (-1) (a) (b) Average Task Completion Time Average Mouse/Stylus Clicks During Task 75 3 Seconds 5 25 Number of Clicks 2 1 (c) (d) Fig. 4. Comparison of results obtained in previous study and the mean stylus. (a) System Usability Scale. (b) NASA task load index. (c) Average task completion time. (d) average Stylus/mouse clicks during task. 4.2 Stylus/Mouse Click Locations One interesting fact about the mouse click data retrieved during the 3D max trials was that 8% of the clicks occurred inside the task space. That is, they occurred in one of the four view screens. This corresponds to 8% of the time the user was engaged in a movement task or some action inside the task space. However, 2% of the mouse clicks occurred in the control space. Control space is determined to be any of the buttons icons or menus. Since a task in the WIMP interface typically requires 2 mouse clicks, that corresponds to roughly 4 clicks per task is in the control space, changing modes and views (see Fig 5a). During the combining task within the haptic environment, all clicks occurred in the task space and therefore the cognitive load and completion time, and stylus click numbers are decreased, as usability is increased. 187

7 Z-Axis (a) Fig. 5. (b) 3D histogram of mouse click locations for 3D Studio Max. (a) Density plot of mouse clicks during the combining task, superimposed on a screen shot of 3D Studio Max A large portion of clicks was performed on only a few buttons in the control space (see Fig. 5b). These buttons corresponded to mode changes for rotating and translating the scene and objects in the scene. This is where the intuitive nature of the 6DOF device provides better performance by providing both rotation and translation in the same context. Fig. 6 shows the locations of the stylus clicks during the combining task in the haptic environment. It can be seen in the density plot that the majority of clicks occurred close to the targets with several outliers that lead from the starting positions of the of the objects to the targets. We can see that the 6DOF arm allows a user to pick up an object and use one or two fluid movements to place it close to the target. Further minor adjustments place the object to its intended target. (b) Y-Axis Fig. 6. Density plot of stylus click locations for all trials X-Axis 188

8 5 Conclusions This study further highlights the significant improvements that a 6 DOF spatial device has for 3D tasks. We have shown that the number of stylus/mouse clicks needed to perform a specific combining task supports our claim that the WIMP system is not conducive to 3D spatial input and manipulation. We have also highlighted how the WIMP interface relies heavily on mode changes and control buttons in order for a 2 DOF input device to control a 3D environment. These factors contribute to a decrease in usability and an increase in perceived task load of the WIMP interface as compared to a 3D interface with a 6 DOF haptic device and stereovision. Reference: Hanna R., Barber, T., An Inquiry into Computers in Design: Attitudes Before-Attitudes After, Design Studies. Vol. 22, No. 3, May 21, pp Overbeeke, C.J., Djajadiningrat, J.P., Wensveen S.A.G., Frens, J.W., Set Me Free, Give Me Degrees Of Freedom, Proceedings of SSGRR 21. L Aquila 21 Scali, S., Wright, M., Shillito, A.M., 3D Modelling is not forwimps, Proceedings of HCI International. Crete 23 Scali, s., Shillito, A.M., Wright, M. Thinking in Space: Concept Physical Models and the Call for New Digital Tools, Proceedings of Crafts in 2 th Century, Edinburgh 22 Stappers, P.J., Hennessey, J.M., Computer-Supported Tools for the Conceptualization phase, Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Design Thinking, Boston 1999a, pp Stappers, P.J., Hennessey, J.M., Toward Electronic Napkins and Beermats: Computer Support for Visual Ideation Sills. In: Paton, R., & Neilson, I. (Eds) Visual Representations and Interactions. Springer, Berlin, 1999b. pp

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