A learning, biologically-inspired sound localization model
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1 A learning, biologically-inspired sound localization model Elena Grassi Neural Systems Lab Institute for Systems Research University of Maryland ITR meeting Oct 12/00 1
2 Overview HRTF s cues for sound localization. Details of the model. Simulation results. Applications: binaural head, cochlear chips. Bonus!: HRTF setup (measurement in bats). ITR meeting Oct 12/00 2
3 Credits Dan Rapczynski, Clifford Knoll, Mete Erturk (EE) Murat Aytekin, Manjit Sahota (Psych) Shihab A. Shamma (EE, ISR), P.S. Krishnaprasad (EE, ISR), Cynthia Moss (Psych., ISR), Terry Takahashi (Biol., U. of Oregon) Support: NSF LIS, NIH, ONR MURI 97, 2000 Neuromorphic Eng. Workshop. ITR meeting Oct 12/00 3
4 Sound localization cues extracted from the HRTF ILDs: Interaural Level Differences, more significant at high frequencies. ITDs: Interaural Time Differences, unambiguous at low frequency. Monaural spectral cues, mostly at high frequency, are a good indicative of elevation. In the model we use their biological equivalent. ITR meeting Oct 12/00 4
5 The system of coordinates Microsoft PowerPoint Presentation Double Polar system (radius and 2 angles). One angle specifies cones on the inter-aural axis, the other, cones on the vertical axis. Idea: to have some approximate invariance of binaural cues, while keeping spatial sampling approximately even. ITR meeting Oct 12/00 5
6 Double polar angles Spherical angles n a tio v le E n a tio v le E Lateralization Azimuth ITR meeting Oct 12/00 6
7 Model inspired on the barn owl: Why? Barn owls can localize sound very accurately. Anatomical structures related to sound localization are hyper-developed. ICc ICx OT ICx: topographic map (Pictures courtesy of T. Takahashi) ITR meeting Oct 12/00 7
8 Model Characteristics Signals are split into frequency channels by the cochlear filters. Tonotopical (frequency) organization. Separate pathways for ILD and ITD. Supervised, Hebbian-like training and lateral inhibition within each frequency channel. selected location: others: w = g(1 O ) w ij ij = d O j I i j I i Other models: Lim and Duda 94, Chung,Carlile, and Leong 00, ITR meeting Oct 12/00 8
9 Barn owl wiring ICx: Space Map Inferior Colliculus Left Right Cor e Lateral Shell Medial Shell Core (courtesy of David Euston, U. of Oregon) VLVp VLVa VLVa VLVp LLv SO NA NA Ear Ear NM NL NL NM ITR meeting Oct 12/00 9
10 Model diagram HRTF (Right) Cochlear Filters (Left) ½ Rectifier Integrator ITD (NM/NL) stereausis sound LS ICc ICx HRTF (Left) Cochlear Filters (Right) ½ Rectifier Integrator ILD (NA/VLVp) E ILDi = log10 E L R Frequency tuned ABL ITR meeting Oct 12/00 10
11 Cochlear filters Magnitude Response Phase Response Silicon Cochlea s Measured Frequency Response The sharp decay of the cochlear filters on the high frequency end is associated with a quick phase change. ITR meeting Oct 12/00 11
12 VLVp: ILD encoding VLVp: % Neural activation (frequency tuned) Approximation Left VLVp Right VLVp 1 ILD ILD ILD ITR meeting Oct 12/00 12
13 ILD and ITD encoding: example 4 2 example of ILD ILD(f1)= 1 ILDi = log10 E E L R D IL 0-2 L(f1)= [0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0] R(f1)= [1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0] frequency a l n go a d i ro n tf e e a c p l is example of stereausis image frequency f1 ITD(f1)= Microsoft PowerPoint Presentation ITR meeting Oct 12/00 13
14 ITD pathway: Stereausis (spatial cross-correlation between the left and right cochlear outputs) ITR meeting Oct 12/00 14
15 Stereausis and ILD: examples for a human-like head -45 deg (left) 45 deg (right) 0 deg center deg (left) n c e D if e re e e v l L deg (center) ILD, from KEMAR HRTFS -5 0 deg (center) -10 ITR meeting Oct 12/ frequency channel
16 The Role of ABL Average Binaural Level (ABL) is used to modulate the signals in each channel according to their energy. During training, weights corresponding to low energy channels are not modified. The output of ICc is modulated by ABL, producing a smaller output for those channels with less energy. ITR meeting Oct 12/00 16
17 Barn owl simulation results 100 spatial distribution of stimuli Seven sound stimuli were filtered with HRTFs of 69 different space locations. g ] e [d n o a e v t i l azimuth [deg] Input synapses (4761) to ICc units, covering 69 locations, were trained with stimuli presented at random iterations. Performance was tested with several stimuli not contained in the training set. ITR meeting Oct 12/00 17
18 Simulation Results (stimuli not in training set) voice 3 tones (3, 4.5, and 6 KHz) t n i u t n i u noise 2 tones (3.5 and 7 KHz) t n i u t n i u position position ITR meeting Oct 12/00 Space location 18
19 Binaural mannequin head Objective: azimuth sound localization based on biological principles. We are currently working on elevation localization too. 32- channels cochlear chips decompose the sound entering 2 microphones inserted in the model ears. ITR meeting Oct 12/00 19
20 Binaural mannequin head: pictures Real-time data: (left) cochleograms; (middle) channel energy vs. frequency; (right,above) streausis; (right, below) result of Jefress model. Binaural head with motor. ITR meeting Oct 12/00 20
21 The robot platform for localization and recognition Binaural stimulus System Block Diagram Head Left cochlea Right cochlea Robot PC (Win98) MATLAB ITR meeting Oct 12/00 21
22 Silicon Cochlea: measured cochleogram of 300 Hz. ITR meeting Oct 12/00 22
23 Bonus: bat HRTF measurement frame Ceiling R 97 mm 2150 mm Laser #1 mic1 mic2 Laser #2 Speaker signals Laser #4 Laser #2 Data Acquisition System RCEMIT Floor Dial gauge/compass HRTF frame at C. Moss batlab ITR meeting Oct 12/00 23
24 HRTF frame: picture HRTF frame in the sound room ITR meeting Oct 12/00 24
25 Preserved bat: picture Calibration by laser beams (red spots on bat s ears) ITR meeting Oct 12/00 25
26 Future work The implemented sound localization static map pairs binaural/monaural cues with space locations. This map will be embedded in a dynamic system, where timing information is used to discriminate and track sound stimuli. Onset and echo cancellation. Dynamic tracking: Tracking of a sound object. Use of head movements to increase precision of sound localization. ITR meeting Oct 12/00 26
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