Sound recording with the application of microphone arrays
|
|
- Lesley Higgins
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Coputer Applications in Electrical Engineering Sound recording with the application of icrophone arrays Eugeniusz Kornatowski West Poeranian University of Technology 7-26 Szczecin, 26 Kwietnia, e-ail: In this article the issues concerning sound recording with the use of three-diensional systes of several icrophones were considered. The issues under study concern the so called beaforing, which is odeling three-diensional directivity patterns of icrophone arrays, as well as odern technologies of ultichannel recording production with the purpose of reproduction in surround sound systes.. Introduction Modern technology of sound recording is, in ost cases, based on ultiicrophone technology. For this purpose the icrophones with specific directivity patterns are used: onidirectional (donut shaped), figure 8 and cardioid (including the following subgroups: sub-, super-, hyper- cardioid). Application of a single icrophone - with a definite directivity pattern - to sound recording enables full control of the recording: in all probability we can predict the agnitude and geoetry of an environent in which the sound eitted by particular sources will be successfully recorded. However, while applying the ulti-icrophone technology the final result is often difficult to predict. In such cases, in sound engineering, the ost popular ethod consists in conducting several test recordings while changing the geoetry of the icrophone syste. It is still ore coplicated when a produced recording is supposed to be reproduced on a surround sound syste, e.g. 5.. In such a case, apart fro fulfilling the requireent of recording the sound fro particular sources with high quality, the possibility of apparent sound source planar localization during ultichannel reproduction should also be ensured. Bearing in ind all these considerations, it can be claied that an analytic device enabling siulative icrophone syste (icrophone array) configuration would be extreely useful. In the literature this process is often referred to as beaforing [, 2]. 2. Directivity patterns of icrophone The ost iportant properties of icrophones are deterined by two characteristics: the sensitivity and the directivity pattern. The sensitivity at a specific frequency is the ratio of the voltage at the terinals (output) of a 23
2 E. Kornatowski / Sound recording with the application of icrophone arrays icrophone loaded with noinal ipedance to the acoustic pressure in the place of location of the icrophone [3]: U V S u, p () Pa The directional properties of a icrophone are deterined by the ratio its of sensitivity at any direction of incidence of a sound wave on the icrophone to the sensitivity at a perpendicular direction of incidence on the eleent receiving the acoustic energy. The range of this ratio in the function of incidence angle of wave is called the directivity pattern [3]. In siulation testing the ost frequently odelled pattern is the directivity pattern of a single icrophone as a difference of the characteristics of an onidirectional (pressure) icrophone and a figure-8 pattern (pressure gradient) icrophone, located fro one another at a distance of l. If is the delay between signals of the two icrophones, f deterines the frequency and direction (aziuth angle) fro which the wave plane reaches both icrophones, then the directivity pattern of the icrophone odelled is expressed by the following equation [4]: l cosθ U(f,θ) A exp j 2 Π f τ (2) c where: A,, c speed at which sound travels in the air is equal to 34 /s. Depending on coefficient A and delay tie it is possible to siulate a directivity pattern fro an onidirectional to a figure-8 pattern. Figure shows an exaple pattern of a icrophone with a cardioidal pattern. In Figure (b) the axes are diensionless. Every point of the surface presented represents the sensitivity of the icrophone along direction of a surface point to the centre of the co-ordinate syste. Modelling of directivity patterns of arrays (atrices) of icrophones in general can be perfored for a near field or for a far field. In case of a near field it is necessary to take into account the distance of a sound source fro individual icrophones during calculations. For the far field it is assued that the distances between icrophones in the array are uch saller than the distance of geoetrical centre point of the icrophone array fro the sound source; the front of acoustic wave is flat. Furtherore, it is assued that the far field case is considered. For an array of icrophones located on a horizontal surface, the directivity pattern of such an array can be described using the following equation: 24
3 E. Kornatowski / Sound recording with the application of icrophone arrays U M (f, θ) U f, θ α l exp j 2 Π f c cos( θ θ) (3) a) b) Fig.. Directional characteristics of cardioidal icrophone for one frequency of Hz: (a) polar plot, (b) 3-D directivity pattern, as a function of elevation and aziuth angle 25
4 E. Kornatowski / Sound recording with the application of icrophone arrays Forula (3) enables the deterination of a directivity pattern U M for a planar array of icrophones, taking into account the directivity patterns U of the icrophones foring the pattern. The position of each icrophone is described by the distance l fro the centre of the XY co-ordinate grid and the angle of direction fro the icrophone to the sound source. Angles are the angles of rotation around the axis of each icrophone and are easured in relation to the positive part of axis X in a counter-clockwise direction. The forula (3) can be generalized for the case of a 3-D array including a nuber of icrophones, then: U (f, θ, φ) U f, θ α, φ β M l (4) exp j 2 Π f cos( θ θ) cos( φ φ) c where:, angles of aziuth and elevation of icrophone,, angles of aziuth and elevation of direction icrophone sound source. 3. Experiental and siulation tests Tests were perfored using the Atos icrophone syste coprising Brauner s five icrophones VM ounted on five-ared planar stand ASM5. The Atos syste is designed to ake recordings dedicated to surround sound systes 5. (5.). The icrophones, all having cardioidal pattern, record the following signals: C front center (center), LF and RF front left and front right, LR and RR rear left and rear right respectively. Each icrophone can be rotated around its axis within the range +/ 9 in relation to the axis of a atching stand ar. The construction of the array is syetrical to the front-rear axis and its geoetry is shown in Fig Fig. 2. Geoetry of stand ASM5 with icrophones VM of Atos syste
5 E. Kornatowski / Sound recording with the application of icrophone arrays The producer recoends that during the recording the axes of the icrophones axiu sensitivity should overlay the axes of respective ars of the stand (standard set-up). The Atos array was used several ties to do test recordings of concerts perfored by the syphony orchestra at the Philharonic in Szczecin. The signal was recorded by the Zaxco Deva digital recorder with the resolution of 24 bits and the sapling frequency of 96 khz. During the test the axes of the axiu sensitivity of each icrophone overlaid the axes of respective ars of the stand (standard set-up). During the playback of the perforance recorded in the way already described, it turned out that, despite loudspeaker systes set-up fulfilling the standard ITU-R- BS.775-, in the front sound stage an inaccurate apparent sound source localization could be noticed, with the clear doination of the background (rear channels) and center channel. It can be assued that the reason for this negative effect lies solely in the wrong set-up of angles of particular icrophones. The quality of the icrophones theselves is beyond question the VM icrophones are aong the best studio icrophones in the world. In order to possibly validate this hypothesis, siulation tests were conducted using the ethod described in Section 2 with the assuption that the sound source is located far fro the icrophone. Hence the siulation tests were conducted for the so called far field. a) b) Fig. 3. Atos syste: a) syste set-up in Studio S in Polish Radio in Szczecin, b) recording event at the Philharonic in Szczecin 27
6 E. Kornatowski / Sound recording with the application of icrophone arrays The directivity pattern of the Atos syste with standard set-up has a shape as shown in Fig. 4. a) 2 Back Left Right Front b) Fig. 4. Directivity pattern of Atos syste with icrophones with standard set-up angles for the frequency f =5 Hz: a) 3-D graph, b) directivity pattern in the XY plane In the 3-D graph the axes are diensionless. Each point of the surface presented represents the effectiveness of array along the direction: surface point the center of the coordinate syste XYZ. The obtained patterns substantiated the observations related to degradation of the front sound stage. The directivity pattern
7 E. Kornatowski / Sound recording with the application of icrophone arrays is very uneven (far fro onidirectional) especially in the area of the front sound stage. The following test phase consisted in searching for optial angles of rotation of particular icrophones. While changing these angles, with the use of nuerical odeling, such set-ups were sought which would provide axially onidirectional directivity pattern, especially in the front sound stage. The tests yielded the following conclusion: the LF icrophone should be turned through an angle of +7 in relation to the standard set-up (clockwise direction of rotation), the RF icrophone -7, the icrophones C, LR and RR should be left as in the standard set-up. The pattern obtained is presented in Fig. 5. a) 2 Back Left Right Front b) Fig. 5. Directivity pattern of Atos syste after the adjustent of angles for the frequency f =5 Hz: a) 3-D graph, b) directivity pattern in the XY plane 29
8 E. Kornatowski / Sound recording with the application of icrophone arrays Having altered the set-up of the icrophones, the recording session in the concert hall took place one ore tie. Subjective readability and the localization of apparent sound sources in the front sound stage was considerably enhanced in coparison with the standard set-up of the icrophones. The recordings were subsequently subitted for subjective verification to the Laboratory of Sound Engineering and Abiophonics at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, West Poeranian University of Technology in Szczecin Fig. 6. Fig. 6. Laboratory of Sound Engineering and Abiophonics at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, West Poeranian University of Technology in Szczecin The tests of that kind are coonly applied. Due to their vital iportance in quality assessent of ultichannel signals and systes of recording and surround sound playback, the procedure and conditions under which the tests are conducted are standardized [5, 6]. The test - concerning a subjective assessent of the Atos syste after its optiization was conducted with 28 participants, listeners-experts. The participants task was to copare the quality of recording saples obtained using the Atos syste with the icrophones set-up both in a standard and optiized way. The assessent concerned the following paraeters:. The sound quality of front channels understood as: stability of front sound iage, width of front sound stage, precision of apparent sound source localization, sense of appropriate localization of sound sources depending on the type and character of a recorded event (e.g. instruent groups localization during the playback of syphony orchestra concert being in line with expectations). 2. The sound quality of rear channels understood as: stability of rear sound iage (analogous to Point.), coherence of sound space (no feeling of void in certain spot, e.g. directly behind the listener, in the area of rear sound space), 22
9 E. Kornatowski / Sound recording with the application of icrophone arrays appropriate arrangeent and localization of sound sources in the space. 3. The sense of spatiality, which is: feeling of the size of the place, appropriate length of reverberation tie for a given event conditions (for a given space), realis of sound space, sense of presence : feeling of being in a place where a recording was done as a easure of sound realis, ratio of direct sounds to reflected sounds: if reflected sounds doinate, the sense of the so called artificial acoustic perspective arises. 4. Clarity (lucidity), which is: speech clarity, ability to identify and differentiate between voices and sounds to be heard siultaneously, separation of individual short sounds occurring in short tie intervals. 5. Balance: dynaics of a played back track (appropriate to the nature of an acoustic event), loudness ratio between front and rear channels. 6. Overall assessent: subjective assessent of a recording coprising forerly described paraeters as well as the quality of the recording as a whole and general ipression the recording ade on the listener. The listener-expert assessent consisted in copleting a questionnaire for and arking individual paraeters fro (bad) to 6 (excellent). The results of the tests proved (Fig. 7) that the optiization of the icrophones set-up was especially beneficial to the quality of the front sound stage. Furtherore, the feeling of spatiality of played back recordings was greatly enhanced. And the balance of the sound surrounding the listener was highly arked Pa r a e t e r n u b e r St andar d Af t er opt i i zat i on Fig. 7. Test results for the Atos syste before and after optiization of rotation angles of icrophones 22
10 E. Kornatowski / Sound recording with the application of icrophone arrays The tests in question concerned the case of recordings conducted in a large concert hall. It can be claied with all probability that for recording in spaces of sall cubic capacity and a sall nuber of sound eitting objects, an optial configuration of the Atos syste will be undoubtedly different fro the one presented above. In such a case, siulation tests of patterns should be conducted for the so called near field [7]. References [] Van Trees H.L.: Optiu Array Processing, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 22. [2] Raichel D.: The Science and Applications of Acoustics, Springer, New York, 26. [3] Leighton T.G. : The Acoustic Bubble, Acadeic Press, San Diego, 999. [4] Jaroz A.: The Design and Use of a Double Cardioid Stereophonic Microphone, Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, vol. 8 No. 2, 96, pp. 4. [5] European Broadcasting Union Tech E: Assessent ethods for subjective evaluation of the quality of surround prograe aterial Music, EBU Official Technical Texts, Geneva, 997. [6] European Broadcasting Union Suppleent to Tech. 3286: Assessent ethods for the subjective evaluation of the quality of sound prograe aterial Multichannel, EBU Official Technical Texts, Geneva, 2. [7] Chen H., Ser W., Yu Z.: Optial design of near field wideband beaforers robust against errors in icrophone array characteristics, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systes, No. 54(9), 27, pp
PREDICTING SOUND LEVELS BEHIND BUILDINGS - HOW MANY REFLECTIONS SHOULD I USE? Apex Acoustics Ltd, Gateshead, UK
PREDICTING SOUND LEVELS BEHIND BUILDINGS - HOW MANY REFLECTIONS SHOULD I USE? W Wei A Cooke J Havie-Clark Apex Acoustics Ltd, Gateshead, UK Apex Acoustics Ltd, Gateshead, UK Apex Acoustics Ltd, Gateshead,
More informationModeling Beam forming in Circular Antenna Array with Directional Emitters
International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science (IJRES) ISSN (Online): 2320-9364, ISSN (Print): 2320-9356 Volue 5 Issue 3 ǁ Mar. 2017 ǁ PP.01-05 Modeling Bea foring in Circular Antenna Array
More informationWIPL-D Pro: What is New in v12.0?
WIPL-D Pro: What is New in v12.0? Iproveents/new features introduced in v12.0 are: 1. Extended - Extree Liits a. Extreely LOW contrast aterials b. Extended resolution for radiation pattern c. Extreely
More informationAdaptive Harmonic IIR Notch Filter with Varying Notch Bandwidth and Convergence Factor
Journal of Counication and Coputer (4 484-49 doi:.765/548-779/4.6. D DAVID PUBLISHING Adaptive Haronic IIR Notch Filter with Varying Notch Bandwidth and Convergence Factor Li Tan, Jean Jiang, and Liango
More informationOTC Statistics of High- and Low-Frequency Motions of a Moored Tanker. sensitive to lateral loading such as the SAL5 and
OTC 61 78 Statistics of High- and Low-Frequency Motions of a Moored Tanker by J.A..Pinkster, Maritie Research Inst. Netherlands Copyright 1989, Offshore Technology Conference This paper was presented at
More informationSmarter Balanced Assessment Consortium Claims, Targets, and Standard Alignment for Math
Sarter Balanced Assessent Consortiu Clais, s, Stard Alignent for Math The Sarter Balanced Assessent Consortiu (SBAC) has created a hierarchy coprised of clais targets that together can be used to ake stateents
More informationAlternative Encoding Techniques for Digital Loudspeaker Arrays
Alternative Encoding Techniques for Digital Loudspeaer Arrays Fotios Kontoichos, Nicolas Alexander Tatlas, and John Mourjopoulos Audio and Acoustic Technology Group, Wire Counications Laboratory, Electrical
More informationANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF SYNTHETIC APERTURE ULTRASOUND IMAGING USING THE EFFECTIVE APERTURE APPROACH. Milen Nikolov, Vera Behar
International Journal "Inforation heories & Applications" Vol. 57 AALYSIS AD OPIMIZAIO OF SYHEIC APEUE ULASOUD IMAGIG USIG HE EFFECIVE APEUE APPOACH Milen ikolov, Vera Behar Abstract: An effective aperture
More informationNINTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON SOUND AND VIBRATION, ICSV9 PASSIVE CONTROL OF LAUNCH NOISE IN ROCKET PAYLOAD BAYS
first nae & faily nae: Rick Morgans Page nuber: 1 NINTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON SOUND AND VIBRATION, ICSV9 PASSIVE CONTROL OF LAUNCH NOISE IN ROCKET PAYLOAD BAYS Rick Morgans, Ben Cazzolato, Anthony
More informationEFFECTS OF MASKING ANGLE AND MULTIPATH ON GALILEO PERFORMANCES IN DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS
1 EFFECTS OF MASKING ANGLE AND MULTIPATH ON GALILEO PERFORMANCES IN DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS M. Malicorne*, M. Bousquet**, V. Calettes*** SUPAERO, 1 avenue Edouard Belin BP 43, 3155 Toulouse Cedex, France.
More informationSession Eleven: An On-Line Technique to Detect Winding Deformation within Power Transformers
Session Eleven: An On-Line Technique to Detect Winding Deforation within Power Transforers A. Abu-Siada Senior Lecturer, Curtin University Abstract Frequency Response Analysis (FRA) has been growing in
More informationDesign Optimisation of Compound Parabolic Concentrator (CPC) for Improved Performance R. Abd-Rahman, M. M. Isa, H. H. Goh
Tokyo Japan May 2-2, 21, 1 () Part XXIII Design Optiisation of Copound Parabolic Concentrator (CPC) for Iproved Perforance R. Abd-Rahan, M. M. Isa, H. H. Goh Abstract A copound parabolic concentrator (CPC)
More informationFundamental study for measuring microflow with Michelson interferometer enhanced by external random signal
Bulletin of the JSME Journal of Advanced Mechanical Design, Systes, and Manufacturing Vol.8, No.4, 2014 Fundaental study for easuring icroflow with Michelson interferoeter enhanced by external rando signal
More informationACCURATE DISPLACEMENT MEASUREMENT BASED ON THE FREQUENCY VARIATION MONITORING OF ULTRASONIC SIGNALS
XVII IMEKO World Congress Metrology in 3rd Millenniu June 22 27, 2003, Dubrovnik, Croatia ACCURATE DISPLACEMENT MEASUREMENT BASED ON THE FREQUENCY VARIATION MONITORING OF ULTRASONIC SIGNALS Ch. Papageorgiou
More informationSecondary-side-only Simultaneous Power and Efficiency Control in Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer System
069060 Secondary-side-only Siultaneous Power and Efficiency Control in Dynaic Wireless Power Transfer Syste 6 Giorgio ovison ) Daita Kobayashi ) Takehiro Iura ) Yoichi Hori ) ) The University of Tokyo,
More informationA Novel NLOS Mitigation Approach for Wireless Positioning System
2 3rd International Conference on Coputer and Electrical Engineering (ICCEE 2) IPCSIT vol. 53 (22) (22) IACSIT Press, Singapore DOI:.7763/IPCSIT.22.V53.No..54 A Novel NLOS Mitigation Approach for Wireless
More informationPARAMETER OPTIMIZATION OF THE ADAPTIVE MVDR QR-BASED BEAMFORMER FOR JAMMING AND MULTIPATH SUPRESSION IN GPS/GLONASS RECEIVERS
PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION OF THE ADAPTIVE MVDR QR-BASED BEAMFORMER FOR JAMMING AND MULTIPATH SUPRESSION IN GPS/GLONASS RECEIVERS V. Behar 1, Ch. Kabakchiev 2, G. Gaydadjiev 3, G.Kuzanov 4, P. Ganchosov 5
More informationDSI3 Sensor to Master Current Threshold Adaptation for Pattern Recognition
International Journal of Signal Processing Systes Vol., No. Deceber 03 DSI3 Sensor to Master Current Threshold Adaptation for Pattern Recognition David Levy Infineon Austria AG, Autootive Power Train Systes,
More informationDesign of an Arrayed Waveguide Grating with flat spectral response
Design of an Arrayed Waveguide Grating with flat spectral response Thoas Kaalakis, Thoas Sphicopoulos and Diitris Syvridis (Departent of Inforatics and Telecounications, University of Athens, Panepistiiopolis,
More informationReal Time Etch-depth Measurement Using Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor
Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, (8): -7, 1 ISSN 1991-8178 Real Tie Etch-depth Measureent Using Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor 1 Reza Hosseini, Navid Rahany, 3 Behrad Soltanbeigi, Rouzbeh
More informationComparison Between PLAXIS Output and Neural Network in the Guard Walls
Coparison Between PLAXIS Output and Neural Network in the Guard Walls Ali Mahbod 1, Abdolghafar Ghorbani Pour 2, Abdollah Tabaroei 3, Sina Mokhtar 2 1- Departent of Civil Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University,
More informationIgnition and monitoring technique for plasma processing of multicell superconducting radio frequency cavities
Ignition and onitoring technique for plasa processing of ulticell superconducting radio frequency cavities Marc Doleans Oak Ridge ational Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 3783, USA E ail: doleans@ornl.gov
More informationNew Adaptive Linear Combination Structure for Tracking/Estimating Phasor and Frequency of Power System
28 Journal of Electrical Engineering & echnology Vol. 5, No., pp. 28~35, 2 New Adaptive Linear Cobination Structure for racking/estiating Phasor and Frequency of Power Syste Choowong-Wattanasakpubal and
More informationDistributed Power Delivery for Energy Efficient and Low Power Systems
Distributed Power Delivery for Energy Efficient and Low Power Systes Selçuk Köse Departent of Electrical Engineering University of South Florida Tapa, Florida 33620 kose@usf.edu Eby G. Friedan Departent
More informationParameter Identification of Transfer Functions Using MATLAB
Paraeter Identification of Transfer Functions Using MATLAB Mato Fruk, Goran Vujisić, Toislav Špoljarić Departent of Electrical Engineering The Polytechnic of Zagreb Konavoska, Zagreb, Croatia ato.fruk@tvz.hr,
More informationCompensated Single-Phase Rectifier
Copensated Single-Phase Rectifier Jānis DoniĦš Riga Technical university jdonins@gail.co Abstract- Paper describes ethods of rectified DC pulsation reduction adding a ensation node to a single phase rectifier.
More informationKeywords: International Mobile Telecommunication (IMT) Systems, evaluating the usage of frequency bands, evaluation indicators
2nd International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Inforatics (AMEII 206) Entropy Method based Evaluation for Spectru Usage Efficiency of International Mobile Telecounication
More informationUplink blocking probability calculation for cellular systems with WCDMA radio interface and finite source population
Uplin blocing probability calculation for cellular systes with WCDMA radio interface and finite source population Mariusz Głąbowsi *, Macie Stasia *, Aradiusz Wiśniewsi and Piotr Zwierzyowsi * * Institute
More informationLaboratory Manual for DC Servo System Control Platform
Laboratory Manual for DC Servo Syste Control Platfor GSMT Series V1.01 2012.06 www.googoltech.co.cn 2012 Googol Technology. All rights reserved Copyrights Stateent All rights are reserved by The shall
More informationEnergy-Efficient Cellular Communications Powered by Smart Grid Technology
Energy-Efficient Cellular Counications Powered by Sart Grid Technology Itiaz Nasi, Mostafa Zaan Chowdhury, and Md. Syadus Sefat Departent of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Khulna University of Engineering
More informationTESTING OF ADCS BY FREQUENCY-DOMAIN ANALYSIS IN MULTI-TONE MODE
THE PUBLISHING HOUSE PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROMANIAN ACADEMY, Series A, OF THE ROMANIAN ACADEMY Volue 5, Nuber /004, pp.000-000 TESTING OF ADCS BY FREQUENCY-DOMAIN ANALYSIS IN MULTI-TONE MODE Daniel BELEGA
More informationANALYSIS OF MUTUAL INDUCTANCE AND COUPLING FACTOR OF INDUCTIVELY COUPLED COILS FOR WIRELESS ELECTRICITY
VO., NO. 3, JUY 7 IN 89-668 6-7 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN. All rights reserved. ANAYI OF MUTUA INDUCTANCE AND COUPING FACTOR OF INDUCTIVEY COUPED COI FOR WIREE EECTRICITY Chandrasekharan
More informationFatigue Analysis of VMC Spindle
ISSN 2395-1621 Fatigue Analysis of VMC Spindle #1 Tushar Gadekar, #2 Ajit Patil, #3 S.A Kulkarni 1 tdgadekar13.scoe@gail.co 2 sakulkarni.scoe@sinhgad.edu #13 Sinhgad College of Engineering, Pune, India
More informationOptical Cavity Designs for Interferometric Gravitational Wave Detectors. Pablo Barriga 17 August 2009
Optical Cavity Designs for Interferoetric Gravitational Wave Detectors Pablo Barriga 7 August 9 Assignents.- Assuing a cavity of 4k with an ITM of 934 radius of curvature and an ETM of 45 radius of curvature.
More informationExploring the Electron Tunneling Behavior of Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) tip and n-type Semiconductor
Page 110 Exploring the of Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) tip and n-type Seiconductor M. A. Rahan * and J. U. Ahed Departent of Applied Physics, Electronics & Counication Engineering, University of
More informationPerformance of Multiuser MIMO System Employing Block Diagonalization with Antenna Selection at Mobile Stations
Perforance of Multiuser MIMO Syste Eploying Bloc Diagonalization with Antenna Selection at Mobile Stations Feng Wang, Mare E. Bialowsi School of Inforation Technology and Electrical Engineering The University
More informationOptical Magnetic Response in a Single Metal Nanobrick. Jianwei Tang, Sailing He, et al.
Optical Magnetic Response in a Single Metal Nanobrick Jianwei Tang, Sailing He, et al. Abstract: Anti-syetric localized surface plasons are deonstrated on a single silver nanostrip sandwiched by SiC layers.
More informationThis is an author-deposited version published in: Eprints ID: 5737
Open Archive Toulouse Archive Ouverte (OATAO) OATAO is an open access repository that collects the work of Toulouse researchers and akes it freely available over the web where possible. This is an author-deposited
More informationIMPROVEMENT OF FAR FIELD RADIATION PATTERN OF LINEAR ARRAY ANTENNA USING GENETIC ALGORITHM
ISSN: 2229-6948 (ONLINE) ICTACT JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY, MARCH 10, VOLUME: 01, ISSUE: 01 DOI: 10.21917/ijct.10.0004 IMPROVEMENT OF FAR FIELD RADIATION PATTERN OF LINEAR ARRAY ANTENNA USING
More informationThis file is part of the following reference: Access to this file is available from:
This file is part of the following reference: Page, Geoff (27) Mass Transport Evaluation using consolidated VHF Radar and Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler data. Masters (Research) thesis, Jaes Cook University.
More informationThe following tutorial will serve as an outline of the fundamental elements involved in the
ACOUSTO-OPTICS TUTORIAL G. Ivtsenkov, Ph.D. & V. Pachkov, Ph.D. Light Manageent Group Inc. Research & Developent Burlington, Ontario, Canada INTRODUCTION THE ACOUSTO-OPTIC SWITCH PHYSICAL FUNDAMENTALS
More informationDepartment of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 2
Subission International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP ) PARAMETRIC AND NON-PARAMETRIC SIGNAL ANALYSIS FOR MAPPING AIR FLOW IN THE EAR-CANALTO TONGUE MOVEMENT: A NEW STRATEGY
More informationRobust Acceleration Control of Electrodynamic Shaker Using µ Synthesis
Proceedings of the 44th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, and the European Control Conference 5 Seville, Spain, Deceber -5, 5 WeIC8. Robust Acceleration Control of Electrodynaic Shaker Using µ Synthesis
More informationPower Improvement in 64-Bit Full Adder Using Embedded Technologies Er. Arun Gandhi 1, Dr. Rahul Malhotra 2, Er. Kulbhushan Singla 3
Power Iproveent in 64-Bit Full Adder Using Ebedded Technologies Er. Arun Gandhi 1, Dr. Rahul Malhotra 2, Er. Kulbhushan Singla 3 1 Departent of ECE, GTBKIET, Chhapianwali Malout, Punjab 2 Director, Principal,
More informationTrack-Before-Detect for an Active Towed Array Sonar
17-20 Noveber 2013, Victor Harbor, Australia Track-Before-Detect for an Active Towed Array Sonar Han X. Vu (1,2), Sauel J. Davey (1,2), Fiona K. Fletcher (1), Sanjeev Arulapala (1,2), Richard Elle (1)
More informationEddy-Current-Based Contactless Speed Sensing of Conductive Surfaces
1 IEEE Proceedings of the Southern Power Electronics Conference (SPEC 1), Auckland, New Zealand, Deceber 5-, 1 Eddy-Current-Based Contactless Speed Sensing of Conductive Surfaces A. Tüysüz, M. Flankl,
More informationNew Characteristics Analysis Considering Transmission Distance and Load Variation in Wireless Power Transfer via Magnetic Resonant Coupling
New Characteristics nalysis Considering Transission Distance and oad Variation in Wireless Power Transfer via Magnetic Resonant Coupling Masaki Kato, Takehiro ura, Yoichi Hori The Departent of dvanced
More informationAcoustics II: Kurt Heutschi recording technique. stereo recording. microphone positioning. surround sound recordings.
demo Acoustics II: recording Kurt Heutschi 2013-01-18 demo Stereo recording: Patent Blumlein, 1931 demo in a real listening experience in a room, different contributions are perceived with directional
More informationELEC2202 Communications Engineering Laboratory Frequency Modulation (FM)
ELEC Counications Engineering Laboratory ---- Frequency Modulation (FM) 1. Objectives On copletion of this laboratory you will be failiar with: Frequency odulators (FM), Modulation index, Bandwidth, FM
More informationCOMBINED FREQUENCY AND SPATIAL DOMAINS POWER DISTRIBUTION FOR MIMO-OFDM TRANSMISSION
The 8th nnual IEEE International Syposiu on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Counications (PIMRC 07) COMINED FREQUENCY ND SPTIL DOMINS POWER DISTRIUTION FOR MIMO-OFDM TRNSMISSION Wladiir ocquet, Kazunori
More informationESTIMATION OF OVERCOVERAGE IN THE CENSUS OF CANADA USING AN AUTOMATED APPROACH. Claude Julien, Statistics Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0T6
ESTMATON OF OVERCOVERAGE N THE CENSUS OF CANADA USNG AN AUTOMATED APPROACH Claude Julien, Statistics Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0T6 KEY WORDS: Coverage evaluation, two-phase design, stratification
More informationRadar Imaging of Non-Uniformly Rotating Targets via a Novel Approach for Multi-Component AM-FM Signal Parameter Estimation
Sensors 5, 5, 695-693; doi:.339/s53695 Article OPEN ACCESS sensors ISSN 44-8 www.dpi.co/journal/sensors Radar Iaging of Non-Uniforly Rotating Targets via a Novel Approach for Multi-Coponent AM-FM Signal
More informationThree Component Time-domain Electromagnetic Surveying: Modeling and Data Analysis
PIERS ONLINE, VOL., NO., 75 Three Coponent Tie-doain Electroagnetic Surveying: Modeling and Data Analysis Chow-Son Chen 1, Wei-Hsuan Chiu 1, and Ching-Ren Lin 1 Institute of Geophysics, National Central
More informationEQUALIZED ALGORITHM FOR A TRUCK CABIN ACTIVE NOISE CONTROL SYSTEM
EQUALIZED ALGORITHM FOR A TRUCK CABIN ACTIVE NOISE CONTROL SYSTEM Guangrong Zou, Maro Antila, Antti Lanila and Jari Kataja Sart Machines, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland P.O. Box 00, FI-0 Tapere,
More informationDesign and Implementation of Serial Port Ultrasonic Distance Measurement System Based on STC12 Jian Huang
International Conference on Education, Manageent and Coputer Science (ICEMC 2016) Design and Ipleentation of Serial Port Ultrasonic Distance Measureent Syste Based on STC12 Jian Huang Xijing University,
More informationA Selection Region Based Routing Protocol for Random Mobile ad hoc Networks with Directional Antennas
A Selection Region Based Routing Protocol for Rando Mobile ad hoc Networks with Directional Antennas arxiv:1011.6017v1 cs.it] 8 Nov 010 Di Li, Changchuan Yin, and Changhai Chen Key Laboratory of Universal
More informationAdvances in Military Technology Vol. 7, No. 1, June Requirements for Control System of Mobile Free Space Optical Link
AiMT Advances in Military Technology Vol. 7, No. 1, June 01 Requireents for Control Syste of Mobile Free Space Optical Link J. Čižár * and J. Něeček Departent of Aerospace Electrical Systes, University
More informationGeneral Smith Chart Matching
General Sith Chart Matching Table of Contents I. General Ipedance Matching II. Ipedance Transforation for Power Aplifiers III. Ipedance Matching with a Sith Chart IV. Inputs V. Network Eleents VI. S-Paraeter
More informationFiber Bragg grating based four-bit optical beamformer
Fiber Bragg grating based four-bit optical beaforer Sean Durrant a, Sergio Granieri a, Azad Siahakoun a, Bruce Black b a Departent of Physics and Optical Engineering b Departent of Electrical and Coputer
More informationDynamic Model Displacement for Model-mediated Teleoperation
Dynaic Model Displaceent for Model-ediated Teleoperation Xiao Xu Giulia Paggetti Eckehard Steinbach Institute for Media Technology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Gerany ABSTRACT In this paper,
More informationCross-correlation tracking for Maximum Length Sequence based acoustic localisation
Cross-correlation tracking for Maxiu Length Sequence based acoustic localisation Navinda Kottege Research School of Inforation Sciences and Engineering The Australian National University, ACT, Australia
More informationMultichannel Audio Technologies. More on Surround Sound Microphone Techniques:
Multichannel Audio Technologies More on Surround Sound Microphone Techniques: In the last lecture we focused on recording for accurate stereophonic imaging using the LCR channels. Today, we look at the
More informationAnalysis of Time-Frequency Energy for Environmental Vibration Induced by Metro
6 th International Conference on Advances in periental Structural ngineering th International Workshop on Advanced Sart Materials and Sart Structures Technology August -, 05, University of Illinois, Urbana-Chapaign,
More informationAn improved Active Islanding Detection Technology for Grid-connected Solar Photovoltaic System
An iproved Active Islanding Detection Technology for Grid-connected Solar Photovoltaic Syste H. T. Yang, P. C. Peng, T. Y. Tsai, and Y. Y. Hong Abstract--Solar photovoltaic (PV) generation has drawn ore
More information] (1) Problem 1. University of California, Berkeley Fall 2010 EE142, Problem Set #9 Solutions Prof. Jan Rabaey
University of California, Berkeley Fall 00 EE4, Proble Set #9 Solutions Ain Arbabian Prof. Jan Rabaey Proble Since the ixer is a down-conversion type with low side injection f LO 700 MHz and f RF f IF
More informationA NEW APPROACH TO UNGROUNDED FAULT LOCATION IN A THREE-PHASE UNDERGROUND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM USING COMBINED NEURAL NETWORKS & WAVELET ANALYSIS
A NEW APPROACH TO UNGROUNDED FAULT LOCATION IN A THREE-PHASE UNDERGROUND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM USING COMBINED NEURAL NETWORKS & WAVELET ANALYSIS Jaal Moshtagh University of Bath, UK oshtagh79@yahoo.co Abstract
More informationEXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF SINUSOIDAL APPROXIMATION IN ANALYSIS OF THREE-PHASE TWELVE-PULSE OUTPUT VOLTAGE TYPE RECTIFIERS
th INTERNATIONAL SYPOSIU on POWER ELECTRONICS - Ee 9 XV eđunarodni sipoziju Energetska elektronika Ee 9 NOVI SAD, REPUBLIC OF SERBIA, October 8 th - th, 9 EXPERIENTAL VERIFICATION OF SINUSOIDAL APPROXIATION
More informationKalman Filtering for NLOS Mitigation and Target Tracking in Indoor Wireless Environment
16 Kalan Filtering for NLOS Mitigation and Target Tracking in Indoor Wireless Environent Chin-Der Wann National Sun Yat-Sen University Taiwan 1. Introduction Kalan filter and its nonlinear extension, extended
More informationEBU UER. european broadcasting union. Listening conditions for the assessment of sound programme material. Supplement 1.
EBU Tech 3276-E Listening conditions for the assessment of sound programme material Revised May 2004 Multichannel sound EBU UER european broadcasting union Geneva EBU - Listening conditions for the assessment
More informationCharacteristics of a Stand-Alone Induction Generator in Small Hydroelectric Plants
Characteristics of a Stand-Alone nduction Generator in Sall Hydroelectric Plants M. H. Haque School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore 69798 Abstract-This
More informationAn Automatic Control Strategy of Strip Width in Cold Rolling
Advanced Materials Research Subitted: 204-06-04 ISSN: 662-8985, Vols. 004-005, pp 22-225 Accepted: 204-06-08 doi:0.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.004-005.22 Online: 204-08-3 204 Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland
More informationWavelength-Selective Switches for Mode-Division Multiplexing: Scaling and Performance Analysis
JLT-64-4: K.-P. Ho et al, Wavelength-Selective Switches for Mode-Division Multiplexing Wavelength-Selective Switches for Mode-Division Multiplexing: Scaling and Perforance Analysis Keang-Po Ho, Senior
More informationRadio Resource Management in a Coordinated Cellular Distributed Antenna System By Using Particle Swarm Optimization
Radio Resource Manageent in a Coordinated Cellular Distributed Antenna Syste By Using Particle Swar Optiization Oer Haliloglu (1), Cenk Toker (1), Gurhan Bulu (1), Hali Yanikoeroglu (2) (1) Departent of
More informationOn the field of view of a Galilean telescope
Transactions of the Optical Society On the field of view of a Galilean telescope To cite this article: H A Hughes and P F Everitt 1920 Trans. Opt. Soc. 22 15 View the article online for updates and enhanceents.
More informationREPORT ITU-R SA Telecommunication characteristics and requirements for space VLBI systems
Rep. ITU-R SA.2132 1 REPORT ITU-R SA.2132 Telecounication characteristics and requireents for space VLBI systes (2008) This Report describes the characteristics of the space VLBI systes. These characteristics
More informationMultitarget Direction Measurement Based on Bistatic Radar
Sensors & ransducers Vol. 70 Issue 5 May 204 pp. 65-70 Sensors & ransducers 204 by IFSA Publishing S. L. http://www.sensorsportal.co Multitarget Direction Measureent Based on Bistatic Radar Yubao ou School
More informationPerformance Analysis of Atmospheric Field Conjugation Adaptive Arrays
Perforance Analysis of Atospheric Field Conjugation Adaptive Arrays Aniceto Belonte* a, Joseph M. Kahn b a Technical Univ. of Catalonia, Dept. of Signal Theory and Coun., 08034 Barcelona, Spain; b Stanford
More informationPrinted Antenna Arrays with High Side Lobe Suppression: the Challenge of Design
Deceber, 013 Microwave Review Printed Antenna Arrays with High Side Lobe Suppression: the Challenge of Design Marija Milijić 1, Aleksandar Nešić, Bratislav Milovanović 1 Abstract The design of printed
More informationOptimization of Antenna Arrays for SLL Reduction Towards Pareto Objectivity Using GA Variants
5 IEEE Syposiu Series on Coputational Intelligence Optiization of Antenna Arrays for SLL Reduction Towards Pareto Objectivity Using GA Variants Sudipta Das, Gopi Ra, Pragnan Chakravorty, Durbadal Mandal,
More informationA New Localization and Tracking Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Internet of Things
Sensors & Transducers 203 by IFSA http://www.sensorsportal.co A New Localization and Tracking Algorith for Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Internet of Things, 2 Zhang Feng, Xue Hui-Feng, 2 Zhang Yong-Heng,
More informationAPPLICATION OF THE FAN-CHIRP TRANSFORM TO HYBRID SINUSOIDAL+NOISE MODELING OF POLYPHONIC AUDIO
6th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO 8), Lausanne, Switzerland, August 5-9, 8, copyright by EURASIP APPLICATION OF THE FAN-CHIRP TRANSFORM TO HYBRID SINUSOIDAL+NOISE MODELING OF POLYPHONIC
More informationIndoor Multiple-Antenna Channel Characterization from 2 to 8 GHz
Indoor Multiple-Antenna Channel Characterization fro to 8 GHz Ada S Y Poon and Minnie Ho Counications and Interconnect Lab, Intel Corporation Abstract In ultiple-antenna channels, e optiality of a transission
More informationUWB System for Time-Domain Near-Field Antenna Measurement
UWB Syste for Tie-Doain Near-Field Antenna Measureent B. Levitas #, M. Drozdov #, I. Naidionova #, S. Jefreov #, S. Malyshev *2, A. Chizh *3 www.geozondas.co # Geozondas Ltd., 6, Shevchenko Str., LT-3,
More informationAir Absorption Error in Room Acoustical Modeling
Air Absorption Error in Roo Acoustical Modeling Wenaekers, R.H.C.; Hak, C.C.J.M.; Martin, H.J.; van Luxeburg, L.C.J. Published in: Proceedings of the 155th ASA conference, Paris 2008 Published: 01/01/2008
More informationOUT OF PLANE STRENGTH OF INFILL PANELS
October 1-17, 008, Beijing, China OUT OF PLANE STRENGTH OF INFILL PANELS M. Mohaadi Ghaziahalleh 1 1 Professor Assistant,Structural Research center, International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and
More informationResearch Article Dynamic Beamforming for Three-Dimensional MIMO Technique in LTE-Advanced Networks
Antennas and Propagation Volue 213, Article ID 76457, 8 pages http://dx.doi.org/1.1155/213/76457 Research Article Dynaic Beaforing for Three-Diensional MIMO Technique in LTE-Advanced Networks Yan Li, Xiaodong
More informationTransmit Beamforming and Iterative Water-Filling Based on SLNR for OFDMA Systems
Transit Beaforing and Iterative Water-Filling Based on SLNR for OFDMA Systes Kazunori Hayashi, Megui Kaneko, Takeshi Fui, Hideaki Sakai Graduate School of Inforatics, Kyoto University, Yoshida Honachi
More informationDual-Band Channel Measurements for an Advanced Tyre Monitoring System
Dual-Band Channel Measureents for an Advanced Tyre Monitoring Syste Gregor Lasser and Christoph F. Mecklenbräuker Vienna University of Technology Institute of Counications and Radio-Frequency Engineering
More informationMode spectrum of multi-longitudinal mode pumped near-degenerate OPOs with volume Bragg grating output couplers
Mode spectru of ulti-longitudinal ode puped near-degenerate OPOs with volue Bragg grating output couplers Markus Henriksson 12 * Lars Sjöqvist 1 Valdas Pasiskevicius 2 and Fredrik Laurell 2 1 Laser Systes
More informationELECTROMAGNETIC COVERAGE CALCULATION IN GIS
ELECTROMAGNETIC COVERAGE CALCULATION IN GIS M. Uit Guusay 1, Alper Sen 1, Uut Bulucu 2, Aktul Kavas 2 1 Yildiz Technical University, Departent of Geodesy and Photograetry Engineering, Besiktas, Istanbul,
More informationSpeech Enhancement using Temporal Masking and Fractional Bark Gammatone Filters
PAGE 420 Speech Enhanceent using Teporal Masking and Fractional Bark Gaatone Filters Teddy Surya Gunawan, Eliathaby Abikairajah School of Electrical Engineering and Telecounications The University of New
More informationUltrasonic Beamforming with Delta-Sigma Modulators
Proceedings of the 10th WSEAS International Conference on CIRCUITS, Vouliageni, Athens, Greece, July 10-1, 006 (pp344-349) Ultrasonic Beaforing with Delta-Siga Modulators IOAN LIE *, MIHAIL EUGEN TANASE
More informationNano positioning control for dual stage using minimum order observer
Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 26 (3) (212) 941~947 www.springerlink.co/content/1738-494x DOI 1.17/s1226-11-1252-8 Nano positioning control for dual stage using iniu order observer Hong Gun
More informationImproving Power Grid Resilience Through Predictive Outage Estimation
Iproving Power Grid Resilience Through Predictive Outage Estiation Rozhin Eskandarpour, Ain Khodaei Departent of Electrical and Coputer Engineering University of Denver Denver, CO 800, USA rozhin.eskandarpour@du.edu,
More informationPOWER QUALITY ASSESSMENT USING TWO STAGE NONLINEAR ESTIMATION NUMERICAL ALGORITHM
POWER QUALITY ASSESSENT USING TWO STAGE NONLINEAR ESTIATION NUERICAL ALGORITH Vladiir Terzia ABB Gerany vadiir.terzia@de.abb.co Vladiir Stanoevic EPS Yugoslavia vla_sta@hotail.co artin axiini ABB Gerany
More informationA New Simple Model for Land Mobile Satellite Channels
A New Siple Model for Land Mobile Satellite Channels A. Abdi, W. C. Lau, M.-S. Alouini, and M. Kaveh Dept. of Elec. and Cop. Eng., University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 Eails: {abdi, wlau, alouini,
More informationThe Research of PV MPPT based on RBF-BP Neural Network Optimized by GA
nternational Conference on Logistics Engineering, Manageent and Coputer Science (LEMCS 215) The Research of PV MPPT based on RBF-BP Neural Network Optiized by GA Jian Liu xxliujian@sjzu.edu.cn iaolin u
More informationDIGITAL Communications
DIGITAL Counications Contents Introduction to Counication Systes Analogue Modulation AM, DSBSC, SB, SSB, FM, PM, Narrow band FM, PLL Deodulators, and FLL Loops Sapling Systes Tie and Frequency Division
More informationOverlapping Signal Separation in DPX Spectrum Based on EM Algorithm. Chuandang Liu 1, a, Luxi Lu 1, b
nd International Worshop on Materials Engineering and Coputer Sciences (IWMECS 015) Overlapping Signal Separation in DPX Spectru Based on EM Algorith Chuandang Liu 1, a, Luxi Lu 1, b 1 National Key Laboratory
More informationAllocation of Multiple Services in Multi-Access Wireless Systems
Allocation of Multiple Serices in Multi-Access Wireless Systes Anders Furuskär Wireless@KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden and Ericsson Research anders.furuskar@era.ericsson.se Abstract This paper
More information