Title: A Comparison of Different Tactile Output Devices In An Aviation Application

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1 Page 1 of 6; 12/2/08 Thesis Proposal Title: A Comparison of Different Tactile Output Devices In An Aviation Application Student: Sharath Kanakamedala Advisor: Christopher G. Prince Proposal: (1) Provide a brief but complete description of the research problem to be solved. In a separate paragraph, specify the goals of this research. The goal of this thesis research is to compare several different tactile output devices for their effectiveness. The specific application in which they will be tested will be an aviation application that provides airflow sensor information to a pilot via the tactile modality. We will be testing three tactile output devices in order to compare their effectiveness in sending information to a test subject. The information will be mainly regarding variations in air pressure on the wings of the aircraft. More specifically, we will use simulated sensors from simulated aircraft to provide the information that will be used to drive the tactile output devices (see also Kulkarni, in progress). The information from the simulated sensors will be mapped on to the tactile device the subject is wearing. This thesis will comprise evaluating the mapping from sensors to tactile output devices and compare the performance of the tactile output devices. The mapping system relates the measurements from sensor output to the actuators in the tactile output device. The mapping may need to perform some filtering on the sensor output before rendering tactile feedback. As part of this thesis research, we will develop the tests needed to compare the different tactile devices. These tests need to take into account the need for comparing the multiple tactile output devices, they need to take into account the need to use two separate data sources, and potentially multiple mappings from data source to output devices. Outcomes of this thesis research should help to improve the tactile output device hardware, and improve the algorithms for mapping from sensors to tactile output. This thesis forms a part of broader research program. The goals of this broader research program include the following. To help glider pilots in getting information relating to the airflow around the aircraft easily and quickly. Presently, information relayed to a pilot is primarily visual through instruments on an instrument panel. This system should enable the pilot to feel, on their skin, the air on surfaces of the wing. This may increase the quality of the pilot s experience. Because the pilot will have improved information relating to the airflow around the aircraft, this may enable improved detection of wing stall conditions and spins. Personal computer based aircraft simulations may also be improved with tactile feedback of airflow information. The system developed in this research program should improve the experience of flight for people who are blind. Finally, this research should make a contribution to cognitive science in the area of artificial sensing, sensory substitution, and sensory augmentation. Some of the specific questions we will be addressing in this thesis research are:

2 Page 2 of 6; 12/2/08 1) To what degree can the test subject use airflow information represented by the tactile output devices to detect the onset of a stall? 2) What is the reaction time of the test subject to the airflow information presented through tactile output devices when compared with that of information presented through the instrument panel? 3) What is the reaction time of the test subject to airflow information presented through combined use of tactile output devices and instrument panel? (2) Provide a descriptive, one to two paragraph literature review, which sets the framework for research and cites recent references which establish the importance of the work or problem to be solved. (Three to five references from recent, reviewed publications are sufficient.) The vision substitution by tactile image projection (Bach-Y-Rita, Collins, Saunders, White, & Scadden, 1969) is a vision substitution system developed for blind people with a long term goal of enabling blind people to see with their skin. Vision substitution is process by which the blind people can see, providing vision through other modality. Here the experimenters designed the apparatus with four hundred tactile stimulators arranged in a twenty x twenty array in a dental chair (12mm apart, with 1mm diameter Teflon tips). A television camera was mounted on a tripod and scanned the objects in front of the subject. The television camera is used for scanning the objects so that the blind people can see with the help of stimulators. The information will be mapped from stimulators to the actuators. Tests were conducted with this apparatus and six blind subjects. First the blind subjects were asked to discriminate vertical, horizontal, diagonal and curved lines. As a result, the blind subjects recognized solid geometric forms and then some twenty-five common objects like chair, cup, phone, toys, pen and others. The blind subjects were also able, using the apparatus, to discriminate between the individuals in the room and their height, hair length and so on. Sklar and Sarter (1999) had a main goal using tactile feedback to inform pilots about uncommanded changes in the status of an automated flight deck system. There was expected to be some improved performance and to better support data monitoring in case of unanticipated changes and events. Distributing information across various sensory modalities was the solution for improving performance and to better support data monitoring, so a simulator study was conducted and the researchers conducted tests on 21 certified flight instructors (16 men and 5 women). The pilots were randomly assigned into three groups and given visual, tactile and redundant visual feedback. The pilots controlled aircraft pitch and roll, and they interacted with aircraft interfaces and controls using a trackball. Both the tactile conditions resulted in higher detection rates and faster response. This improvement indicated that the introduction of tactile feedback is a promising avenue toward better supporting human machine communication in event driven, information rich domains.

3 Page 3 of 6; 12/2/08 Aretz, Andre, Self and Brenaman (2006) studied the use of a vibro tactile vest in helping pilots to land a unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The UAV has been developed by U.S military for its various operations. The feedback from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) operating station plays a important role for the pilot in controlling the UAV. As the UAV is controlled by operators the pilot is not provided with normal auditory, vestibular, or proprioceptive feedback. The UAV control setup has a monitor that shows the pilot a map and one a second monitor displays a nose camera view combined with a heads up display (HUD). The main purpose of this study was to assess the potential of a vibro tactile vest, to provide additional feedback to help UAV pilots while landing. The experimenters had two groups of participants with 15 participants assigned to each group, with one group using UAV simulator with no tactile vest and other group used UAV simulator with the tactile vest. They then examined the average number of trials it took to obtain a passing landing score. The two groups of participants switched to other condition, after achieving a passing score and completed an additional three more trials. The data collected in this study supported the idea that a vibro tactile vest, providing feedback, can help pilots land a UAV. (3) List the resources (in terms of software, hardware and people) required to complete the work. If not available within the department, indicate how/where such resources will be obtained. If only one instance of a required resource is available indicate how you will account for failure of that resource. Dr. Prince will be doing the majority of the programming for the mapping between artificial sensors and tactile output devices and I am going to assist him. I will utilize prior work providing different tactile output devices (Vibration Motor Sleeves, Parrott, in progress; Micro Fan Sleeves, Wronski, in progress; TN games FPS Gaming Vest, Sebesta, in progress). We also need some subjects to conduct the tests. We will evaluate one group of 10 subjects with each tactile output device (a total of 30 subjects). (4) In a numbered list below, specify each step required to solve the problem along with a specific target date for the completion of that step. (The last two steps should be the write-up of the thesis and the completion of the oral exam and colloquium, respectively, along with their scheduled dates.)

4 Page 4 of 6; 12/2/08 Start Dates (Estimated Time Required) 1 December 1, 2008 (1/2 month) Goals Submission of Institutional Review Board (IRB) paperwork (permission to work with human subjects) Draft of thesis introduction (Chapter 1) 2 December 16, 2008 (2 months) 3 February 16, 2009 Designing the tests (2 months) Methods to conduct the tests Chapter 2 4 April 16, 2009 Conducting the tests with limited subjects 5 September 1,2009 Analyzing the tests 6 October 1, 2009 Results Chapter 3 7 November 1, 2009 Redesigning the tests Methods to conduct the tests Chapter 2 8 December 1, 2009 Conducting the tests (2 ½ months) 9 February 15, 2010 Analyzing the tests 10 March 15, 2010 Results Chapter 3 11 April 15, 2010 Conclusion Chapter 4 (1 ½ month) 12 May 31, 2010 Defending thesis (5) Specify clearly how the results of the research will be evaluated. What objective measures will be used to establish that the goals of the research have been met? The results of this research will be evaluated by conducting tests on different subjects. The tests will be designed to evaluate our specific questions. For example: To what degree can the test subject use airflow information represented by the tactile output devices to detect the onset of a stall? Subjects will be tested in both simulated normal flight mode and in a simulated stall condition. The subjects will be asked to answer yes / no questions regarding whether they felt a change or a difference between tactile representation of normal versus stall condition. We will compare these results across the different tactile output devices.

5 Page 5 of 6; 12/2/08 (6) State clearly the contribution to research that this work will make. I will be comparing the different tactile output devices and will be evaluating the mapping sensors to tactile output devices. In the long-term, these tactile output devices may be useful for providing information to the glider pilot. This may improve the safety and quality of flight for a glider pilot. Signatures: Student Advisor

6 Page 6 of 6; 12/2/08 References Aretz, D. T., Andre, T. S., Self, B. P., Brenaman, C. A. (2006). Effect of tactile feedback on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Landings. The Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation, and Education Conference (I/ITSEC) Bach-Y-Rita, P., Collins, C. C., Saunders, F. A., White, B., & Scadden, L. (1969). Vision substitution by tactile image projection. Nature, 221, Jones, L. A., Nakamura, M., & Lockyerb, B. (2004). Development of a tactile vest. 12th International Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems, Kulkarni, P. (in progress). Simulating wing-sensors on a sailplane airfoil to evaluate usefulness for pilot feedback. Ozaki, Y., Ohyama, T.Yasuda, T., & Shimoyama, I. (2000). An air flow sensor modeled on wind receptor hairs of insects. The Thirteenth Annual International Conference on MEMS 2000, (23-27) Parrott, J. (in progress). Tactile feedback for a sailplane pilot giving wing air conditions: vibration motor sleeves. Sebesta, D.M. (in progress). Tactile feedback for a sailplane pilot giving wing air conditions: commercial vest. Sklar, A. E & Sarter, N. B. (1999). Good vibrations: Tactile feedback in support of attention allocation and human-automation coordination in event-driven domains. Human Factors, 41, Wronski, M.L. (in progress). Tactile feedback for a sailplane pilot giving wing air conditions: micro fan sleeves.

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