200 Years of U.S.-Russian Diplomatic Relations. September 24-25, 2007 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Washington, D.C.

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1 200 Years of U.S.-Russian Diplomatic Relations September 24-25, 2007 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Washington, D.C.

2 Dear participants, Welcome to the 2007 Ambassadorial Conference of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. On this 200 th anniversary of diplomatic relations between the United States and Russia, relations between our two countries are at a critical point. With presidential elections coming soon, new leaders in Russia and the United States will have an opportunity and responsibility to take stock, reassess, and define new ways forward that recognize the fundamental importance of this relationship. It will be a time to recommit our governments to constructive engagement and leadership in addressing international security and prosperity. When the United States and Russia work together to address the profound challenges that face the world community in the twentyfirst century they can accomplish great things. That is why the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, with its longstanding involvement in Russia through its Carnegie Moscow Center and Russia and Eurasia Program in Washington, seeks to promote constructive dialogue through conferences such as this, as well as through our scholarship and publications. Those who have worked at the highest levels of government to conduct foreign and security policy in Washington and Moscow can greatly advance mutual understanding and further the cause of an improved relationship and thereby a more peaceful and prosperous world. It is in that spirit that the Carnegie Endowment and our sponsors have organized this unique gathering. With your collective wisdom and experience, I am confident that a fresh and mutually beneficial course can be charted for our two countries. Sincerely, Jessica T. Mathews President Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

3 200 Years of U.S.-Russian Diplomatic Relations This year marks the bicentennial of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the United States and Russia. Over 200 years, the two countries have seen their relationship undergo dramatic transformations and at the outset of the twenty-first century face new, common global challenges. The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace has undertaken a major effort to commemorate this historic event in both Moscow and Washington with conferences on U.S.-Russia relations. In June 2007 the Carnegie Moscow Center hosted a conference with addresses from Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov and former U.S. Senator Bill Bradley. The panel discussed a number of issues regarding relations between the two countries. In September the Carnegie Endowment in Washington is hosting a two day conference of former Russian and American ambassadors to Washington and Moscow. The program will focus on the future of relations between the United States and Russia. Each ambassador has represented his country at a time of profound change in the U.S.-Russia relationship. Drawing on their experience in representing their governments over a period of more than three decades, the ambassadors will discuss the agenda for the U.S.-Russian relationship going forward. As senior officials, they bring unique perspective to the diplomacy that brought a peaceful end to the Cold War and transformed U.S.-Russia relations following the collapse of the USSR. The program for the conference includes private discussions, a public meeting and discussion with the ambassadors at the Carnegie Endowment, a meeting of the ambassadors with young diplomats and professionals, and meetings with senior U.S. Government officials and members of Congress. The conference will take place at the Conference Center of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in Washington D.C.

4 Alexander Aleksandrovich Bessmertnykh President International Foreign Policy Association Moscow A career diplomat, Ambassador Alexander Bessmertnykh began work at the USSR s Foreign Ministry while still attending the Moscow State Institute of International Relations, graduating in Rising quickly through the ranks, he wrote several successful speeches for Nikita Khrushchev. From 1960 to 1966, he worked as a translator in the Department of Political Affairs and the Security Council at the United Nations. While there, he attracted the attention of Foreign Minister Gromyko, for whom he began work in 1966 as an aide on American affairs and disarmament issues. Beginning in 1970, he held various high-level positions at the Soviet embassy in Washington, D.C., where in the course of thirteen years he became intimately acquainted with U.S. politics and society. In 1983, he became the deputy head of U.S. and Canadian Affairs in the Foreign Ministry. He worked closely with Mikhail Gorbachev in arms negotiations with President Ronald Reagan. In 1988, in addition to his work on North America, Ambassador Bessmertnykh was tasked to deal with issues relating to the Middle East. In 1990, he was appointed the USSR s ambassador to the United States. A year later, he was appointed foreign minister, where he dealt with a number of pressing issues at that time, including creating the concept of what would later be known as the CIS. He also ushered in a new period of cooperation with the United States and many other countries. Ambassador Bessmertnykh has worked with several U.S. presidents, including Nixon, Ford, Carter, Reagan, and Bush. He is president of the Russian Foreign Policy Association and co-chair of the Windsor Forum for British-Russian dialogue. He is the author of many research works and articles on diplomacy, foreign affairs, military strategy, and nuclear disarmament negotiations.

5 William Joseph Burns Ambassador of the United States to the Russian Federation August 10, present Ambassador William Joseph Burns, of the District of Columbia, is a career member of the Senior Foreign Service, with the rank of career minister. He was confirmed by the U.S. Senate as ambassador to the Russian Federation on July 29, 2005 and was sworn in on August 10, Ambassador Burns served from 2001 until 2005 as assistant secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs and was ambassador to Jordan from 1998 until Ambassador Burns has also served in a number of other posts since entering the Foreign Service in 1982, including: executive secretary of the State Department and special assistant to the secretary of state; ministercounselor for political affairs at the U.S. Embassy in Moscow; acting director and principal deputy director of the State Department s Policy Planning Staff; and special assistant to the President and senior director for Near East and South Asian Affairs at the National Security Council. Ambassador Burns earned a B.A. in History from LaSalle University and M.Phil. and D.Phil. degrees in International Relations from Oxford University, where he studied as a Marshall Scholar. He is the recipient of three honorary doctoral degrees. Ambassador Burns is the author of Economic Aid and American Policy Toward Egypt, (State University of New York Press, 1985). He speaks Russian, Arabic, and French, and is the recipient of two Presidential Distinguished Service Awards and a number of Department of State awards, including two Distinguished Honor Awards, the James Clement Dunn Award, and five Superior Honor awards.

6 James Franklin Collins Senior Associate and Director Russia and Eurasia Program Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Ambassador James F. Collins was appointed the Director of the Russia and Eurasia Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in January He is an expert on the former Soviet Union, its successor states, and on the Middle East. Ambassador Collins was the U.S. ambassador to the Russian Federation from 1997 to Prior to joining the Carnegie Endowment, he served as senior advisor at the public law and policy practice group Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld, L.L.P. Before his appointment as ambassador to Russia, he served as ambassador-at-large and special advisor to the secretary of state for the New Independent States in the mid 1990s and as deputy chief of mission and charge d affaires at the American Embassy, Moscow from 1990 to In addition to three diplomatic postings in Moscow, he also held positions in the American Embassy in Amman, Jordan, and the Consulate General in Izmir, Turkey. He is the recipient of the Secretary of State s Award for Distinguished Service; the Department of State s Distinguished Honor Award; the Secretary of State s Award for Career Achievement; the Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service; and the NASA Medal for Distinguished Service. Ambassador Collins has been active on the boards of non-profit organizations concerned with U.S. foreign policy and U.S. relations with Russia, Eastern Europe, and Eurasia. He has served as a member of the board of the U.S.-Russia Business Council, the American Academy of Diplomacy, the Open World Leadership Center, and American Councils for International Education.

7 Yury Vladimirovich Dubinin Professor Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO) Ambassador Yury Dubinin, whose distinguished diplomatic career dates back to 1955, has served as ambassador to France, Spain, Ukraine, and the United States, and representative to the United Nations and to the Security Council. Ambassador Dubinin, who holds a Ph.D., is currently a professor at the Moscow State Institute of International Relations. From 1972 to 1978, Ambassador Dubinin served as head of the First European Department in the Foreign Ministry. In this capacity, he attended the European Security and Cooperation Conference as a member of the Soviet delegation. In 1978, he was appointed the Soviet Union s ambassador to Spain. While ambassador, he served as deputy of the Soviet delegation in the Madrid meeting of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. In 1986, Ambassador Dubinin was appointed permanent representative of the Soviet Union s Mission to the United Nations. Later that year, he became the Soviet Union s ambassador to the United States. He served in Washington until 1990, when he was appointed Soviet ambassador to France. In 1992, Ambassador Dubinin became head of the Russian delegation on negotiations on the Black Sea fleet with Ukraine. He was the head of the team that concluded the Russian-Ukrainian treaty of friendship and cooperation. In 1994, he became deputy foreign minister, a position he held during his appointment as Russia s ambassador to Ukraine until Ambassador Dubinin is the author of several books and has translated fiction from French into Russian. He holds an honorary doctorate from the George Washington University.

8 Thomas E. Graham Senior Director Kissinger McLarty Associates Thomas Graham joined Kissinger Associates, Inc., and Kissinger McLarty Associates as a senior director in He was special assistant to the president and senior director for Russia on the National Security Council staff from March February 2007 and director for Russian Affairs on the National Security Council staff from June February During his five years on the National Security Council, he was a key White House interlocutor with the Putin government, making some seven trips to Russia in 2006 alone. From August May 2002, he served as the associate director of the Policy Planning Staff of the Department of State. From , Dr. Graham was a senior associate in the Russia and Eurasia Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. During this period, he was a frequent commentator on Russian affairs and U.S. - Russian relations. His articles have appeared in the New York Times, Washington Post, and Wall Street Journal, and in European and Russian publications. From , he was a foreign service officer. His assignments included two tours of duty at the U.S. Embassy in Moscow, where he served as head of the political/internal unit and acting political counselor. Between tours in Moscow, he worked on Russian and Soviet affairs on the Policy Planning Staff of the Department of State and as a policy assistant in the Office of the Undersecretary of Defense for Policy. He is the author of Russia s Decline and Uncertain Recovery (2001) and coauthor of U.S.-Russian Relations at the Turn of the Century (2000). Dr. Graham received a Ph.D. in political science from Harvard University and a B.A. in Russian studies from Yale University.

9 Arthur Hartman Senior Counselor APCO Worldwide Arthur Hartman, Senior Counselor at APCO Worldwide in Washington, D.C., is a former U.S. ambassador to both the Soviet Union and France and has extensive experience in foreign affairs and international economic matters. He now specializes in advising senior corporate executives on strategies for foreign business development. Prior to joining APCO in 1989, Ambassador Hartman held a long and distinguished record of government service. During the Kennedy Administration he served as a special assistant to undersecretary of state George Ball. With the Nixon and Ford Administrations, he was assistant secretary of state for European and Canadian Affairs. In 1977, President Carter appointed him ambassador to France, and in 1981 President Reagan named him ambassador to the Soviet Union, a post he held for over five years. Ambassador Hartman retired from public service in 1987 as a career ambassador, the highest rank in the U.S. Foreign Service. Ambassador Hartman is chairman of the First NIS Regional Fund, managed by Barings/ING in London. Board memberships include the Foundation for International Arts & Education, and the French-American Foundation. Ambassador Hartman is also chairman of the International Arts and Education Foundation and an honorary director of the American Hospital of Paris Foundation. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and officer of the French Legion of Honor. Ambassador Hartman is a graduate of Harvard University and is a former president of the Harvard Board of Overseers.

10 Victor Georgievich Komplektov Professor Moscow Humanitarian University Ambassador Victor Komplektov s long career in Russia s Foreign Service began in 1955, when he started work on U.S. affairs in the Foreign Ministry after graduating from the Moscow State Institute for International Relations. Ambassador Kompletkov has spent many years focusing on U.S.- Russian relations in the Foreign Ministry and in the Soviet/Russian embassy to the United States. He currently serves as professor and chief of the International Relations Department at Moscow Humanitarian University. From 1956 to 1958, he served as an attaché at the Soviet embassy in Washington, D.C. After a five-year stint working on U.S. affairs back in the Foreign Ministry, he returned to the embassy. From 1963 to 1968, he served as first secretary in the Soviet embassy in Washington. He held the position of deputy chief of the Foreign Ministry s department for U.S. affairs from 1968 to From 1978 to 1982, Ambassador Komplektov served as department chief. In 1982, he was appointed deputy foreign minister. Nine years later, in 1991, he became the Soviet ambassador to the United States. In 1992, he became ambassador-at-large in the Foreign Ministry. From 1994 to 1999, he served as the Russian ambassador to Spain and Andorra.

11 Vladimir Petrovich Lukin Ombudsman for Human Rights of the Russian Federation Born on July 13, 1937 in the Siberian city of Omsk, Ambassador Vladimir Lukin is a graduate of the Moscow Pedagogical Institute. He received his Ph.D. in History from the Institute of the World Economy and International Relations. He was a member of the editorial board of the international journal World Review in Prague but was recalled to the USSR in 1968 for protesting the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia. From 1969 to 1987, Ambassador Lukin was a research fellow at the Institute of the USA and Canada. He then served in the Foreign Ministry as deputy head of the Foreign Policy Analysis and Prognosis Department until 1990, when he was elected people s deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic (RSFSR). There he served as the chairman of the Committee on International Affairs and Foreign Economic Relations. In February 1992, he was appointed Soviet ambassador to the United States. A year later, in the fall of 1993, Ambassador Lukin, together with G. Yavlinsky, founded the democratic party Yabloko. From December 1993 to 2004, he was a deputy of the State Duma from the Yabloko Party. During his first (1993/1995) and second (1996/1999) terms, Ambassador Lukin served as chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Duma. From 2000 to 2004 he was also deputy chairman of the Duma. In February 2004, V. P. Lukin was appointed by the State Duma to the post of the ombudsman for human rights of the Russian Federation. Dr. Lukin is the author of a few books and numerous articles on various issues of international relations and Russian foreign policy. He speaks English, Spanish, and French.

12 Jack F. Matlock Former U.S. Ambassador, Soviet Union Jack Matlock has most recently served as John L. Weinberg/Goldman Sachs and Company Visiting Professor at Princeton University s Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. From 1996 to July 2001, he was George F. Kennan Professor at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. He held the position of Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Professor in the Practice of International Diplomacy at Columbia University from 1993 to Ambassador Matlock served in the United States Foreign Service for 35 years (1956/1991). During this time, he was ambassador to the Soviet Union from 1987 to 1991, special assistant to the president for National Security Affairs, and senior director for European and Soviet Affairs on the National Security Council staff from 1983 until 1986, and ambassador to Czechoslovakia from 1981 to Before his appointment to Moscow as ambassador, Matlock had served three tours at the U.S. embassy in the Soviet Union. Following his retirement from the Foreign Service in 1991, Matlock was consultant to the American Broadcasting Company and senior research fellow at the Harriman Institute of Columbia University. He is the author of a book on the Soviet collapse, Autopsy on an Empire, and of numerous articles on foreign policy, international relations, and Russian literature and history. Matlock holds a master s degree and certificate of the Russian Institute from Columbia University and has been awarded honorary doctorates by Greensboro College, Albright College, and Connecticut College.

13 Thomas R. Pickering Vice Chairman Hills & Company Thomas R. Pickering currently serves as vice chairman of Hills & Company in Washington, D.C. A career diplomat, he holds the personal rank of Career Ambassador, the highest in the U.S. Foreign Service. Pickering served as U.S. under secretary of state for political affairs from May 1997 to Prior to that, he served briefly as the president of the Eurasia Foundation, a Washington-based organization that makes small grants and loans in the states of the former Soviet Union. In a diplomatic career spanning five decades, he has served as U.S. ambassador to the Russian Federation, India, Israel, El Salvador, Nigeria, and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Pickering also served on assignments in Zanzibar and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. From 1989 to 1992, he served as ambassador and representative to the United Nations in New York. He also served as executive secretary of the Department of State and special assistant to Secretaries William P. Rogers and Henry A. Kissinger from 1973 to Pickering entered on active duty in the U.S. Navy from 1956/1959, and later served in the Naval Reserve to the grade of lieutenant commander. In 1983 and in 1986, Pickering won the Distinguished Presidential Award and, in 1996, the Department of State s highest award - the Distinguished Service Award. He is a member of the International Institute of Strategic Studies and the Council on Foreign Relations. He speaks French, Spanish, Swahili, Arabic, and Hebrew.

14 Sergey Mikhailovich Rogov Director Institute of the USA and Canada Russian Academy of Sciences Dr. Sergey Rogov, born in Moscow in 1948, graduated from the Moscow State Institute for International Relations in Currently serving as director and dean of the School of World Politics and International Security at the Institute of the USA and Canada, Dr. Rogov is the author of eighteen books and more than 400 articles on Russian foreign policy, U.S.- Russian relations, and arms control. He began his academic career at the Institute, where he pursued postgraduate studies from 1972 to He then worked there as a research fellow on foreign policy issues until 1982, when he was appointed section chief in the Department of Military and Political Studies. In 1984, he received a doctorate in historical sciences. From 1984 to 1987, he served as the Institute s representative in the Soviet embassy in Washington, D.C. He returned to the Institute to take up a research fellowship. In 1989, he became chief of the Department of Military and Political Studies. Two years later, in 1991, Dr. Rogov was appointed deputy director of the Institute. In 1995, he assumed the full directorship of the Institute of the USA and Canada. Dr. Rogov holds several distinguished foreign policy advisory positions, including head of the International Advisory Board of the Security Council of the Russian Federation, adviser to the State Duma s Committee on Foreign Affairs, member of the Advisory Council of the Foreign Ministry, and vice chair of the Russian Pagwash Committee of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

15 Robert S. Strauss Founding Partner Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP Robert S. Strauss business, community, and public service activities cover a broad spectrum. Raised in the small West Texas town of Stamford, he served as a special agent of the FBI after earning his law degree from the University of Texas. In 1945 he entered private law practice and founded the firm that became Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld, L.L.P., which today has offices in fifteen cities around the globe. Mr. Strauss served as chairman of the Democratic National Committee from 1973 to He also served as chairman of President Carter s election campaigns in 1976 and In 1977 Mr. Strauss entered the cabinet of President Carter, serving as special trade representative. In 1981 Mr. Strauss was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation s highest civilian award. In August 1991 he was sworn in as the U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Ambassador Strauss became the U.S. ambassador to the Russian Federation. He resigned from the Foreign Service on November 19, 1992, and again returned to private practice at Akin Gump. Mr. Strauss has occupied the Lloyd Bentsen Chair at the LBJ School of Public Affairs at the University of Texas, where he lectured to students of law, business, and public affairs. He serves as chairman of the U.S.-Russia Business Council, is a member of the Council on Foreign Affairs, and is a trustee of the Center for Strategic and International Studies.

16 Yuri Viktorovich Ushakov Ambassador of the Russian Federation to the United States January 21, 1999 present Yuri V. Ushakov has served as Russia s ambassador to the United States since January He also serves as permanent observer at the Organization of American States. He holds the rank of ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary. A career diplomat in Russia s foreign service, Ambassador Ushakov has served in various capacities in diplomatic missions to Europe, ranging from the embassy to Denmark to serving as ambassador to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) from 1996 to Prior to his appointment as ambassador to the United States, Ambassador Ushakov served as Russia s Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, responsible for UN, legal, humanitarian, and human rights affairs from 1998 to His distinguished career has also seen him serve as director of European Cooperation at Russia s Ministry of Foreign Affairs with responsibility for the OSCE, NATO, EU, NACC, WEU, and the Council of Europe. He is fluent in English and Danish. He graduated from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations in 1970.

17 Alexander R. Vershbow Ambassador of the United States to the Republic of Korea October 14, 2005 present Alexander Vershbow was sworn in as Ambassador to the Republic of Korea on October 14, 2005 and took up his duties on October 17, He is a career member of the Foreign Service, with rank of career minister, and has extensive experience in East-West relations, nonproliferation, and European security affairs. From July 2001 to July 2005, Ambassador Vershbow served as U.S. Ambassador to the Russian Federation. From January 1998 until July 2001, he served as the ambassador to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). As U.S. permanent representative on the North Atlantic Council, Ambassador Vershbow was centrally involved in transforming NATO to meet the challenges of the post-cold War era, including the admission of new members and the development of relations with Russia. From 1994 to 1997, Alexander Vershbow served as special assistant to the President and senior director for European Affairs at the National Security Council. Ambassador Vershbow is a long-time student of Russian affairs and international relations. He received a B.A. in Russian and East European Studies from Yale College (1974) and an M.A. in International Relations and Certificate of the Russian Institute from Columbia University (1976). He has held a series of assignments since joining the Foreign Service in 1977, including postings to the U.S. Embassies in Moscow and London and adviser to the U.S. Delegation to the Strategic Arms Reductions Talks in Geneva. In 1991, Ambassador Vershbow was posted to NATO as U.S. deputy permanent representative and charge d affaires of the U.S. Mission.

18 Yuli Mikhailovich Vorontsov Chairman of the Board AIG Financial Services - Moscow Ambassador Yuli Vorontsov, a lifelong diplomat and scholar, has served in various influential positions in Russia s diplomatic corps since Since retiring from service in 1999, Ambassador Vorontsov serves as president of the Russian-American Business Council and chairman of the board of directors of AIG Financial Services. He has also worked extensively with the United Nations in recent years, serving as UN Secretary- General Kofi Annan s special envoy for the Commonwealth of Independent States. In 2000, he was appointed the UN s high-level coordinator for Iraq. Ambassador Vorontsov began his distinguished career working on the staff of the USSR s Permanent Mission to the United Nations. He served as counselor for the Soviet mission from 1963 to 1965, when he moved to the Soviet embassy to the United States. He served as minister-counselor in the Soviet embassy to the U.S. from 1970 to 1977, when he was appointed the USSR s ambassador to India. After six years in India, Ambassador Vorontsov served as the Soviet ambassador to France from 1983 to Between his foreign assignments Ambassador Vorontsov occupied several important posts in the USSR s foreign ministry. He headed the Soviet delegation to the Belgrade meeting of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. In 1986, he was appointed first deputy foreign minister of the USSR. From 1988 to 1989 Ambassador Vorontsov concurrently served as the Soviet ambassador to Afghanistan. He returned to the United Nations in 1990 when he was appointed the USSR s permanent representative to that body, remaining in that post through the transition to the post-soviet Russian state. In 1994, he was appointed the Russian Federation s ambassador to the United States.

19 THE CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT: RUSSIA AND EURASIA PROGRAM The Carnegie Russia and Eurasia Program has been a leader in its field since the end of the Cold War. The senior research team comprises an unparalleled group of experts in the United States and Russia on Eurasian security and development, economic and social issues, governance and the rule of law, as well as security issues such as strategic nuclear weapons and nuclear nonproliferation. The Program has adapted to changing policy priorities during the region s dramatic evolution in the past fourteen years from the collapse of the Soviet Union, through the early phase of post-communist transitions, into the post-9/11 era, and the current period under President Putin. The groundbreaking Carnegie Moscow Center, established in 1993, is the centerpiece of the Program s activities. With a Russian staff of over 40, the Center is the premier think tank in Moscow working across borders on policy issues of local, regional, and global interest. Current research projects, published in Russian and English, include studies on the regional impact of energy policy within Russia, the challenge of Islamic extremism throughout Eurasian societies, the drivers of Russian security policy toward neighboring regions, and the prospects for enhanced U.S.-Russian bilateral cooperation on nuclear nonproliferation and related common security concerns such as Iran and North Korea. The Center s success in Moscow is the model for Carnegie s NEW VISION of the first truly multinational ultimately global think-tank. With operations in Moscow, Beijing, Beirut, Brussels, and Washington, the Carnegie Endowment will not only change its nature but is also likely to alter the way think-tanks operate and be effective in a global marketplace of ideas where a single national outlook is overly restrictive.

20 SPECIAL THANKS TO Mr. Boris Jordan