Additional Theory Resources

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Additional Theory Resources"

Transcription

1 UTAH MUSIC TEACHERS ASSOCIATION Additional Theory Resources Close and Open Position Level 6-10 Names of Scale Degrees Level 6 Modes and Other Scales Level 7-10 Figured Bass Level 7 Drawing Inversion of Seventh Chords Level 6-10 Chord Symbol Notation Level 7 Ornamentation Level 7 Augmentation and Diminution Level 8 Modulation Level 9 Sonata-Allegro Form Level 9 Theory Websites Written and Compiled by AIM State Chairman, Juliet Preston, NCTM with assistance from Geri Gibbs, NCTM 10/1/2014 The following information is designed to help teachers teach what is on the Theory tests. Teachers are encouraged to consult as many resources as possible to gain a thorough understanding of the material.

2 CLOSE POSITION/OPEN POSITION/KEYBOARD STYLE Level 6 CLOSE and OPEN position refers to the spacing between notes of a chord. In CLOSE position, the notes of the chord are spaced as close together as they can possibly be. In OPEN position, the notes are spaced farther apart; chord tones are missing between the given notes. Open style is different in that two voices are written in the Bass clef and two in the Treble clef (Soprano- Alto and Tenor-Bass). CLOSE POSITION: This style is more common for gospel music and pop music as it frees up the left hand to play lower bass notes that the voice could not reach. Close position cadences mean using inversions of each chord that are closest in reach to each other. OPEN POSITION: On a single staff, it is notes spaced further apart. ON a grand staff, it is written S-A-T-B. KEYBOARD STYLE: This is the practice of playing a close position chord in the RH and single bass note in the LH, as required for some technique skills in Levels TIP: In either style, chords must be analyzed from the lowest note up to determine their name and inversion position. NAMES OF SCALE DEGREES Level 6 The names of the scale degrees can be clearly explained by understanding the relationships between the degrees of the scale. The DOMINANT (V) tone is a fifth above the TONIC (I). The MEDIANT (iii), or middle tone, is halfway between the TONIC (I) and DOMINANT (V). The SUB-DOMINANT (IV), sub meaning under, is a fifth below the TONIC (I). The SUB-MEDIANT (vi), therefore, is the mediant, or middle tone, under the TONIC (I). (The term sub refers to the dominant and the mediant below the upper tonic.) It is interesting to note the relationships between the tonic, subdominant, dominant and upper tonic. The intervals themselves are perfect fifths, and the chords built upon those tones are the primary triads. The SUPER TONIC, (ii) is directly above the TONIC (I). Super comes from the word sopra which means above. The seventh note of the scale is called the LEADING TONE (vii), because it strongly leads to the TONIC (I).

3 MODES Level 7-10 Modes are easy to teach! Major and minor scales are actually two of the seven Greek modes that are taught in AIM. A mode is a 7-note scale with a specific pattern of whole steps (WS) and half steps (HS). The seven Greek modes are: Ionian, Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, Aeolian, and Locrian. TIP: Think I Don t Paint Like Michel-Ange-Lo. To quickly familiarize yourself with each mode, all you need to do is start with any Major scale we ll choose C Major. Play the scale from C to C. This is the Ionian mode, known as Major. Now play the same scale from D to D (no or ). This is the Dorian mode and its pattern of whole steps and half steps is the same as a D natural minor scale but the 6 th note is a HS higher. Now play the same scale from E to E this is the Phrygian ( fridge-ian ) mode, similar to a minor scale but beginning with a half step. Now play from F to F : this is the Lydian mode, a Major scale but with the 4 th tone a HS higher. G to G is the Mixolydian mode, just a Major scale but the 7 th scale tone is a HS lower. A to A is the Aeolian ( ᾱ-o- lian ) mode is simply a Natural minor scale. B to B is the Locrian mode and sounds the strangest because it has a lowered 2 nd and 5 th degree, creating a diminished 5 th from tonic to dominant. Mode Name Starting degree of a Major Scale Based on: Ionian 1 st Major scale no changes Other features: Dorian 2 nd Nat. Minor scale raised 6th Minor but less sad used in jazz music Phrygian 3 rd Nat. Minor scale lowered 2nd Natural minor that begins with a half-step Lydian 4 th Major scale raised 4 th Major but sounds more mellow Mixolydian 5 th Major scale lowered 7 th Sounds jazzy popular in jazz music Aeolian 6 th Natural minor no change Locrian 7 th Nat. Minor lowered 2 nd and 5th Sounds strange because it has dim. 5 th between first and 5 th note. * Dorian and Mixolydian modes are popular in jazz music.

4 For testing on Levels 8-10, a student will be asked to write a mode based on any key. To do this, figure out what degree of the scale the mode is based on (see chart above), then count down until you arrive at the tonic (or up if closer). This will be the name of the Major scale/key signature you need. Sample question: Write a Mixolydian scale starting on : Step 1: Determine the scale degree. Mixolydian is based on the 5 th. Step 2: Count backwards/down from 5 to 1. C, B, A, G, F Step 3: Determine the key signature for F major. It has B-flat. Step 4: Spell a C scale with B-flat instead of B. Answer: ALTERNATE SCALES A Pentatonic Scale has 5 separate tones within an octave ( penta means five ). For example: C D F G A C The easiest pentatonic scale to play is the 5 black keys. This scale is used in Eastern/Asian music. Do not confuse it with the term pentascale which is just the first 5 notes of a scale. A Whole Tone scale contains 6 separate tones made up of only whole steps. For example: C D E F# G# A# C. This was a favorite scale of the Impressionist composers and it leads to many augmented chords. A Blues Scale has 6 tones and is based on the Major scale but with these changes: Blues scales are used in jazz music, creating a style called Blues or 12-Bar Blues. Below is a diagram of the chord progression for 12-Bar Blues, assuming 4 beats to a measure and all chords are played as dominant 7ths. for repeat)

5 FIGURED BASS Level 7 Figured Bass is a system of identifying chords. It involves using numbers to designate specific intervals above a given bass note to build the chord. It can be used to describe the position of triads and seventh chords. TRIADS In root position, this C triad is listed as a 5 th and a 3 rd above C. any triad in root position can also be listed by letter name only, a short-cut. But C as In first inversion, we use 6 and 3 to represent a 6 th and a 3 rd above the lowest note, E. But usually, it is simplified by just using the 6 alone. For this reason, we know these chords as sixth chords: In 2nd inversion we use 6 and 4 and don t simplify the symbol. chords are known as six-four chords. These SEVENTH CHORDS As with triads, figured bass can describe the position of seventh chords as well. The following seventh chords show their figured bass. Notice that some positions can use a shortened or simplified numbering system. Root position: First inversion: Second inversion: Third inversion:

6 When labeling the third inversion chord, it is written (Jazz/Pop notation uses slash chords: G/F to represent a G triad with an F in the bass). or if you are using Roman numerals, it would be **The previous chords were all shown in close position, but the notes above the bass can be open position. CHORD SYMBOL NOTATION Level 7 Seventh chords are used in classical music as well as jazz and pop genres. It is useful to adopt a standard notation for the most common seventh chords so that a student can read chord symbols from any type of music. Basic Chord/Triad Symbols: Seventh Chords: Letter Name (e.g., C) = Major chord m = minor chord + = Augmented chord o = diminished chord 7 = Major-minor seventh m7 = minor seventh (also seen as min7 ) M7 = Major seventh (also seen as maj7 ) Ø = half-diminished chord o7 = diminished seventh chord WRITING SEVENTH CHORDS IN INVERSION NOTE: STUDENTS WILL BE REQUIRED TO WRITE THE CORRECT NOTES, BUT WILL NOT BE PENALIZED FOR INCORRECT PLACEMENT. This explanation of note placement is for your information. When a 7 th chord is inverted, it creates the interval of a 2 nd. Students need to recognize the TOP note of the second as the root of the chord, and the bottom note of the second as the 7 th of the chord.

7 Seventh chords can have unusual arrangements of notes, depending on their placement on the staff. The following rule is completely consistent and works for all types of 7 th chords. Notice in the example below, any accidentals must be written to the far left of the chord. Step One: Write the 2nd, ascending. Step Two: Draw an imaginary line extending up AND down, through the center of the 2 nd. Step Three: Examine the remaining notes of the chord. If most of the notes are on or ABOVE the middle line of the staff, consider it a down stem and place the notes to the right of the stem in alignment with the root (upper note of the 2 nd ). If most of the notes are BELOW the middle line, consider it an UP stem and place the notes to the left of the stem in alignment with the 7 th of the chord. Often, notes will be both above AND below the middle line, so you must make a judgment call. ORNAMENTATION Level 7 Ornamentation is the process of embellishing a single note with one of a variety of ornaments. It is the hallmark feature of Baroque-era music where keyboardists were expected to embellish their music even if such ornaments were not written in by the composer. Ornamentation can be found in Baroque-era architecture, furniture design, art, and apparel and was called rococo, which is thought to be the origin of the word Baroque. The smaller notes are the ornaments and the larger note is called the principal note. There are variations of how an ornament is played depending on the context of the line and the time period, but the student should be familiar with the standard practice of beginning a trill on the upper note, a mordent on the principal note, a turn on the upper note, and an appoggiatura on the upper or lower note, as shown. Ornaments continued through the Classical era and somewhat into the Romantic era (they were popular with Chopin) with a change in preference for the grace note over the appoggiatura. The more commonly used ornaments are listed below (the grace note was not used until the 1800 s).

8 Trill Mordent or Appoggiatura Turn Grace note AUGMENTATION AND DIMINUTION Level 8 Augmentation means to make larger and Diminution means to make smaller. This is a common compositional rhythm technique that allows a composer to use a motif or theme in a slightly disguised way. For Augmentation, the given note values are doubled. Maintain the same time signature creating twice as many measures to complete. For Diminution (see example below), the note values are halved. Maintain the same time signature with fewer measures. MODULATION Level 9 Modulations are chord progressions that change the current key to a new key. Major can change to minor and vice versa. The new key or destination key does not need to last long but it can and it usually has new thematic material presented (see Sonata-allegro Form). Composers use modulations to add variety of keys within their pieces. Modulations occur within phrases of music but can also be used in between pieces to create medleys of pieces of different key signatures.

9 Students can be tested on their ability to create an effective modulation starting in Level 7 Technique, but are not tested on it in Theory until Level 9. To answer the Theory test questions in Level 9, students must know that the chord is the best chord to set up a change of key signature. In other words, if you want to modulate from the key of Major or minor (or any key) to the key of Major or minor (makes no difference because the chord is the same for both modes), you need the chord to do this ( of ). Determining the correct chord is Step 1 of the following table. Step 1: Fill in the blanks with the chord (use letter name) that is needed to modulate to the new key: Starting Key Common Tone Chord Dominant 7 th Chord Example: F A minor (iii) D7 New Key Good modulations however do not simply jump from the tonic of to a. They need chords in between that logically move to. There are chords within the C diatonic scale that have notes in common with a chord. We call these common tones. is spelled D-F#-A-C and the chord of Major has a D and an A in common; the chord has A and C; the chord has A and C. So, creating a MODULATION from C Major to G Major could go something like this: /, then [ ] This completes Step 2 of the table: Step 2: Fill in the blanks with a chord from the starting key that contains COMMON TONES with the chord. Put the COMMON TONE in the TOP VOICE for both chords, if possible, making the transition seem very smooth to the ear. Note: In some cases, it may be the chord that is best suited. Step 3: The final step of a good modulation is to play the chord progression in a style and rhythm that matches the original piece, keeping the same meter. Any meter changes should wait until the new piece. Try arpeggios in the LH and chords in the RH very popular option! **For the theory test, students will only need to know the V7 of the new key, not any chords that may precede that.

10 SONATA-ALLEGRO FORM LEVEL 9 A sonata is a compositional form that was first used in the Baroque-era (Scarlatti wrote 555!). At that time, it was a smaller one-movement work in AB form. In the Classical period, it grew to include three (sometimes 2 or 4) movements that differed from each other in key and tempo (usually fast-slow-fast). The first movement was generally marked Allegro and the form of that movement is called sonataallegro form, but is also known as sonata form. The other movements of the sonata can vary, but the third is usually a Rondo. Toward the end of the Classical period, composers altered the prototype by including other forms such as theme and variations, scherzos and trios, minuets and trios, and even fugues. EXPOSITION The Exposition is called so because it is where the themes (important melodies) of the sonata are laid out, or exposed. Those themes are the Principal Theme, the Secondary Theme (different character and key than the Principal Theme), and sometimes a Closing Theme. The Exposition has one job to modulate to a different key, usually the if the piece is Major and usually the if the piece is minor. It ends with a repeat sign. DEVELOPMENT The Development section develops one or all of the themes by re-stating them in whole or in part, in a variety of keys. The of the original key is set up to introduce the return of the home key. Directly segues to Recapitulation. RECAPITULATION Recapitulation means return and this final section is a return to the Exposition with the themes stated in the correct order and in their entirety, but this time the Principal theme does not modulate away from the tonic. A coda may follow, in the case of Beethoven. The Recapitulation may or may not have repeat sign. Below is a diagram of the harmonic strategy of a standard Sonata-Allegro form. (Remember that in a minor key, the would be replaced by the.) Expo Dev Recap :II various keys

11 THEORY WEBSITES These websites are offered for the convenience of the teacher in doing further research, but are not guaranteed to be accurate. It is advised that one consult many sources. type in any question or keywords, being sure to add the word music to narrow down the results (This is a link to online flashcards that Yvette Zobell created on the website to teach some AIM theory questions.)

Level 6. Piece #1 12 Piece #2 12 Piece #3 12 Piece #4 12. Total Possible Marks 100

Level 6. Piece #1 12 Piece #2 12 Piece #3 12 Piece #4 12. Total Possible Marks 100 Level 6 Length of the examination: 30 minutes Examination Fee: Please consult our website for the schedule of fees: www.conservatorycanada.ca Corequisite: Successful completion of the THEORY 2 examination

More information

Level 7. Piece #1 12 Piece #2 12 Piece #3 12 Piece #4 12. Total Possible Marks 100

Level 7. Piece #1 12 Piece #2 12 Piece #3 12 Piece #4 12. Total Possible Marks 100 Level 7 Length of the examination: 35 minutes Examination Fee: Please consult our website for the schedule of fees: www.conservatorycanada.ca Corequisite: Successful completion of the THEORY 3 examination

More information

FREE music lessons from Berklee College of Music

FREE music lessons from Berklee College of Music FREE music lessons from Berklee College of Music Jazz Composition Theory and Practice Ted Pease Chapter 2 Harmonic Considerations Modal Harmony Click CD icons to listen to CD tracks from book. Press ESC

More information

Music Theory. Content Skills Learning Targets Assessment Resources & Technology CEQ: HOW IS MUSIC PUT TOGETHER?

Music Theory. Content Skills Learning Targets Assessment Resources & Technology CEQ: HOW IS MUSIC PUT TOGETHER? St. Michael-Albertville High School Teacher: Adam Sroka Music Theory September 2014 CEQ: HOW IS MUSIC PUT TOGETHER? UEQ: How do we read pitch? A1. Letter names A2. Enharmonic Equivalents A3. Half steps

More information

œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ b œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ n œ ? b b ? b b œ # œ ? b b œ œ b œ ? b b œ œ œ b œ

œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ b œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ n œ ? b b ? b b œ # œ ? b b œ œ b œ ? b b œ œ œ b œ Bass Lines WHERE THE PASSING TONES COME FROM Every chord has one or more scales which contain the chord tones (1,, 5, 7) and a set of passing tones (2, 4, 6). Diatonic, scale, passing tones come from the

More information

Mozart, Beethoven, and Brahms were all renowned for their improvisational abilities

Mozart, Beethoven, and Brahms were all renowned for their improvisational abilities ØJazz Ukulele What is Jazz? (From Ask Jeeves) - a genre of popular music that originated in New Orleans around 1900 and developed through increasingly complex styles. A type of music of black American

More information

In a piano keyboard that has 88 keys, there are only 12 notes that get repeated over and over in octaves.

In a piano keyboard that has 88 keys, there are only 12 notes that get repeated over and over in octaves. INTRODUCTION This course will deal with the ins and outs of the diatonic scale called modes and their relationships to the music that we play. Modes have been a very confusing topic for many guitar students

More information

FREE music lessons from Berklee College of Music

FREE music lessons from Berklee College of Music FREE music lessons from Berklee College of Music Voice Leading for Guitar John Thomas Chapter Harmony Review and Introduction to Voice Leading Press ESC to cancel sound. Check out Berkleeshares.com for

More information

A GUIDE TO ADVANCED HARMONY

A GUIDE TO ADVANCED HARMONY A GUIDE TO ADVANCED HARMONY 1. Secondary Dominants and Leading-Tone Chords 2. The Neapolitan Sixth Chord 3. Modal Mixture 4. Chromatic Mediants and Submediants 5. Augmented-Sixth Chords 6. Altered Dominants

More information

The Shearer Method: Guitar Harmony. by Alan Hirsh

The Shearer Method: Guitar Harmony. by Alan Hirsh The Shearer Method: Guitar Harmony by Alan Hirsh TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE About this book I BUILDING BLOCKS... 1 Step... 1 The Major Scale... 2 Chromatic Notes... 2 The Key... 4 Intervals... 6 Major,

More information

Learning the Extended Range Bass Guitar Neck (Key of C-Major) By Byron Santo

Learning the Extended Range Bass Guitar Neck (Key of C-Major) By Byron Santo Learning the Extended Range Bass Guitar Neck (Key of C-Major) By Byron Santo In this lesson, we will take my Extended Range Bass Neck chart and apply the key of C-Major to it. Only the notes that correspond

More information

The Modes Of The Major Scale - Aeolian

The Modes Of The Major Scale - Aeolian The Modes Of The Major Scale - Aeolian The Aeolian Mode is a seven-note scale often used in blues, rock, jazz, and many other musical genres. It is also called Natural Minor or Pure Minor. Aeolian is considered

More information

THE LANGUAGE OF HARMONY

THE LANGUAGE OF HARMONY THE LANGUAGE OF HARMONY The diatonic scale is a starting place for available chords to choose from in your score. These chords are triads built on the root of each degree. Each scale degree has a name

More information

The diminished harmonic system produces three eight-note

The diminished harmonic system produces three eight-note Diminished System Diminished Scale Construction The diminished harmonic system produces three eight-note symmetric scales ased on the minor third interval (four equal divisions of the octave). Each scale

More information

Reading Scale Charts

Reading Scale Charts Reading Scale Charts My scale charts will be presented as a box shown below. All the symbols I have used to make the box easy to read and use are explained here: The root shown is always the root of the

More information

Color Score Melody Harmonization System & User Guide

Color Score Melody Harmonization System & User Guide Color Score Melody Harmonization System & User Guide This is a promotional copy of the Color Score Melody Harmonization System from learncolorpiano.com Contents: Melody Harmonization System (Key of C Major)

More information

PERFORMANCE GENERALITIES THE SWING

PERFORMANCE GENERALITIES THE SWING PERFORMANCE GENERALITIES THE SWING In a nut shell, Swing is dividing the beat in 2 uneven parts (in a longshort pattern), and moving the accents from the downbeats (as in classical music) to the upbeats.

More information

Let's revise the technical names for the scale degrees:

Let's revise the technical names for the scale degrees: Let's revise the technical names for the scale degrees: 1 = Tonic 2 = Supertonic 3 = Mediant 4 = Subdominant 5 = Dominant 6 = Submediant 7 = Leading note DID YOU KNOW... The Blitz Key Signature Table is

More information

RAM Analytical Skills Introductory Theory Primer Part 1: Intervals Part 2: Scales and Keys Part 3: Forming Chords Within Keys Part 4: Voice-leading

RAM Analytical Skills Introductory Theory Primer Part 1: Intervals Part 2: Scales and Keys Part 3: Forming Chords Within Keys Part 4: Voice-leading RAM Analytical Skills Introductory Theory Primer Part 1: Intervals Part 2: Scales and Keys Part 3: Forming Chords Within Keys Part 4: Voice-leading This is intended to support you in checking you have

More information

MUSIC SOLO PERFORMANCE

MUSIC SOLO PERFORMANCE Victorian Certificate of Education 2008 SUPERVISOR TO ATTACH PROCESSING LABEL HERE STUDENT NUMBER Letter Figures Words MUSIC SOLO PERFORMANCE Aural and written examination Tuesday 11 November 2008 Reading

More information

Group Piano. E. L. Lancaster Kenon D. Renfrow BOOK 1 SECOND EDITION ALFRED S

Group Piano. E. L. Lancaster Kenon D. Renfrow BOOK 1 SECOND EDITION ALFRED S BOOK SECOND EDITION ALFRED S Group Piano FOR A D U LT S An Innovative Method Enhanced with Audio and MIDI Files for Practice and Performance E. L. Lancaster Kenon D. Renfrow Unit 9 Scales (Group ) and

More information

Copyright MCMLXXIX by Alfred Publishing Co., Inc.

Copyright MCMLXXIX by Alfred Publishing Co., Inc. This CHORD DICTIONARY shows the notation, fingering and keyboard diagrams for all of the important chords used in modern popular, music. In order to make this dictionary useful to the amateur pianist,

More information

Music and Engineering: Review of the Western Music system for Engineers

Music and Engineering: Review of the Western Music system for Engineers Music and Engineering: Review of the Western Music system for Engineers Tim Hoerning Fall 2017 (last modified 9/12/17) Outline Twelve Tones of Equal Temperament Clefs The Staff Pitch & Rhythm Notes & Rests

More information

Music Theory I (MUT 1111) Prof. Nancy Rogers

Music Theory I (MUT 1111) Prof. Nancy Rogers Music Theory I (MUT 1111) Prof. Nancy Rogers The Supertonic Chord (ii or ii ) The supertonic is the strongest diatonic pre-dominant. It should therefore progress immediately to V and not move to a weaker

More information

The Shearer Method: Guitar Harmony. by Alan Hirsh

The Shearer Method: Guitar Harmony. by Alan Hirsh The Shearer Method: Guitar Harmony by Alan Hirsh TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE About this book I BUILDING BLOCKS... 1 Step... 1 The Major Scale... 2 Chromatic Notes... 2 The Key... 4 Intervals... 6 Major,

More information

Weekly Bass Lessons: Week 7 Walking Bass Line Concepts

Weekly Bass Lessons: Week 7 Walking Bass Line Concepts Weekly Bass Lessons: Week 7 Walking Bass Line Concepts In this weeks lesson we will be focusing on some Walking Bass Line Concepts. The Chord Progression I m using is based on the changes to the popular

More information

Piano Recap Information Sheet

Piano Recap Information Sheet Piano Recap Information Sheet Name: The piano keyboard is made up of black and white keys. Each key represents one semitone. The black keys are grouped in 2s and 3s and this helps us find our place. The

More information

MUSIC SOLO PERFORMANCE

MUSIC SOLO PERFORMANCE Victorian Certificate of Education 2007 SUPERVISOR TO ATTACH PROCESSING LABEL HERE STUDENT NUMBER Letter Figures Words MUSIC SOLO PERFORMANCE Aural and written examination Tuesday 13 November 2007 Reading

More information

Forming a Tonal Center

Forming a Tonal Center Forming a Tonal Center Tonality in Western Music How do we establish 1 of the 12 notes in western music as the most important note or tonal center? Here is the way it happens! Jazz Everyone! Free Lesson,

More information

ii-v-i ? 4 4 Dm7 G7 CMaj7 Gm7 C7 FMaj7 Cm7 F7 B Maj7 Fm7 B 7 E Maj7 B m7 E 7 A Maj7 E m7 A 7 D Maj7 A m7 D 7 G Maj7 C # m7 F # 7 BMaj7 F # m7 B7 EMaj7

ii-v-i ? 4 4 Dm7 G7 CMaj7 Gm7 C7 FMaj7 Cm7 F7 B Maj7 Fm7 B 7 E Maj7 B m7 E 7 A Maj7 E m7 A 7 D Maj7 A m7 D 7 G Maj7 C # m7 F # 7 BMaj7 F # m7 B7 EMaj7 The most common chord progression found in jazz music is the ii-v-i (2-5-1), and the source of the minor ii, dominant V, and major I chords is the modes of the major scale. For example, the C major scale

More information

Staves, Times, and Notes

Staves, Times, and Notes Staves, Times, and Notes The musical staff or stave is the structure designed for writing western music. The written staff has five lines and four spaces. Each staff has a clef symbol, a key signature,

More information

AP MUSIC THEORY 2013 SCORING GUIDELINES

AP MUSIC THEORY 2013 SCORING GUIDELINES AP MUSIC THEORY 2013 SCORING GUIDELINES Question 6 SCORING: 18 points I. Chord Spelling (6 points, 1 point per chord) A. Award 1 point for each chord that correctly realizes the given chord symbols. 1.

More information

Additional Open Chords

Additional Open Chords Additional Open Chords Chords can be altered (changed in harmonic structure) by adding notes or substituting one note for another. If you add a note that is already in the chord, the name does not change.

More information

MUSIC SOLO PERFORMANCE

MUSIC SOLO PERFORMANCE Victorian Certificate of Education 2009 SUPERVISOR TO ATTACH PROCESSING LABEL HERE STUDENT NUMBER Letter Figures Words MUSIC SOLO PERFORMANCE Aural and written examination Wednesday 11 November 2009 Reading

More information

Harmonizing Jazz Melodies Using Clusters

Harmonizing Jazz Melodies Using Clusters Harmonizing Jazz Melodies Using Clusters As a jazz pianist, I am always looking for ways to arrange jazz tunes. One technique that I find myself working with involves using clusters in the right hand in

More information

CHAPTER8. Non-Harmonic tones (non-chord tones) occur with chords but are not chord members.

CHAPTER8. Non-Harmonic tones (non-chord tones) occur with chords but are not chord members. CHAPTER8 Non-Harmonic Tones Non-Harmonic tones (non-chord tones) occur with chords but are not chord members. FIGURED BASS Non-Harmonic tones are figured like chord tones. Non-Harmonic tones occurring

More information

MUSIC THEORY GLOSSARY

MUSIC THEORY GLOSSARY MUSIC THEORY GLOSSARY Accelerando Is a term used for gradually accelerating or getting faster as you play a piece of music. Allegro Is a term used to describe a tempo that is at a lively speed. Andante

More information

Companion to the Cape Breton Piano Accompaniment Online Workshop Winter 2012

Companion to the Cape Breton Piano Accompaniment Online Workshop Winter 2012 Companion to the Cape Breton Piano Accompaniment Online Workshop Winter 2012 I ve written this companion with the intention that the information presented here will help solidify the concepts outlined

More information

Beginning Harmonic Analysis *

Beginning Harmonic Analysis * OpenStax-CNX module: m11643 1 Beginning Harmonic Analysis * Catherine Schmidt-Jones This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 Abstract An introduction

More information

AP Music Theory. Sample Student Responses and Scoring Commentary. Inside: Free Response Question 6. Scoring Guideline.

AP Music Theory. Sample Student Responses and Scoring Commentary. Inside: Free Response Question 6. Scoring Guideline. 2017 AP Music Theory Sample Student Responses and Scoring Commentary Inside: RR Free Response Question 6 RR Scoring Guideline RR Student Samples RR Scoring Commentary 2017 The College Board. College Board,

More information

Assessment Schedule 2014 Music: Demonstrate knowledge of conventions used in music scores (91094)

Assessment Schedule 2014 Music: Demonstrate knowledge of conventions used in music scores (91094) NCEA Level 1 Music (91094) 2014 page 1 of 7 Assessment Schedule 2014 Music: Demonstrate knowledge of conventions used in music scores (91094) Evidence Statement Question Sample Evidence ONE (a) (i) Dd

More information

Modulation. Phrase Development. Minor Key Melody. Common Weaknesses. Two -Year Structure. An Approach To Harmony - Intervals

Modulation. Phrase Development. Minor Key Melody. Common Weaknesses. Two -Year Structure. An Approach To Harmony - Intervals PPMTA Conference 2004 Leaving Certificate Music Composition Marian Mullen Skills Required for Exam Write a 16 - bar melody Continue a given opening Set text Continue a given dance opening Provide harmonic

More information

11. Jazz Standards and Forms

11. Jazz Standards and Forms 11. Jazz Standards and Forms A typical performance of a jazz standard might take the following structure: o An introduction o The head (main melody) o Open-ended repetition of the form with improvisation

More information

Land of Music Part 3: Musical Mind. Sample Lesson

Land of Music Part 3: Musical Mind. Sample Lesson Land of Music Part 3: Musical Mind Sample Lesson 55 The format is similar to that of Parts 1 and 2 LESSON 16 Items You'll Need for Lesson 16: Tricky Triads Activity Cards Chord Building Activity (AP-40)

More information

How to Improvise Jazz Melodies Bob Keller Harvey Mudd College January 2007

How to Improvise Jazz Melodies Bob Keller Harvey Mudd College January 2007 How to Improvise Jazz Melodies Bob Keller Harvey Mudd College January 2007 There are different forms of jazz improvisation. For example, in free improvisation, the player is under absolutely no constraints.

More information

Please feel free to share this 38-page sample ebook with all other musicians and music students!

Please feel free to share this 38-page sample ebook with all other musicians and music students! Jazzhacker Scales and Modes for 4-String Bass (Standard Tuning, EADG) Jeffrey Williams SAMPLE EBOOK Please feel free to share this 38-page sample ebook with all other musicians and music students! Note

More information

How Are The Parallel Modal Scales Related?

How Are The Parallel Modal Scales Related? How Are The Parallel Modal Scales Related? Just as the major and minor scale are simple permutations of each other [that is, they share the same notes and chords, but have different starting points within

More information

Virginia Standards of Learning IB.16. Guitar I Beginning Level. Technique. Chords 1. Perform I-IV-V(V7) progressions in F, C, G, Scales

Virginia Standards of Learning IB.16. Guitar I Beginning Level. Technique. Chords 1. Perform I-IV-V(V7) progressions in F, C, G, Scales Guitar I Beginning Level Technique 1. Demonstrate knowledge of basic guitar care and maintenance 2. Demonstrate proper sitting position 3. Demonstrate proper left-hand and right-hand playing techniques

More information

LEVEL SIX. The THEORY 2 written examination must be completed successfully for the awarding of the Level 6 Practical Certificate.

LEVEL SIX. The THEORY 2 written examination must be completed successfully for the awarding of the Level 6 Practical Certificate. LEVEL SIX Length of the examination: Examination Fee: Co-requisite: 30 minutes Please consult our website for the schedule of fees. www.conservatorycanada.ca The THEORY 2 written examination must be completed

More information

# w. # w # # w # w # w

# w. # w # # w # w # w & & PRIMARY TRIADS In Levels 1-4, triads (3-note chords) ere built on the first note of the scale. If an example as in the key of E Major, then the triad introduced as an E Major triad, ith E, G and B.

More information

The Basics of Jazz Piano Missouri Music Educators Association Conference January,

The Basics of Jazz Piano Missouri Music Educators Association Conference January, The Basics of Jazz Piano Missouri Music Educators Association Conference January, 25 2018 Phil Dunlap Director of Education and Community Engagement Jazz St. Louis phil@jazzstl.org 2.4 2.5 2.6 3.0 General

More information

5 Powerful Chord Progression Ideas To Enhance Your Songwriting. SongwritingLessonsOnline.com

5 Powerful Chord Progression Ideas To Enhance Your Songwriting. SongwritingLessonsOnline.com 5 Powerful Chord Progression Ideas To Enhance Your Songwriting SongwritingLessonsOnline.com 5 Powerful Chord Progression Ideas To Enhance Your Songwriting By Ryan Buckner Guitar Mastery Solutions, Inc.

More information

By John Geraghty ISBN Copyright 2015 Green Olive Publications Ltd All Rights Reserved

By John Geraghty ISBN Copyright 2015 Green Olive Publications Ltd All Rights Reserved By John Geraghty ISBN 978-0-9933558-0-6 Copyright 2015 Green Olive Publications Ltd All Rights Reserved Book One Manual and CD 1 Table of Contents Introduction... 1 Contents within the Course Part 1...

More information

Analysis Of A Tune Based On The Changes To Solar

Analysis Of A Tune Based On The Changes To Solar Analysis Of A Tune Based On The Changes To Solar Analysis The 1st step on our quest is to really understand Harmony, Form and Melody. I definitely recommend that you do check out the melody for the Standard

More information

Cadences Ted Greene, circa 1973

Cadences Ted Greene, circa 1973 Cadences Ted Greene, circa 1973 Read this first: The word diatonic means in the key or of the key. Theoretically, any diatonic chord may be combined with any other, but there are some basic things to learn

More information

AP Music Theory 2011 Scoring Guidelines

AP Music Theory 2011 Scoring Guidelines AP Music Theory 2011 Scoring Guidelines The College Board The College Board is a not-for-profit membership association whose mission is to connect students to college success and opportunity. Founded in

More information

AP Music Theory 2009 Scoring Guidelines

AP Music Theory 2009 Scoring Guidelines AP Music Theory 2009 Scoring Guidelines The College Board The College Board is a not-for-profit membership association whose mission is to connect students to college success and opportunity. Founded in

More information

Advanced Chromatic Harmonies I: The Neapolitan, and Augmented-Sixth Chords as a Combination of Modal Borrowing and Applied Procedures

Advanced Chromatic Harmonies I: The Neapolitan, and Augmented-Sixth Chords as a Combination of Modal Borrowing and Applied Procedures MU182: Theory II R. Vigil Advanced Chromatic Harmonies I: The Neapolitan, and Augmented-Sixth Chords as a Combination of Modal Borrowing and Applied Procedures I. Modal Borrowing The most basic aspect

More information

All The Major Piano Chords Bvunl.hol.es

All The Major Piano Chords Bvunl.hol.es All The Major Piano Chords Bvunl.hol.es [BOOK] Download Free All The Major Piano Chords - PDF File. This Book have some digital formats such us : paperbook, epub, kindle, ebook, and another formats. Here

More information

w w w P5 w w œ # œ & w # w # w n w n œ & œ # Sequential Singing of Dyads Dyads play on piano 8ve sing top voice # w sing bottom voice

w w w P5 w w œ # œ & w # w # w n w n œ & œ # Sequential Singing of Dyads Dyads play on piano 8ve sing top voice # w sing bottom voice Dyads CD1 Track 2 Sequential Singing of Dyads play on piano 3 P5 n 6 8ve sing top voice sing ottom voice n sing sequential dyads descending n. (dotted lines indicate aural connections) sing sequential

More information

The intervallic method is central for the jazz vocabulary. A) INTERVAL NUMBERS AND NAMES FOR CHROMATIC 12-TONE SERIES

The intervallic method is central for the jazz vocabulary. A) INTERVAL NUMBERS AND NAMES FOR CHROMATIC 12-TONE SERIES 4. THE INTERVALLIC SERIES How does one convey musical information to others? The most basic method is ostensive: you hum the melody to the other and say Learn this! Or you play it on an instrument. The

More information

Voice Leading Summary

Voice Leading Summary Voice Leading Summary Rules cannot be broken, but guidelines may be for aesthetic reasons. Move the Voices as Little as Possible When Changing Chords Rule 1 Resolve tendency tones by step. Generally, the

More information

MUAG 1011 KEYBOARD SKILLS 1 (SKILLS 1-12 & Three EXAMS)

MUAG 1011 KEYBOARD SKILLS 1 (SKILLS 1-12 & Three EXAMS) 2011 MUAG 1011 KEYBOARD SKILLS 1 (SKILLS 1-12 & Three EXAMS) REQUIRED TEXTS: 1. KEYBOARD STRATEGIES MASTER TEXT I: Stecher, et al, (G. Schirmer, 1980). (All pages are KS unless otherwise marked.) 2. ESSENTIAL

More information

Foundation Piano Level 1

Foundation Piano Level 1 Foundation Piano Level 1 Be able to sit comfortably in a balanced position and play with basic dynamics. Have a good hand shape without flat fingers. Read a range of notes over a fifth in both treble and

More information

Forming a Tonal Center

Forming a Tonal Center Forming a Tonal enter Tonality in Western Music How do we establish 1 of the 12 notes in western music as the most important note or tonal center? Here is the way it happens! Free Lesson, Page 1 The 12

More information

Adding Color and Richness to Common Chords

Adding Color and Richness to Common Chords Adding Color and Richness to Common Chords BY JOHN MARK PIPER Maj 7 chords are made of 1, 3, 5, 7 of the major scale. (Cmaj7, CM7) It is often desirale to add color to chords using chord extensions that

More information

CONTENT AREA: MUSIC EDUCATION

CONTENT AREA: MUSIC EDUCATION COURSE TITLE: Advanced Guitar Techniques (Grades 9-12) CONTENT AREA: MUSIC EDUCATION GRADE/LEVEL: 9-12 COURSE DESCRIPTION: COURSE TITLE: ADVANCED GUITAR TECHNIQUES I, II, III, IV COURSE NUMBER: 53.08610

More information

Worksheet: Marian's Music Theory Shorthand (video 4, stepping outside the scale) 1 / 6

Worksheet: Marian's Music Theory Shorthand (video 4, stepping outside the scale) 1 / 6 Worksheet: Marian's Music Theory Shorthand (video 4, stepping outside the scale) 1 / 6 I. Half steps and whole steps and scales We spent some time on intervals seconds, thirds, sixths, etc. now we are

More information

NAME DATE SECTION. Melodic Dictation: Melodies Using m2, M2, m3, M3

NAME DATE SECTION. Melodic Dictation: Melodies Using m2, M2, m3, M3 ben36754_un0.qxd 4/9/04 0:5 Page 7 { NAME DATE ECTION Unit Melody A Melodic Dictation: Melodies Using m, M, m3, M3 Before beginning the exercises in this section, sing the following sample melodies. These

More information

MUSIC THEORY. INTERMEDIATE (Level Two) By Francois H. Tsoubaloko

MUSIC THEORY. INTERMEDIATE (Level Two) By Francois H. Tsoubaloko MUSIC THEORY INTERMEDIATE (Level Two) By Francois H. Tsoubaloko MUSIC THEORY INTERMEDIATE LEVEL (Level Two) By Francois Haipinge Tsoubaloko... Table of Contents 1.0 READING AND WRITING OF MUSIC 1.1 The

More information

St Cecilia MODERN PIANO/JAZZ Syllabus

St Cecilia MODERN PIANO/JAZZ Syllabus St Cecilia MODERN PIANO/JAZZ Syllabus Introduction This syllabus aims at fostering the skills of jazz and popular musical performance at the piano. These vibrant areas of self-expression are of ever-increasing

More information

Jazz Theory and Practice Module 2, a,b,c Dominant-7 th, Added-6 th and Minor-7 th Chords, The (II V I) progression

Jazz Theory and Practice Module 2, a,b,c Dominant-7 th, Added-6 th and Minor-7 th Chords, The (II V I) progression Jazz Theory and Practice Module 2, a,b,c Dominant-7 th, Added-6 th and Minor-7 th Chords, The (II V I) progression C. Two more 7 th chords: Major-7 th ; half-diminished-7 th a. The 7 th chords of the major

More information

Encyclopedia Of Scales

Encyclopedia Of Scales Jim Gleason s GUITAR ENCYCLOPEDIA Encyclopedia Of Scales By Jim Gleason Version.. February 99. 99-999 Rock Performance Music. All Rights Reserved www.guitarencyclopedia.com PAGE INTRODUCTION There are

More information

MU 3322 JAZZ HARMONY II

MU 3322 JAZZ HARMONY II JAZZ HARMONY II Chord Progression EDITION A US Army Element, School of Music 1420 Gator Blvd., Norfolk, Virginia 23521-5170 19 Credit Hours Edition Date: June 1996 SUBCOURSE OVERVIEW This subcourse is

More information

Jazz Lesson 4. Technique. 1. Phrasing a. Phrasing is a very important part of technical exercises. If you can get in the habit of

Jazz Lesson 4. Technique. 1. Phrasing a. Phrasing is a very important part of technical exercises. If you can get in the habit of Jazz Lesson 4 Technique 1. Phrasing a. Phrasing is a very important part of technical exercises. If you can get in the habit of working on your phrasing while practicing your tedious exercises than this

More information

Forming a Tonal Center

Forming a Tonal Center Forming a Tonal Center Tonality in Western Music How do we establish of the 2 notes in western music as the most important note or tonal center Here is the way it happens! Free Lesson, Page The 2 notes

More information

APPENDIX A SOME MUSIC INFORMATION

APPENDIX A SOME MUSIC INFORMATION APPENDIX A SOME MUSIC INFORMATION This appendix has some general information on music. This includes: 1. Musical notes 2. Musical scale formation and the relationship of notes to the scale; 3. Chord formation;

More information

2018 Alabama All-State / District Honor Band Auditions Info at a Glance

2018 Alabama All-State / District Honor Band Auditions Info at a Glance 2018 Alabama All-State / District Honor Band Auditions Info at a Glance Registration Deadline: Friday, December 1 st 2017 - $10.00 Audition Date: Saturday, January 13 th 2018 Albertville HS District II

More information

LEVEL FOUR. Please consult our website for the schedule of fees. REQUIREMENTS & MARKING ONE SUPPLEMENTARY 10

LEVEL FOUR. Please consult our website for the schedule of fees.  REQUIREMENTS & MARKING ONE SUPPLEMENTARY 10 LEVEL FOUR Length of the examination: Examination Fee: Co-requisite: 25 minutes Please consult our website for the schedule of fees. www.conservatorycanada.ca None. There is no written examination corequisite

More information

The Fundamental Triad System

The Fundamental Triad System The Fundamental Triad System A chord-first approach to jazz theory and practice Pete Pancrazi Copyright 2014 by Pete Pancrazi All Rights Reserved www.petepancrazi.com Table of Contents Introduction...

More information

contents ABOUT THE AUTHOR...4 INTRODUCTION...5

contents ABOUT THE AUTHOR...4 INTRODUCTION...5 contents ABOUT THE AUTHO... INTODUTION...5 hapter : Getting Started Open Position hords 6, Barre hords 7, eading Music 8, Blues Progressions and Strumming 9, Pentatonic Scale Fingerings 0 hapter The A

More information

Chord Progressions. Simple Progressions

Chord Progressions. Simple Progressions Chord Progressions A chord progression (or harmonic progression) is a series of musical chords, or chord changes that "aims for a definite goal" of establishing (or contradicting) a tonality founded on

More information

Easy Jazz Guitar Progressions

Easy Jazz Guitar Progressions Easy Jazz Guitar Progressions 12 Essential Progressions for Jazz Guitar Written By: Matthew Warnock Published By: Guitar for Life LLC Copyright 2017 Guitar for Life LLC mattwarnockguitar.com 2 Table of

More information

The following table shows the maximum marks that can be awarded in each section of the examination.

The following table shows the maximum marks that can be awarded in each section of the examination. Introduction To Bass Guitar Examinations Internationally Recognised Qualifications These examinations offer a formal recognition of the specific talents of bass guitar players. The examinations have been

More information

The Fundamental Triad System

The Fundamental Triad System The Fundamental Triad System A chord-first approach to jazz guitar Volume I Creating Improvised Lines Pete Pancrazi Introduction / The Chord-First Approach Any jazz guitar method must address the challenge

More information

INTRODUCTION TO CHORDS

INTRODUCTION TO CHORDS INTRODUCTION TO CHORDS Indicates Files in Piano Marvel Repertoire Introduction to Chords Print out this file and use it at your keyboard to study/ Prepared by Christine Brown Please give me your feedback

More information

2018 Alabama All-State / District Honor Band Auditions Info at a Glance

2018 Alabama All-State / District Honor Band Auditions Info at a Glance 2018 Alabama All-State / District Honor Band Auditions Info at a Glance Registration Deadline: Friday, December 1 st 2017 - $10.00 Audition Date: Saturday, January 1 th 2018 Albertville HS District II

More information

And please check out our full on video instructional website at now let s get to it!

And please check out our full on video instructional website at  now let s get to it! Here are a few lessons from the lead guitar manual that goes with the Rock Jam Tracks Plus and Blues Jam Tracks Plus packages. The lead guitar manual that come with the CDs are over 53 pages each absolutely

More information

Scale Patterns for Guitar and Why You Need Them

Scale Patterns for Guitar and Why You Need Them Scale Patterns for Guitar and Why You Need Them In this lesson, the topic of scale patterns for guitar will be covered in detail. You ll be both introduced to a number of scale patterns, and taught how

More information

Chords- Theory and Application

Chords- Theory and Application Chords- Theory and Application Chords remain a mystery for most guitarists because of the mystique surrounding both the guitar and the theory behind what makes a chord appropriate. The almost limitless

More information

Music I. Marking Period 1. Marking Period 3

Music I. Marking Period 1. Marking Period 3 Week Marking Period 1 Week Marking Period 3 1 Intro. Piano, Guitar, Theory 11 Intervals Major & Minor 2 Intro. Piano, Guitar, Theory 12 Intervals Major, Minor, & Augmented 3 Music Theory meter, dots, mapping,

More information

AP MUSIC THEORY 2007 SCORING GUIDELINES

AP MUSIC THEORY 2007 SCORING GUIDELINES 2007 SCORING GUIDELINES Definitions of Common Voice-Leading Errors (FR 5 & 6) 1. Parallel fifths and octaves (immediately consecutive) unacceptable (award 0 points) 2. Beat-to-beat fifths and octaves (equal

More information

Lydian. Ionian (Major) "Brighter" Mixolydian. Dorian. Aeolian (Minor) "Darker" Phrygian. Locrian. A Spectrum of Modes # 4. b 7. b 3. b 6. b 2.

Lydian. Ionian (Major) Brighter Mixolydian. Dorian. Aeolian (Minor) Darker Phrygian. Locrian. A Spectrum of Modes # 4. b 7. b 3. b 6. b 2. A Spectrum of # 4 1 2 3 5 6 7 Lydian and Parallel on the "Brighter" "Darker" 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 4 5 1 2 4 5 b 2 1 4 5 b 2 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 1 4 6 b 6 b 6 b 5 b 6 7 b 7 b 7 b 7 b 7 b 7 Ionian (Major)

More information

AP MUSIC THEORY 2007 SCORING GUIDELINES

AP MUSIC THEORY 2007 SCORING GUIDELINES 2007 SCORING GUIDELINES Definitions of Common Voice-Leading Errors (FR 5 & 6) 1. Parallel fifths and octaves (immediately consecutive) unacceptable (award 0 points) 2. Beat-to-beat fifths and octaves (equal

More information

2019 Stef Ramin jazz-guitar-licks.com All Rights Reserved

2019 Stef Ramin jazz-guitar-licks.com All Rights Reserved What s a Tritone Substitution? The tritone substitution is one of the most common substitution found in jazz. The basic application of a tritone chord substitution is to take any 7th chord and play another

More information

Why are functional piano skills important for music majors?

Why are functional piano skills important for music majors? Why are functional piano skills important for music majors? What can be accomplished in a four-semester sequence? Dr. Toni James - 10 February 2017 1 What is important for students? The most positive aspect

More information

Ear Training Exercises Ted Greene 1975, March 10 and May 8

Ear Training Exercises Ted Greene 1975, March 10 and May 8 Ear Training Exercises Ted Greene 1975, March 10 and May 8 PART 1 Wherever the word sing is used, you might wish to substitute hum or whistle if you prefer to do these. If you do sing the exercises you

More information

MUAG 1012 KEYBOARD SKILLS 2 (SKILLS & Three EXAMS)

MUAG 1012 KEYBOARD SKILLS 2 (SKILLS & Three EXAMS) MUAG 1012 KEYBOARD SKILLS 2 (SKILLS 13-24 & Three EXAMS) 2012 REQUIRED TEXTS: BRING ALL MATERIALS TO EVERY CLASS. 1. KEYBOARD STRATEGIES MASTER TEXT I: Stecher, Horowitz, Gordon, Kern & Lancaster; (G.

More information

Theory of Music Grade 5

Theory of Music Grade 5 Theory of Music Grade 5 May 2009 Your full name (as on appointment slip). Please use BLOCK CAPITALS. Your signature Registration number Centre Instructions to Candidates 1. The time allowed for answering

More information

Chord Phrasings and Progressions

Chord Phrasings and Progressions Video Reference: Chapter 3 - "Chord Phrasings and Progressions" Chord Phrasings and Progressions Chord Voicing - The notes that make up a chord are referred to as voicings. For now, the two basic voicings

More information