PROOF ARGUMENTS HOW AND WHY

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1 PROOF ARGUMENTS HOW AND WHY F. WARREN BITTNER, CG SM 472 WEST SADDLEWOOD CENTERVILLE, UT F. Warren Bittner Class Outline Topics: I. The goal of family history: II. The Genealogical Proof Standard III. Proof arguments IV. How to write a proof argument V. Sample proof arguments VI. Where to study great proof arguments VII. How to preserve good research VIII. Proof argument examples I. The goal of family history: Establish identity Prove relationships If we fail in either of these goals everything else is a waste. o People live complex lives. o Associate with multiple people. o Move between towns. o Immigrate. o Marry. o Have children. o Buy and sell land. o Pay taxes. o Die. o Leave estates. Establishing proof that a series of events involves the same person requires comparison of multiple pieces of evidence.

2 II. The Genealogical Proof Standard: Reasonably exhaustive research. Complete source citations. Analyze the data. Resolve conflicting evidence. Write an evidence-based conclusion. III. Proof arguments: A written evidence-based conclusion is a Proof Argument Proof Arguments are: o Cap stone of the Genealogical Proof Standard. o Only way to save the next generation from repeating our research. o Evidence tying life events together. o Identity established through evidence. o Relationships established through evidence. o Logic presenting the mental process of analysis and comparison of evidence. o Conflicts resolved by reasoning though the evidence. Proof Arguments: o Can prove a person s history. o Can prove a person s relationship to: o Parents o Spouse o Children o Extended family o Friends o Associates o Neighbors o Or all of these Proof Arguments are a written representation of the analysis and comparison of the multiple pieces of evidence needed to establish the identity of an individual throughout their lifetime, and to link that person to other family members.

3 IV. How to write a proof argument: A. Begin with a statement of what is being proven: This is the proof argument tying Minnie Mary Bahre to her birth family. B. State what type evidence the proof is based upon: The evidence tying Minnie to her birth family is indirect, but convincing. C. Briefly summarize the argument: No single document ties Minnie to her birth family. The sums of many pieces of evidence establish this tie. D. Introduce the person with an evidence based statement: Minnie Mary Bahre recorded her own birth date in her Bible as follows, Minnie Bahre Wife of Fred J Bittner, Feb 28th 1865, both N.Y. City. E. Analyze the quality of the record: The Bible was a Christmas gift to Minnie in 1898, so for Minnie s 1865 birth record: the source is derivative, and the information is secondary. F. Assess the contribution of the record: This information appears to have been recorded by Minnie herself, so can be relied on as far as Minnie was aware of her own birth date and place. G. Give a complete source citation: Family data, Minnie Mary (Bahre) Bittner family Bible record, , in The Pronouncing Edition of the Holy Bible, Containing the Authorized and Revised Versions of the Olds and New Testaments... (Boston: Bay State, 1890); F. Warren Bittner collection, Centerville, Utah. The volume, Presented to Mrs. Minnie Bittner by Frederick Joseph Bittner, [her] Husband, December 25th 1898, the entries appear to have been made by Minnie Bittner The Bible passed from Minnie to her daughter Alice (Bittner) Rickert, to Alice s nephew Burton Bittner (son of Andrew Bittner), and to Burton s son Matthew Bittner, who gave it to Warren Bittner in H. Present each piece of evidence in logical order: On her 1884 New York City marriage license,minnie lists her parents as, Frederick Bahre and Dora Luhr. I. Note when one piece of evidence supports another: On her marriage license, Minnie also states she will be twenty years old on her next birthday, which matches the 1865 birth year listed in the Bible. J. Continue to analyze each piece of data: The marriage license is an original source with primary information provided firsthand by the bride and groom. K. Infer information from the sources: If Minnie was born in New York City in 1865, her parents must have been living in the city at the time, suggesting information about her parents may survive in contemporary New York City records. L. Give a complete source citation: New York City Division of Health Statistics, Manhattan Marriage Records, marriage certificate no (1884), Bittner-Bahre; New York City Municipal Archives, New York; FHL microfilm 1,470,466.

4 M. After one set of family data is presented, introduce the next set of data: On 25 May 1861, there is a marriage recorded in New York City at the Evangelical Lutheran Church of St. Matthew between Johann Heinr[ich] Fri[edrich] Behre of Weetzen in Hannover and Johanna Dorothea Louise Lühr of Osterode am Harz, Hannover. N. Compare one set of family data with another: The names of this couple are a close match to the Frederick Bahre and Dora Luhr listed in Minnie s marriage. O. Draw conclusions from comparing records: The close match of given and surnames suggests this is the marriage of Minnie s parents. [Frederick Bahre Frierich Behr; Dora Luhr Dorothea Lühr] P. Analyze the evidence: This 1861 marriage is an original source with information that appears to be primary. Q. Give a complete source citation: Evangelical Church of St. Matthew (New York City), Ehebuch , p. 200, Behre-Lühr marriage (25 May 1861); parish rectory, New York City; FHL microfilm 1,902,068. R. Present additional evidence to support conclusions: A record a appaears to be Minnie's baptism is recorded in the same church three years later on the date listed in her Bible (28 February 1865) where her name is recorded as Johanna Sophia Wilhelmine Behr, with parents listed as Johann Friedrich Behr of Wehzen in Hannover and Doris Lühr of Osterode am Harz, Hannover. S. Compare evidence as it is introduced: The close match of the names and birth places between this 1861 marriage and the parents in this 1865 baptism indicate both records relate to the same couple. T. Give a complete source citation: Evangelical Church of St. Matthew (New York City), Taufbuch , p. 385, Johanna Sophia Wilhelmine Behr baptism (14 May 1865); parish rectory, New York City; FHL microfilm 1,901,797. U. Resolve conflicting evidence: In her marriage Minnie is listed as Minnie Mary Barhe; in her baptism her name is Johanna Sophia Wilhelmine. These two pieces of direct evidence are in conflict. The conflict is resolved through a comparison of all four records discussed above. The close match of information between them suggests that the name Minnie was a diminutive of Wilhelmine. V. Summarize the proof: Taken together these four sources prove that Minnie Mary Bahre listed in the Bible and the 1884 marriage is the same person as the girl in the 1865 baptism. The identity of Minnie Mary Bahre and her relationship to her family is strengthened by several pieces of supporting evidence.

5 In addition to Minnie (Wilhemina) s baptism, the records of St. Matthew also list the births of two siblings for Minnie: Heinrich Behre (25 May 1861), and Sophia Auguste Behr (20 July 1862). The names of the parents in these records closely match those in Minnie s baptism and in the parents marriage; and all the baptisms list the same towns of birth for the parents. This proves the three children are siblings. The 1865 and 1866 New York City directories list Frederick J.H. Bahre at eating h[ouse] 233 G'wich, h[ome] 44 Robinson. This is the same address listed for Minnie s parents in her baptismal entry. The directories between show only one man with a name similar to Frederick Bahre in any year, and that man lives primarily within Greenwich Village and works in the hospitality industry. This is significant as it means there is only one man in the city of the right name who could be Minnie s father. The 1872 directory lists him as Fred k Bahre, eating, West Vestry, h[ome] 423 G wich; and the 1871 lists Frederick Behr, oysters, h 423 G wich. These two records indicate where the family was living at the time of the 1870 census. In the 1870 U.S. Census, Fritz Bear is listed at 423 Greenwich Street with his wife, Dora, and children Henry (age 10), Sophia (8), Mena (6), and Deretta (3). The names of the parents and the names and birth order of the children match those found in the baptismal entries, except for Doretta, whose baptism has not been found.minnie is the Mena of this record. Minnie also had a brother, Frederick, who was not born until Minnie s mother, Dorothea Bahre, died 6 October 1876 at 341 Greenwich Street; the same address where Frederick Bahre is listed in the city directory that year. This complex set of evidence shows that each document relative to this family can be positively linked with at least two other records in the set. This complex evidence proves the relationships between Minnie and her birth family.

6 V. Sample proof arguments: The baptisms are recorded at St. John s Catholic Church, Evansville, Indiana; the names of the parents are clearly written in each entry. A letter written to Marie by her mother, Ingrid Olsdatter, from Dragor, Denmark, gives information about two sisters, Gertrude Marie (still in Denmark), and Karen wife of Hans Thorgaard living in Kanesville, Iowa. This letter is direct evidence linking Marie to her mother and siblings. The evidence tying the three Bittner brothers of New York City to their birth family in Germany is both direct and indirect. The third son, Michael Bittner was killed in a boiler explosion in New York City in His burial record at St. Mark s Lutheran Church, clearly states he was from Neudorf in the Ansbach area and that his family includes two brothers here [in New York], one in Germany, and three sisters; the parents Leonhard and Margaretha Bittner are dead. This record describes the precise situation for all nine members of the family in This is clear and direct evidence linking Michael Bittner of New York City to his parental family in Germany, and also establishes the immigration to America of two of his brothers. Evidence linking Johann Bittner to his birth family is indirect, but conclusive. Johann is buried in the plot with the other two immigrant brothers, which indicates he is a family member. The Civil War pension file for Christoph Bittner has a letter from Johann Bittner stating that he is a brother of the veteran. This is direct evidence from an original source that established Johann s relationship to the Civil War soldier, and indirect evidence tying him through his brothers to their parents in Germany. Johann Bittner s age given on his death certificate in New York match his birth date in Germany, but shows him a year younger to the day than he actually was (an easy and common arithmetic error to make). [Note here the resolution of conflicting data.] No known document in New York provides his town of birth or parents names.

7 No known documents contradict the conclusion that he was the son of Leonhard and Margaretha. VI. Where to study great proof arguments: Professionals must keep current on their skills. For any professional reading the major journals of the field is essential. This is true for genealogists. The major journals are: o The American Genealogist. (TAG). o The Genealogist. o New England Historical and Genealogical Register. (NEHGR or The Register). o New York Genealogical and Biographical Record (NYGBR or The Record). o National Genealogical Society Quarterly. (NGSQ). There are two types of genealogists: o Those who read the National Genealogical Society Quarterly. o And those who do not. There are two types of genealogical questions: o Those informed by the methods of the NGSQ. o And those that are not. The NGSQ teaches how the best genealogists think and how they solve the most difficult problems. VII. How to preserve good research: There are three family format styles standard to the genealogical industry: o The Register Style. o The Modified Register Style (or NGSQ System). o Sosa-Stradonitz System. All major genealogical journals use these systems. The systems give a time-proven method to present complex families. VIII. Proof argument examples

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