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1 Chapter 1 : Canadian Genealogy My Canadian Ancestry, In Retrospect [Leander Judson Cole] on blog.quintoapp.com *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Like New Hardcover Book that came from private collection. Other Sites of Interest Preface The rich and diversified aboriginal cultures in Canada have brought a unique quality to the lives of many Canadians. It is with pride that more and more Canadians are doing research to trace their aboriginal roots in records found in various archives across Canada. Uncovering your ties with your aboriginal ancestry can help to define your own identity. With the help of those who use archival records, we have developed this guide to help Canadians undertaking aboriginal genealogical research in the archival documentation at Library and Archives Canada. This guide is not meant to be an exhaustive overview of all sources and research strategies; rather, it is one of the tools you can use. Further resources are listed at the end of this guide, and the specialized staff at Library and Archives Canada and other research institutions will be able to assist you in conducting research into your aboriginal ancestry. Introduction Genealogical research can be a complex and lengthy process. Records from many private, provincial and federal sources must be used, and they are often scattered throughout the country. Researchers may therefore have to travel to where the records are located. In addition, records that contain personal information â the very records most wanted by the researcher â may be subject to access and privacy legislation or to restrictions placed on them by the donors. Other possible difficulties are many: Locating records can be challenging, and once found, records can be hard to interpret. For example, records based on aboriginal perspectives of oral traditions and spiritual concepts can be difficult to understand for researchers of European origin. Equally, any exploration of records based on non-aboriginal perspectives must bear those views in mind. Overall, records of aboriginal ancestry are of notoriously complex nature and organization, with records from different sources contradicting each other and all reflecting the perspectives of their creators. Often, a complete picture emerges only after consulting many types of records from many sources. How to use this guide Part I of this guide provides background information on how to research aboriginal ancestry in records located at Library and Archives Canada. References for complementary sources of information are also provided, along with suggested readings to provide additional historical or sociological context. Part II of this guide offers step-by-step strategies for using the Library and Archives Canada Internet site for doing aboriginal genealogical research. ArchiviaNet Archived provides access to a variety of archival holdings, which can be searched by theme or type of document. A bibliography of suggested readings and Internet addresses for sources in other institutions are included at the end of the guide. Publications mentioned throughout this guide may be available at Library and Archives Canada for on-site consultation or, through inter-institutional loan, at your local library. Copying from publications is subject to copyright legislation. As the archival holdings grow or the Web site changes, this guide will be revised as required. Databases and Web pages mentioned in this guide are underlined. Web site addresses are hyperlinks. Researching your Indigenous genealogy at Library and Archives Canada Before starting Before coming to Library and Archives Canada or going online, write down as much information as you can about every generation, starting with yourself and working back in time. As much as possible, include the names, dates of birth, marriage and death, and places of residence of your ancestors. Much of this information might be known to your family or be in old family documents. Use a standard genealogical handbook as a guide on what steps to follow and how to look up further details in the reference materials at your local library. Document your work carefully as you go along, keeping notes not just of the information you find but also of where you found it. You will find information about how to begin your research on the Genealogy and Family History Website under How to Begin. Indigenous peoples in Canadian records French regime During the very early French colonial period, explorers, the military, the colonial government and the clergy maintained accounts of their respective operations in New France. Unfortunately, the documents for that period in the custody of Library and Archives Canada contain very little information of genealogical significance. Nevertheless, Library and Archives Canada has copies of most documents relating to the history of New France, whether as transcripts or microfilm copies of the originals. Some original documents from Page 1

2 private sources are also available for research. For conservation reasons, researchers are usually required to consult a reproduction of those originals. The following archival sources might contain references to Indigenous peoples during the French regime. Archives des Colonies MG 1 Transcript and microfilm copies of records accumulated by the Ministre de la Marine in its administration of French Colonies. The records relates to both civil administration and defence, touching on relations with native people. The records include ordinances and decrees issued in Paris and New France; dispatches to and from governors and intendants, instructions to administrators, reports and census. Included among them are records of missionary activities in New France. Series C contains significant reports and memoirs of military officers on reconnaissance missions. Includes documents about the rights of native peoples to territory and self government. Scattered among them are correspondences, journals and memoirs, song and prayer books, and dictionaries of native languages. Correspondance officielle MG 8 Original documents created in New France and copies of records held in other archives or private repositories. Series A to D contains official records retained in Canada after Series E and F document the military and seigniorial regime. Series G contains parish registers, including several for native missions. Included are records of missionary societies covering all geographical areas of New France. British regime A few series of records at Library and Archives Canada contain references to aboriginal individuals in the British military and their family members during the British colonial period Although not standard genealogical sources, these may provide ties to ancestors in the military and other family members of aboriginal origin. The above series are indexed and on microfilm. There may be information relating to aboriginal people in other records from the time of the British colonial period, but the indexing practices of earlier decades have left any such references unmarked. Whether such non-indexed information would be of value to the genealogical researcher is unknown. In, with the passage of the Act for the Better Protection of the Lands and Property of the Indians in Lower Canada, the first definition of "Indian" was given, with Indian status linked to band membership. This fairly loose definition was found inadequate after Confederation in, when the Constitution Act, formerly known as the British North America Act, gave responsibility for "Indians and lands reserved for the Indians" to the new Canadian government. As a result, over time, constitutional jurisdiction has been exercised in different ways for the different groups that make up the aboriginal population of Canada. Nonetheless, records on Aboriginal Peoples did improve after, as the federal government began documenting the many aspects of relations between aboriginal groups and various government departments. Many of these records are located at Library and Archives Canada, the official depository for historical records of the federal government. It must be remembered that the records were almost all created by non-aboriginal people, primarily federal government clerks and officials, and that the manner of their organization is based on how those people recognized the status of the aboriginal person during his or her lifetime. Further information on federal government records can be found by consulting Aboriginal Peoples - Guide to the Records of the Government of Canada. Status Indians Under the Indian Act, an Indian is "a person who, pursuant to this Act, is registered as an Indian or is entitled to be registered as an Indian". The rules for eligibility for registration have changed often over the years. Therefore, most information on status Indians is in the archival records of this department. Transcripts or digitized images of the actual documents in the RG 10 holdings are not yet available on the Library and Archives Canada Web site. The names that appear in RG 10 fonds include only individuals defined as status Indians under the Indian Act. Normally, names of non-status Indians will not appear in RG 10 fonds. Record Organization in RG 10 fonds The documents in RG 10 fonds take many forms, including files, letter books, ledgers, registers, lists and more. Detailed descriptions of these documents are available in research tools called finding aids. Finding aids are numbered and are available in many formats; some are electronic and can be found in the Archives Search database. Others may simply be handwritten or typed lists, which can be used at Library and Archives Canada, in Ottawa. The Archives Search database offers a constantly updated overview of all Library and Archives Canada holdings. This database usually mentions what finding aids are available for each group of holdings and in what format. Many archival documents have access restrictions. See "Restricted Information" in Part II of this guide for instructions on how to review access restrictions. These restrictions may be lifted in accordance with the provisions of the Access to Information and Privacy acts. Most files in RG 10 fonds that Page 2

3 contain information useful to the genealogist are arranged by band, agency or district. This hierarchy of information, together with the time period of interest, is critical to locating relevant files. Knowing the band of an ancestor is the single most important piece of information the genealogical researcher can have. Knowledge of whether a band signed a treaty, and when, might also help narrow down a search. Indian Tribes and Bands A tribe or nation is a large group of aboriginal people, generally composed of more than one band, who follow the same traditional way of life and who speak basically the same language; the tribe is sometimes politically arranged in a federation. Researchers interested in the names of tribes and nations native to Canada and the northern United States can consult Indians of Canada, Cultural Dynamics, by John Price. Few RG 10 documents were created at the tribe or nation level, as the federal government has mostly dealt with aboriginal people at the level of the band. Specialists today recognize two meanings for the term "band". Administratively, the band is the basic unit of organization that the federal government created to group aboriginal people for purposes of managing services to them. Socially, it is a group of people following a traditional way of life hunting, fishing, trapping, gathering, family structure, etc. Members of bands are recognized by the government by a band number or ticket, a government issued identification number given to a family or an adult living alone in a band. A band is sometimes referred to by the name recognized by its own members, such as Chippewas of Nawash, Algonquins of Barriere Lake, etc. Researchers must bear in mind that, over the years, many bands were amalgamated, surrendered their treaty rights or changed their names. It is therefore important to know the dates of interest when searching for band information. In the absence of the name of the band to which an ancestor is believed to have belonged, the place of residence might make it possible to identify the appropriate band or reserve. Here are three resources that may help: The Canada Gazetteer Atlas, available at most local libraries, identifies reserves as pink areas; smaller settlements show as a red dot. The researcher can try to locate an Indian reserve in the area surrounding the place of residence of an ancestor. The Atlas of Indian Reserves and Settlements of Canada contains similar information, but with slightly more detailed maps. Once the band name is known, a variety of resources exist for the researcher of Indigenous ancestry: Binders containing band history cards are available at Library and Archives Canada in Ottawa. These cards contain such band information as name of agencies, treaty numbers, dates and the name changes. Page 3

4 Chapter 2 : GENEALOGY SITE: family tree, genealogy, genealogy guide "The author traces for us the history of his family within the larger context of French-Canadian history." Sophronia Charbonneau (b. ) married Joseph LeDuc, and they immigrated (with their daughters and families) from the Province of Quebec to Minnesota. Today, Canada is comprised of provinces each run by a unique government. The Vikings visited Labrador and Nova Scotia on this voyage. Lawrence River in the early s where he settled in present-day Montreal. In the early s, French explorer Samuel de Champlain founded a trading post in the future Quebec. The French and English fought over Canadian territories, and later the British and Americans fought during the War of Canada was also the ultimate destination for slaves escaping America during the Civil War via the Underground Railroad. In later years, many Canadians emigrated south to America, and locating your Canadian ancestors is possible with the types of records maintained by both countries. However, it has been documented that many Canadians began emigrating to the U. During the early s, over 1. The s saw nearly a million Canadian immigrants settling in the northern U. Immigration slowed during World War II, but increased again during the s again for better employment and better wages in the U. Many famous Hollywood actors like Michael J. To find out if any your Canadian ancestors were famous or important at that time, you should begin by assembling all family documentation and records you can find. Also, interview older family members to get as many full names and dates as they can recall. Often, your search will begin in the last place you have known relatives, so that you can begin to work backwards until you reach your Canadian ancestors. Types of Canadian Records Vital records are an essential part of most family research projects, as birth, marriage and death records can all provide important information on other generations of the family. Marriage records also tend to list the names of the parents for both the bride and groom, which can help lead to relations by marriage you might not have known about. Census records are important, and luckily, both the U. Census records can often reveal additional household members like extended family and children. In Canada, each province took an individual census, and they also maintain separate historical records like vital records and immigration records. It will help to narrow down where your Canadian ancestors lived in order to extensively search the variety of records available for that territory or province. Military records are available for your ancestors who might have fought for both Canada and the U. These records will tell you more about where the regiment fought and the rank of your ancestor. You could learn who traveled together, where they traveled from, a destination address, and even the name of their American or Canadian sponsor. Both Canadian and American records are more easily accessed with many available online, and you can start to fill in the earlier blanks on your family tree and watch it grow with each new discovery. Canadian Family History Resources. Chapter 3 : Canadian Census Collection - Ancestry My Canadian Ancestry, in Retrospect by Leander Judson Cole,, available at Book Depository with free delivery worldwide. Chapter 4 : Canadian Genealogy & Family History - Canadian Ancestry Note: Citations are based on reference standards. However, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. The specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied. Chapter 5 : Canada's Anglo-Celtic Connections: BIFHSGO conference in retrospect The Hardcover of the My Canadian Ancestry in Retrospect by Leander J. Cole at Barnes & Noble. FREE Shipping on $ or more! Page 4

5 Chapter 6 : My Canadian Ancestry, in Retrospect : Leander Judson Cole : For ancestors in the Cole family - this book is a nice collection for genealogy purposes. It always amazes me the work that goes into genealogy collecting - and feel thankful when I see that some family member has been dedicated to pursuing history for future generations to receive. Chapter 7 : Canada's Anglo-Celtic Connections: OGS conference in retrospect Go to Public Collections to browse other people's collections. Items from these collections can be copied into your own private collection. Create your own Private Collection by searching or browsing to find items of interest and then adding them to a collection. Use * or? to search for alternate. Chapter 8 : Canada Genealogy & Canada Family History Resources - blog.quintoapp.com Genealogy is all about names, events and dates, and Canadian genealogy is no different. All the websites listed below are free, and they cover a wide variety of genealogical subjects in Canada. Chapter 9 : Ancestry - Sign In The Mackey family history: descendants of Matthias & Nancy (Mron) Mackey, a pioneer family of Whitby Township Ontario County, Ontario, Canada George P. DeKay The Marion family: Acadian and French Canadian ancestry of Joseph Dolor Marion and Evelyn Helen Pageau who were married in Page 5