Contents Census Overview 1

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3 Contents Page no: Introduction 3 Chapter 1: Demographic Characteristics 5 Chapter 2: Social Characteristics 21 Chapter 3: Migration and Urbanization 27 Chapter 4: Education 37 Chapter 5: Economic Characteristics 41 Chapter 6: Fertility 49 Chapter 7: Mortality 53 Chapter 8: Disability 57 Chapter 9: Housing Conditions and 63 Household Amenities Definitions and Concepts Census Overview 1

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5 Introduction The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census (2014 Census) was conducted with midnight of 29 March 2014 as the reference point. This is the first Census in 30 years; the last Census was conducted in Planning and execution of this Census was spearheaded by the former Ministry of Immigration and Population, now the Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population, on behalf of the Government, in accordance with the Population and Housing Census Law, The main objectives of the 2014 Census are to provide the Government and other stakeholders with essential information on the population, regarding demographic, social and economic characteristics, and housing conditions and household amenities. By generating information at all administrative levels, it is also intended to provide a sound basis for evidence-based decision-making and to evaluate the impact of social and economic policies and programmes in the country. The results of the 2014 Census have been published to date in a number of volumes. The first was the Provisional Results (Census Report Volume 1), which was released in August The Census Main Results were launched in May These included The Union Report (Census Report Volume 2), Highlights of the Main Results (Census Report Volume 2-A), and the reports for each of the 15 States and Regions (Census Report Volume 3[A -O]). The reports on Occupation and Industry (Census Report Volume 2-B) and Religion (Census Report Volume 2-C) were launched in March 2016 and July 2016, respectively. The thirteen thematic reports and Census Atlas were released in 2016 and They address issues on Fertility and Nuptiality; Mortality; Maternal Mortality; Migration and Urbanization; Population Projections; Population Dynamics; the Older Population; Children and Youth; Education; Labour Force; Disability; Gender Dimensions; and Housing Conditions and Household Amenities. Their preparation involved collaborative efforts with both local and international experts as well as various Government Ministries, Departments and research institutions. The information presented in this booklet is based on major findings from the above mentioned set of 2014 Census publications. It is a basic reference for those who want to know about the overview of the population of Myanmar. The book is divided into nine chapters. It contains tables and figures of Demographic Characteristics, Social Characteristics, Migration and Urbanization, Education, Economic Characteristics, Fertility, Mortality, Disability and Housing Conditions and Household Amenities. All the census information and reports can be downloaded at and Census Overview 3

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7 Chapter 1: Demographic Characteristics* Note: * Apart from the data presented in Table 1.1 and Figures 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4, the rest of the information presented in this publication is based on the population and households that were enumerated during the census Census Overview 5

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9 Table 1.1: Distribution of population by State/Region and sex State/Region Both sexes Male Female Proportion of Total Population(%) Union 51,486,253 24,824,586 26,661,667 Union enumerated 50,279,900 24,228,714 26,051,186 Union not enumerated 1,206, , ,481 Kachin 1,689, , , Kachin enumerated 1,642, , ,488 Kachin not enumerated 46,600 23,031 23,569 Kayah 286, , , Kayin 1,574, , , Kayin enumerated 1,504, , ,199 Kayin not enumerated 69,753 36,141 33,612 Chin 478, , , Sagaing 5,325,347 2,516,949 2,808, Tanintharyi 1,408, , , Bago 4,867,373 2,322,338 2,545, Magway 3,917,055 1,813,974 2,103, Mandalay 6,165,723 2,928,367 3,237, Mon 2,054, ,392 1,067, Rakhine 3,188,807 1,526,402 1,662, Rakhine enumerated 2,098, ,702 1,109,105 Rakhine not enumerated 1,090, , ,300 Yangon 7,360,703 3,516,403 3,844, Shan 5,824,432 2,910,710 2,913, Ayeyawady 6,184,829 3,009,808 3,175, Nay Pyi Taw 1,160, , , Census Overview 7

10 Figure 1.1: Population density by State/Region Census Overview

11 Table 1.2: Proportion of enumerated population in urban and rural areas by sex by State/Region State/Region Total Population Urban Population Rural Population % Urban Both sexes Male Female Both sexes Male Female Union 50,279,900 14,877,943 7,114,224 7,763, ,401,957 17,114,490 18,287, Kachin 1,642, , , , ,050, , , Kayah 286,627 72,418 35,679 36, , , , Kayin 1,504, , , , ,175, , , Chin 478,801 99,809 47,198 52, , , , Sagaing 5,325, , , , ,414,012 2,086,541 2,327, Tanintharyi 1,408, , , , ,069, , , Bago 4,867,373 1,072, , , ,795,037 1,821,181 1,973, Magway 3,917, , , , ,329,024 1,543,350 1,785, Mandalay 6,165,723 2,143,436 1,033,433 1,110, ,022,287 1,894,934 2,127, Mon 2,054, , , , ,482, , , Rakhine 2,098, , , , ,744, , , Yangon 7,360,703 5,160,512 2,441,229 2,719, ,200,191 1,075,174 1,125, Shan 5,824,432 1,395, , , ,428,585 2,218,257 2,210, Ayeyawady 6,184, , , , ,312,229 2,597,115 2,715, Nay Pyi Taw 1,160, , , , , , , % Rural 2014 Census Overview 9

12 Table 1.3: Population by urban and rural, by sex and 5-year age groups, Union Fiveyear age groups Total population Urban Rural Both sexes Male Female Both sexes Male Female Both sexes Male Female Total 50,279,900 24,228,714 26,051,186 14,877,943 7,114,224 7,763,719 35,401,957 17,114,490 18,287, ,472,130 2,262,783 2,209,347 1,081, , ,544 3,391,002 1,713,199 1,677, ,819,077 2,438,372 2,380,705 1,146, , ,566 3,672,201 1,855,062 1,817, ,108,362 2,595,749 2,512,613 1,355, , ,487 3,752,570 1,892,444 1,860, ,625,989 2,290,998 2,334,991 1,467, , ,164 3,158,869 1,550,042 1,608, ,331,069 2,091,525 2,239,544 1,460, , ,167 2,870,497 1,380,120 1,490, ,146,134 1,995,465 2,150,669 1,320, , ,750 2,825,543 1,356,624 1,468, ,898,861 1,884,549 2,014,312 1,229, , ,461 2,669,851 1,289,000 1,380, ,563,480 1,705,630 1,857,850 1,092, , ,036 2,470,564 1,186,750 1,283, ,283,073 1,548,942 1,734,131 1,025, , ,383 2,257,404 1,074,656 1,182, ,946,148 1,375,041 1,571, , , ,233 2,027, ,664 1,066, ,559,232 1,182,341 1,376, , , ,853 1,775, , , ,051, ,979 1,115, , , ,567 1,420, , , ,576, , , , , ,869 1,099, , , ,064, , , , , , , , , , , , ,747 87, , , , , , , , ,732 65,960 99, , , , , , ,701 99,573 36,945 62, ,003 93, , ,069 56, ,090 51,127 17,118 34, ,942 39,861 67, ,957 24,834 48,123 24,622 7,873 16,749 48,335 16,961 31, Census Overview

13 Table 1.4: Population by broad age group by State/Region State/Region Age groups Union 14,399,569 32,982,768 2,897,563 Kachin 492,879 1,084,096 65,866 Kayah 99, ,934 10,690 Kayin 538, ,642 77,088 Chin 191, ,605 22,906 Sagaing 1,525,943 3,468, ,539 Tanintharyi 478, ,419 71,955 Bago 1,383,846 3,175, ,342 Magway 1,056,659 2,578, ,600 Mandalay 1,599,216 4,186, ,122 Mon 641,960 1,278, ,438 Rakhine 653,333 1,305, ,913 Yangon 1,725,413 5,219, ,349 Shan 1,865,293 3,712, ,943 Ayeyawady 1,821,154 4,004, ,325 Nay Pyi Taw 326, ,798 53, Census Overview 11

14 Table 1.5: Distribution of children, youth and older population by State/Region Children (0-14) Youth (15-24) Older population (65+) State/Region Total population Number of children Distribution of children in Union Share of children in State/ Region population Number of youth Distribution of youth in Union Share of youth in State/ Region population Number of older people Distribution of older people in Union Share of older people in State/ Region population Union 50,279,900 14,399, ,957, ,897, Kachin 1,642, , , , Kayah 286,627 99, , , Kayin 1,504, , , , Chin 478, , , , Sagaing 5,325,347 1,525, , , Tanintharyi 1,408, , , , Bago 4,867,373 1,383, , , Magway 3,917,055 1,056, , , Mandalay 6,165,723 1,599, ,141, , Mon 2,054, , , , Rakhine 2,098, , , , Yangon 7,360,703 1,725, ,492, , Shan 5,824,432 1,865, ,099, , Ayeyawady 6,184,829 1,821, ,004, , Nay Pyi Taw 1,160, , , , Census Overview

15 Figure 1.2: Myanmar population pyramid, 2014 Figure 1.3: Changes in population structure (1973, 1983 and 2014) 2014 Census Overview 13

16 Figure 1.4: Sex ratio by State/Region Table 1.6: Sex ratio of children and youth by State/Region State/Region Children (0-14) Youth (15-24) Union Kachin Kayah Kayin Chin Sagaing Tanintharyi Bago Magway Mandalay Mon Rakhine Yangon Shan Ayeyawady Nay Pyi Taw Census Overview

17 Table 1.7: Dependency ratios, ageing index and median age by State/ Region State/Region Total Dependency Ratio Child Dependency Ratio Old Dependency Ratio Ageing Index Median Age Union Kachin Kayah Kayin Chin Sagaing Tanintharyi Bago Magway Mandalay Mon Rakhine Yangon Shan Ayeyawady Nay Pyi Taw Census Overview 15

18 Figure 1.5: Average household size by State/Region Table 1.8: Number of households, sex of head of household and percentage of female headed households by State/Region State/Region Number of conventional households Male- headed households Female- headed households Female-headed households (%) Union 10,877,832 8,296,535 2,581, Kachin 269, ,808 73, Kayah 57,274 44,294 12, Kayin 308, ,868 79, Chin 91,121 70,291 20, Sagaing 1,096, , , Tanintharyi 283, ,259 81, Bago 1,142, , , Magway 919, , , Mandalay 1,323, , , Mon 422, , , Rakhine 459, , , Yangon 1,582,944 1,199, , Shan 1,169, , , Ayeyawady 1,488,983 1,201, , Nay Pyi Taw 262, ,160 57, Census Overview

19 Table 1.9: Projected population and annual growth rates for medium variant (Union), Year Medium Variant Total population Growth rate (%) Year Medium Variant Total population Growth rate (%) ,991, ,604, ,450, ,979, ,916, ,342, ,387, ,690, ,862, ,023, ,339, ,341, ,817, ,643, ,294, ,931, ,770, ,204, ,242, ,462, ,712, ,705, ,178, ,933, ,637, ,146, ,091, ,344, ,536, ,527, ,972, ,694, ,399, ,847, ,813, ,984,255 na ,215, Census Overview 17

20 Table 1.10: Projected population of State/Region, medium variant, Total population Year Union Kachin Kayah Kayin Chin Sagaing Tanintharyi Bago ,991,031 1,730, ,768 1,567, ,281 5,371,606 1,422,258 4,885, ,450,516 1,762, ,162 1,575, ,009 5,411,440 1,434,723 4,896, ,916,691 1,796, ,646 1,584, ,705 5,451,343 1,447,293 4,907, ,387,948 1,829, ,214 1,593, ,359 5,491,170 1,459,952 4,918, ,862,731 1,864, ,858 1,601, ,969 5,530,771 1,472,684 4,929, ,339,766 1,898, ,573 1,609, ,535 5,570,006 1,485,488 4,939, ,817,919 1,933, ,356 1,618, ,062 5,608,752 1,498,370 4,948, ,294,979 1,969, ,195 1,626, ,540 5,646,777 1,511,318 4,957, ,770,232 2,004, ,089 1,635, ,977 5,683,996 1,524,356 4,965, ,242,997 2,040, ,034 1,643, ,381 5,720,338 1,537,506 4,973, ,712,559 2,076, ,028 1,652, ,760 5,755,727 1,550,784 4,979, ,178,110 2,112, ,066 1,662, ,117 5,790,087 1,564,191 4,985, ,637,954 2,148, ,139 1,671, ,446 5,823,267 1,577,692 4,990, ,091,024 2,185, ,243 1,681, ,745 5,855,183 1,591,259 4,994, ,536,244 2,221, ,370 1,691, ,012 5,885,756 1,604,849 4,997, ,972,564 2,256, ,513 1,702, ,242 5,914,902 1,618,414 4,998, ,399,039 2,292, ,663 1,712, ,431 5,942,547 1,631,909 4,999, ,813,443 2,328, ,806 1,723, ,560 5,968,491 1,645,259 4,998, Census Overview

21 Table 1.10: Projected population of State/Region, medium variant, (Contd.) Total population Year Magway Mandalay Mon Rakhine Yangon Shan Ayeyawady Nay Pyi Taw ,946,657 6,218,157 2,046,527 3,249,680 7,430,921 5,909,122 6,255,499 1,176, ,944,972 6,274,139 2,034,439 3,266,405 7,595,018 6,001,082 6,262,164 1,196, ,943,235 6,331,301 2,022,755 3,283,218 7,763,687 6,094,321 6,267,418 1,217, ,941,237 6,389,390 2,011,428 3,300,041 7,936,637 6,188,689 6,271,070 1,238, ,938,791 6,448,146 2,000,418 3,316,797 8,113,556 6,284,060 6,272,934 1,258, ,935,764 6,507,334 1,989,717 3,333,435 8,294,107 6,380,316 6,272,891 1,279, ,932,063 6,566,720 1,979,330 3,349,917 8,477,923 6,477,329 6,270,864 1,300, ,927,504 6,625,941 1,969,225 3,366,140 8,664,431 6,574,854 6,266,671 1,320, ,922,063 6,684,800 1,959,436 3,382,097 8,853,241 6,672,771 6,260,344 1,341, ,915,741 6,743,125 1,949,997 3,397,778 9,043,944 6,770,946 6,251,933 1,361, ,908,540 6,800,744 1,940,933 3,413,169 9,236,121 6,869,245 6,241,493 1,382, ,900,467 6,857,508 1,932,256 3,428,229 9,429,378 6,967,504 6,229,061 1,402, ,891,461 6,913,178 1,923,925 3,442,849 9,623,223 7,065,465 6,214,563 1,422, ,881,516 6,967,629 1,915,919 3,456,945 9,817,293 7,162,939 6,197,997 1,441, ,870,626 7,020,742 1,908,195 3,470,420 10,011,282 7,259,740 6,179,353 1,461, ,858,783 7,072,422 1,900,708 3,483,175 10,204,918 7,355,698 6,158,618 1,480, ,845,976 7,122,580 1,893,405 3,495,118 10,397,969 7,450,683 6,135,794 1,499, ,832,090 7,170,970 1,886,181 3,506,095 10,589,986 7,544,427 6,110,751 1,517, Census Overview 19

22 Table 1.11: Population growth rates of State/Region, medium variant, Growth rates (%) Year Kachin Kayah Kayin Chin Sagaing Tanintharyi Bago Magway Mandalay Mon Rakhine Yangon Shan Ayeyawady Nay Pyi Taw Census Overview

23 Chapter 2: Social Characteristics 2014 Census Overview 21

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25 A. Marital Status Figure 2.1: Marital status by male and female, Union 2014 Census Overview 23

26 Figure 2.2: Marital status by male and female by five-year age group, Union Census Overview

27 Table 2.1: Singulate mean age at marriage* by sex by State/Region State/Region Male Female Union Kachin Kayah Kayin Chin Sagaing Tanintharyi Bago Magway Mandalay Mon Rakhine Yangon Shan Ayeyawady Nay Pyi Taw Note: * refer to the definitions and concepts 2014 Census Overview 25

28 B: Religion Figure 2.3: Percentage of population (enumerated and non-enumerated) by religion*, Union Note: * Based on the estimated overall population, including both the enumerated and non-enumerated population (51,486,253), and on the assumption that the non-enumerated population in Rakhine State affiliate with the Islamic faith Census Overview

29 Chapter 3: Migration and Urbanization 2014 Census Overview 27

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31 Table 3.1: Lifetime migration rates for movements between State/Region, by sex State/Region of current residence In-migration rate per 1,000 population Outmigration rate per 1,000 population Net migration rate per 1,000 population Both sexes Male Female Both sexes Male Female Both sexes Male Female Kachin Kayah Kayin Chin Sagaing Tanintharyi Bago Magway Mandalay Mon Rakhine Yangon Shan Ayeyawady Nay Pyi Taw Census Overview 29

32 Table 3.2: Migration rates for recent movements by State/Region, by sex State/Region of current residence In-migration rate per 1,000 population Outmigration rate per 1,000 population Net migration rate per 1,000 population Both sexes Male Female Both sexes Male Female Both sexes Male Female Kachin Kayah Kayin Chin Sagaing Tanintharyi Bago Magway Mandalay Mon Rakhine Yangon Shan Ayeyawady Nay Pyi Taw Census Overview

33 Table 3.3: Top 20 District-to-District flows for recent migrants Rank District to District flow Number of migrants* Note: 1 West Yangon to East Yangon 56,601 2 Phyapon to North Yangon 51,086 3 West Yangon to North Yangon 43,044 4 Hinthada to North Yangon 35,311 5 Maubin to North Yangon 33,369 6 Labutta to North Yangon 29,796 7 Thayawady to North Yangon 29,362 8 North Yangon to East Yangon 28,368 9 Pathein to North Yangon 27, East Yangon to West Yangon 26, East Yangon to North Yangon 25, Phyapon to East Yangon 24, South Yangon to North Yangon 24, Myingyan to Mandalay 24, Myaungmya to North Yangon 21, Bago to East Yangon 20, Bago to North Yangon 18, North Yangon to West Yangon 17, Magway to North Yangon 16, Pathein to East Yangon 14,835 * Number of recent migrants who move between districts in the five years prior to the Census Census Overview 31

34 Figure 3.1: Main reasons for migration by sex, Union Census Overview

35 Table 3.4: Age at which former household members left Myanmar by current country of residence Country of residence Age left Myanmar Thailand Malaysia Singapore China Japan South Korea India USA Other Total emigrant population ,510 11,008 2,835 8, ,868 3,872 3, , % 3.6% 3.6% 9.4% 3.6% 0.8% 21.5% 10.3% 6.7% 9.8% ,009 58,345 10,241 24, ,260 5,907 5, , % 19.2% 12.9% 26.9% 7.6% 4.4% 18.1% 15.7% 12.0% 22.1% ,969 89,703 21,770 24,031 2,198 4,256 3,584 9,052 12, , % 29.5% 27.3% 26.0% 28.9% 29.2% 19.9% 24.1% 24.8% 25.0% ,185 63,001 20,426 14,520 1,854 4,222 2,639 6,880 10, , % 20.7% 25.6% 15.7% 24.4% 28.9% 14.7% 18.3% 21.0% 18.0% ,429 40,062 11,809 8,207 1,130 2,709 1,583 4,448 6, , % 13.2% 14.8% 8.9% 14.9% 18.6% 8.8% 11.8% 13.7% 11.4% ,601 22,477 5,999 4, ,359 1,000 2,534 4, , % 7.4% 7.5% 5.3% 8.2% 9.3% 5.6% 6.7% 8.3% 6.5% ,382 10,164 2,839 2, ,497 2,385 66, % 3.3% 3.6% 2.9% 4.7% 4.0% 3.8% 4.0% 4.8% 3.3% 2014 Census Overview 33

36 Table 3.4: Age at which former household members left Myanmar by current country of residence (Contd.) Country of residence Age left Myanmar Thailand Malaysia Singapore China Japan South Korea India USA Other Total emigrant population ,911 3,471 1,278 1, ,492 28, % 1.1% 1.6% 1.7% 3.0% 2.1% 2.3% 2.2% 3.0% 1.4% ,434 1, , % 0.4% 0.7% 0.8% 1.5% 0.9% 1.2% 1.4% 1.8% 0.6% , , % 0.1% 0.4% 0.4% 0.9% 0.3% 0.8% 0.9% 1.0% 0.3% , , % 0.1% 0.3% 0.2% 0.4% 0.1% 0.5% 0.7% 0.4% 0.1% , , % 0.1% 0.4% 0.2% 0.3% 0.1% 0.7% 1.4% 0.5% 0.2% Not stated 16,998 3, , , % 1.2% 1.2% 1.5% 1.8% 1.3% 2.1% 2.4% 1.9% 1.3% Total 1,418, ,996 79,659 92,263 7,597 14,592 17,975 37,577 49,779 2,021, % 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Census Overview

37 Table 3.5: Total population of capital cities of State/Region by sex Capital city State/Region* Population Both sexes Male Female Yangon Yangon 5,211,431 2,466,918 2,744,513 Mandalay Mandalay 1,225, , ,117 Nay Pyi Taw Nay Pyi Taw 1,160, , ,087 Bago Bago 491, , ,905 Hpa-An Kayin 421, , ,665 Taunggyi Shan 381, , ,685 Monywa Sagaing 372, , ,144 Myitkyina Kachin 306, , ,464 Magway Magway 289, , ,144 Mawlamyine Mon 289, , ,362 Pathein Ayeyawady 287, , ,408 Sittwe Rakhine 147,899 70,470 77,429 Loikaw Kayah 128,401 63,109 65,292 Dawei Tanintharyi 125,605 60,044 65,561 Hakha Chin 48,352 23,022 25,330 Note: * Yangon, Mandalay and Nay Pyi Taw are defined as cities, with 33 townships in Yangon, 5 townships in Mandalay and 8 townships in Nay Pyi Taw. The population in remaining of the cities was calculated based on the number of people in urban areas Census Overview 35

38 Table 3.6: Share of total urban population by State/Region: 1973, 1983 and 2014 Censuses State/Region 1973 urban (%) 1983 urban (%) 2014 urban (%) Union Kachin Kayah Kayin Chin Sagaing Tanintharyi Bago Magway Mandalay Mon Rakhine Yangon Shan Ayeyawady Nay Pyi Taw * 32.3 Note: * Nay Pyi Taw was created in 2006; it was formerly part of Mandalay Region, hence its absence in previous censuses Census Overview

39 Chapter 4: Education 2014 Census Overview 37

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41 Figure 4.1: Adult literacy rate (15 years and over) by State/Region 2014 Census Overview 39

42 Table 4.1: Youth literacy rate (15-24), school attendance rate (5-29) and never attendance rate (5-29) by State/Region State/Region Youth literacy rate (15-24) (%) School attendance rate (5-29) (%) Never attendance rate (5-29) (%) Union Kachin Kayah Kayin Chin Sagaing Tanintharyi Bago Magway Mandalay Mon Rakhine Yangon Shan Ayeyawady Nay Pyi Taw Figure 4.2: Percentage of currently attending school by age by sex, Union Census Overview

43 Chapter 5: Economic Characteristics 2014 Census Overview 41

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45 Figure 5.1: Schematic overview of the labour force 2014 Census Overview 43

46 Table 5.1: Labour force participation rate, unemployment rate and employment-to-population ratio* by State/ Region State/Region Labour force participation rate (15-64) Unemployment rate (15-64) Employment-topopulation ratio (15-64) Union Kachin Kayah Kayin Chin Sagaing Tanintharyi Bago Magway Mandalay Mon Rakhine Yangon Shan Ayeyawady Nay Pyi Taw Note: * refer to the definitions and concepts Figure 5.2: Age-specific labour force participation rate by sex, Union Census Overview

47 Table 5.2: Labour force participation rates for youth by sex by age, 1983 and 2014 Censuses Age group Male Female Table 5.3: Youth unemployment rates by sex by age, urban and rural areas Sex/Age group Union Urban Rural Both sexes Male Female Census Overview 45

48 Figure 5.3: Main occupational categories of employed persons aged 10 and over in conventional households by sex Figure 5.4: Percentage of employed population in conventional households working in agriculture by State/Region Census Overview

49 Table 5.4: Employed persons aged 10 and over in conventional households by major industrial category* by State/Region State/Region Primary sector Secondary sector Tertiary sector Union Kachin Kayah Kayin Chin Sagaing Tanintharyi Bago Magway Mandalay Mon Rakhine Yangon Shan Ayeyawady Nay Pyi Taw Note: * refer to the definitions and concepts 2014 Census Overview 47

50 Figure 5.5: Percentage of all children aged who were working by State/ Region Census Overview

51 Chapter 6: Fertility 2014 Census Overview 49

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53 Figure 6.1: Total fertility rate and total marital fertility rate by State/Region Union Kachin Kayah Kayin Chin Sagaing Tanintharyi Bago Magway Mandalay Mon Rakhine Yangon Shan Ayeyawady Nay Pyi Taw Total fertility rate Total marital fertility rate 2014 Census Overview 51

54 Figure 6.2: Age-specific fertility rates (ASFR), Union Table 6.1: Adolescent fertility rates by State/Region Adolescent fertility rates (births/1,000 women aged 15-19) State/Region Union Kachin Kayah Kayin Chin Sagaing Tanintharyi Bago Magway Mandalay Mon Rakhine Yangon Shan Ayeyawady Nay Pyi Taw Census Overview

55 Chapter 7: Mortality 2014 Census Overview 53

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57 Table 7.1: Life expectancy at birth by sex by State/Region State/Region Life expectancy at birth (years)* Both Sexes Male Female Union Kachin Kayah Kayin Chin Sagaing Tanintharyi Bago Magway Mandalay Mon Rakhine Yangon Shan Ayeyawady Nay Pyi Taw Note: * It is obtained from the life tables constructed with the adjusted and graduated age-sex specific death rates. The software used to calculated life tables is MORTPAK Census Overview 55

58 Figure 7.1: Infant and under-five mortality rates* by State/Region Note: * per 1,000 live births Figure 7.2: Maternal mortality ratio* by State/Region Note: * per 100,000 live births Census Overview

59 Chapter 8: Disability 2014 Census Overview 57

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61 Figure 8.1: Disability prevalence rates by State/Region Figure 8.2: Disability prevalence rates by domain, Union 2014 Census Overview 59

62 Table 8.1: Labour force participation rates for persons aged in conventional households by domain by degree of disability by sex Type of disability Degree of disability Both sexes Male Female No disability Seeing Mild disability Moderate/Severe disability No disability Hearing Mild disability Moderate/Severe disability No disability Walking Mild disability Moderate/Severe disability No disability Remembering/ concentrating Mild disability Moderate/Severe disability Census Overview

63 Table 8.2: Labour force participation rates for persons aged in conventional households by domain by degree of disability by State/Region Seeing Hearing Walking Remembering/ Concentrating State/Region No disability Mild disability Moderate/ Severe disability No disability Mild disability Moderate/ Severe disability No disability Mild disability Moderate/ Severe disability No disability Mild disability Moderate/ Severe disability Kachin Kayah Kayin Chin Sagaing Tanintharyi Bago Magway Mandalay Mon Rakhine Yangon Shan Ayeyawady Nay Pyi Taw Census Overview 61

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65 Chapter 9: Housing Conditions and Household Amenities 2014 Census Overview 63

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67 Table 9.1: Percentage of households with access to improved drinking water, improved sanitation and modern and sustainable energy for cooking and lighting by State/Region State/Region Percentage of households with access to improved drinking water Percentage of households with access to improved sanitation Percentage of households with access to modern and sustainable* energy sources for cooking Percentage of households with access to modern and sustainable** energy sources for lighting Union Note: Kachin Kayah Kayin Chin Sagaing Tanintharyi Bago Magway Mandalay Mon Rakhine Yangon Shan Ayeyawady Nay Pyi Taw *Modern and sustainable energy for cooking = Electricity/LPG. **Modern and sustainable energy for lighting = Electricity/Solar system Census Overview 65

68 Figure 9.1: Percentage of households by sources of water for drinking by urban and rural, Union Figure 9.2: Percentage of households by type of toilet facilities used by urban and rural, Union Census Overview

69 Figure 9.3: Percentage of households by sources of lighting by urban and rural, Union Figure 9.4: Percentage of households by sources of fuel for cooking, Union 2014 Census Overview 67

70 Figure 9.5: Percentage of households by sources of fuel for cooking by urban and rural Census Overview

71 Figure 9.6: Percentage of households that use charcoal or firewood as fuel for cooking by State/Region 2014 Census Overview 69

72 Definitions and Concepts Population: The population in this report corresponds to the de-facto population of Myanmar on Census Night (see below). Census Night: The night between the 29 th and the 30 th March Every person in Myanmar was enumerated where they spent the Census Night. De-Facto Census: The de-facto census method enumerates persons at the place where they spend the Census Night. The census enumeration could also be carried out using a De jure approach where people are enumerated in their usual or legal place of residence. Although each approach has its own advantages and disadvantages, the de facto approach is easier to implement, it is closer to the reality of daily life and mitigates the possibility of omission and duplication. The 2014 MPHC was conducted based on the de facto approach. Conventional Household: A conventional household includes one or more persons who are either related or unrelated and share living quarters (single quarter or compound) and meals. The household members would be eating food prepared from the same cooking pot. In most cases, there would be one person acknowledged by the household members as the head of the household. Head of household: The head of a conventional household is the household member who makes key decisions and is recognised as head of the household by others. The head of household may be male or female. The person is not necessarily mainly responsible for earning the livelihood for the household. In the 2014 MPHC, if the head of household was not present on Census Night, the next most responsible member was reported as the de facto head. Population Density: The population density relates to the number of persons in a given administrative area to the surface of the area, expressed in square kilometres (Km 2 ). Areas covered by water are excluded from the calculation. Rural area: Areas classified by the Department of General Administration (GAD) as village tracts. Generally these are areas with low population density and a land use which is predominantly agricultural. Urban area: Areas classified by the GAD as wards. Generally these areas have an increased density of building structures, population and better infrastructural development. Sex Ratio: Number of males per 100 females in the population (number of males divided by females multiplied by 100). Dependency ratio: The total dependency ratio is the ratio of dependents (people younger than 15 years and older than 64) to the population of working-age (age 15-64). Data are shown as the proportion of dependents per 100 working-age population. Three different measures can be calculated: total dependency ratio, child dependency ratio and old age dependency ratio Census Overview

73 Child dependency ratio: is the proportion of people younger than 15 years to the working age population (15-64). Old dependency ratio: is the proportion of people older than 64 years to the working age population (15-64). Ageing index: is the ratio of the population aged 65 and over to the population aged under 15. It takes into account the size and changes at both ends of the age distribution, or the shift in the balance between the populations of children and older persons. Median age: is the age at which exactly half the population is younger and half is older than that age. Average household size: The number of persons per household (people living in households divided by number of conventional households). Population growth: is the increase or decrease in population numbers during a particular time interval. Population change is logically more appropriate, since numbers may decline as well as increase, but population change might mean any kind of change, whereas population growth will generally be understood to mean a change in the number of persons. Marital status: Status of the enumerated person in relation to the institution of marriage. The marital status was described by five categories: Single/never married, married, widowed, divorced/separated and renounced. Singulate mean at marriage: refers to the average age at first marriage (average number of years of single life), before a certain age (defined at 50), of the population born in the same year. In-migrant (or immigrant): is a migrant who has moved into a migration defining area. Outmigrant (or emigrant): is a migrant who has moved out of a migration defining area. Recent migrants: in the context of the 2014 Census are persons who changed their place of usual residence during the five years before the Census. Lifetime migrants: in this report are defined as those persons who have moved between Townships at any time since their birth (including those who returned to their Township of birth in the interval from birth to the date of the Census). Urbanization: is taken to mean, in this report, the process of transition from a rural to a more urban society, with an increasing proportion of a population residing in areas designated as urban Census Overview 71

74 Adult literacy rate: is the ability to read and write in one or more languages with reasonable understanding. Adult literacy rates are based on the total enumerated population aged 15 years and above. Youth literacy rate: is the ability to read and write in one or more languages with reasonable understanding. Youth literacy rates are based on the total enumerated population aged 15 to 24 years. School attendance: Attendance at any regular educational institution or systematic instruction at any level of education during the 12 months prior to the 2014 Census. This included schooling at pre-primary, primary, lower secondary/middle, upper secondary/high school, and tertiary institutions of higher learning. The corresponding response options in the 2014 Census questionnaire were: (a) Currently attending; (b) Attended previously; (c) Never attended. Labour force participation rate: The ratio between the labour force and the overall size of the total population of the same age range. This is an important indicator as it measures the proportion of the population that is economically active. Unemployment rate: The percentage of the total labour force that was unemployed but actively seeking employment and willing to work. These are people who were without work, looking for jobs and available for work. Employment-to-population ratio: A statistical ratio that measures the proportion of the country s working-age population (usually aged 15-64) that is employed. Age-specific ratios can, however, be calculated for any particular age-group. Occupation: Occupation refers to the kind of work an employed person did in the establishment during the 12 months (reference period) before the census date. Put differently, occupation is the kind of work done during the last 12 months by the person employed, regardless of the industry of the establishment. Industry: Industry refers to the main activity of the establishment where an employed person usually worked during the 12 months (reference period) before the census date. Primary sector: Industries covered by the agricultural, forestry and fishing sections. Secondary sector: Industries covered by the following sections: Mining and quarrying; Manufacturing; Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply; Water supply, sewerage and waste management and remediation activities; and Construction. Tertiary sector: Those industries not covered by the primary and secondary sectors Census Overview

75 Total fertility rate: A summary measure of the level of fertility in a population. It is the average number of children per woman that would be observed for the reproductive age span for a birth cohort of women who experience given age-specific fertility rates. When the reproductive age span is taken to be years, and birth rates are given for five-year age-groups, total fertility is calculated as five times the sum of the age-specific fertility rates for ages through to Total marital fertility rate: A summary measure of the level of marital fertility in a population. When the reproductive age span is taken to be years, and birth rates are given for fiveyear age-groups, total marital fertility is calculated as five times the sum of the age-specific marital fertility rates for ages through to It is interpreted as the average number of children per woman that would be observed at the end of the reproductive age span for a birth cohort of women where all women marry at exact age 15 years and experience the given age-specific marital fertility rates. Age specific fertility rate (ASFR): The age-specific fertility rate measures the annual number of births to women of a specified age or age group per 1,000 women in that age group. Unless otherwise specified, the reference period for the age-specific fertility rates is the calendar year. Adolescent fertility rate: The age-specific fertility rate for women aged years, typically multiplied by 1,000 for more convenient presentation. Life expectancy at birth: The average number of years that a newborn baby is expected to live if the mortality conditions of the year corresponding to the life table remain constant. Infant mortality rate: The number of deaths of infants aged under one year per 1,000 live births (and sometimes referred to as the probability of death from birth to age 1). Under-five mortality rate (U5MR): This is an approximation of the probability of dying before the age of five. It is the number of children who die before reaching five years of age (numerator), divided by the total number of live births in a given one-year period (denominator), multiplied by 1,000. Maternal mortality ratio: the number of maternal deaths divided by the number of live births, multiplied by 100,000. Disability: is a condition where a person is at a greater risk than the general population of experiencing restrictions in performing routine activities (including activities of daily living) or participating in roles (such as work) if no supportive measures are offered. The types of difficulty (referred to in this report as domains ) identified in the 2014 Census included: (a) Seeing difficulties (b) Hearing difficulties (c) Walking difficulties (d) Remembering or concentrating difficulties Census Overview 73

76 Improved drinking water: is drinking water from a source that is defined as one that, by nature of its construction or through active intervention, is likely to be protected from outside contamination, in particular from contamination with faecal matter. The 2014 Census identified the following sources as Improved : Tap/piped water; Tube well/borehole; Protected well/ spring; and Bottled/ purified water. All other sources of drinking water identified in the Census were classified as Unimproved. Improved sanitation: is a toilet facility that hygienically separates human excreta from human contact. The 2014 Census identified the following toilet facilities as Improved : Flush, and Water seal (improved latrine). All other types of toilet identified in the 2014 Census were classified as Unimproved Census Overview

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