3 The New Model. When you have completed this chapter, you will be able to:

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1 3 The New Model We are able to use all the mouse buttons in MicroStation, we know where to find the basic tools, we can create new design files, we can set up working units and specify their readout. These skills were gained while working through the exercises in the first two chapters; now in this chapter we will extend our knowledge and develop some more skills. We have created new DGN s, now we will create multiple Models within them, control their appearance and the details displayed at any time. When you have completed this chapter, you will be able to: Create and use Levels Set Symbology (color etc.) by element and by level Create a number of design models in the one DGN Use Keypoint, Midpoint and Center snap modes Analyze design elements. BEN MicroStation Drafting (Metric Edition) Bentley Education Network 3-1

2 3 The New Model Introducing Levels Introducing Levels Levels (also called Layers in some CAD applications) allow us to control the amount of detail appearing in a view at any time. We can place design elements on any one of an unlimited number of Levels, then turn the display of any of these On and Off as needed. We will be introduced to various other functions associated with levels later in the course, but for now we will only deal with the fundamentals. The word Level relates to a manual drawing analogy, where the details of a design are conceptually created over a number of transparent sheets. If all of these sheets are stacked in alignment on a desk, we will be able to see all of the details in their correct relationships with one another. Only the top sheet could be drawn on, whereas in MicroStation only the Active Level can be used to place elements. Any other sheets included in the stack can be compared with Displayed Levels. Making a particular level Active can be compared with moving that sheet to the top. We must have at least one Level, but we may create any number we need. Levels are saved and controlled by name, with the names allocated as each new level is created. Turning Levels On and Off There are a number of options available for turning levels On and Off, and to make a particular level Active. We will start with the Level Display dialog box. Controlling the Level Display 1. Open JoinTheDots-m.dgn from our allocated Student directory; if necessary Fit the design, press <F8> to display the points and numbers. <F8> has no effect on Levels, it only toggles the display of Construction class elements, which could have been placed on any of the levels. 2. Open view 2 (see Opening additional views on page 1-28), Tile the views (see Automatic View Arrangements on page 1-29). 3. Fit both the views (select the Fit View tool from one View Control bar, click in the other view area). 4. Open the Level Display dialog box, using the Level Display tool from the Primary tool box, ensure the Mode option is set to View Display and the View is set to 1. Unless it has been changed, the Active Level in JoinTheDots is Symbol, which is the level we will have placed the aircraft shape upon, see page Click the level name Numbers (slowly) several times. The display of the guide numbers will toggle on and off in View 1 only. 6. Change the Mode to Global Display, click the level name Numbers on and off again. The display of the guide numbers will toggle on and off in Both views. 3-2 Bentley Education Network BEN MicroStation Drafting (Metric Edition)

3 The New Model Setting the Active Level When the Mode is set to Global Display, all views are affected, regardless of the View setting. With the Global Freeze mode is selected, all views are affected. When we Freeze a view, it does not display*. When the Mode is set to View Display, this is the View number that is affected. Regardless of this, the Active level setting affects all views. The levels that are On (all of them in this case) are highlighted. The Active level is always turned On. It is shown highlighted with a different color. First you see them but then you don t. The Dialog box is resizable. *Freeze is included mainly for compatibility with another CAD application. We will use Display during this course. Figure 3.1 The Level Names in JoinTheDots Setting the Active Level The Active Level is known as an Attribute setting, i.e. the Level an element is placed on is said to be its Level attribute. The Active Level may be selected from the Attributes tool box, from the Level Display dialog box, or from the Level Manager, to be introduced on page 3-6. We cannot turn off the Active Level; it always needs to be displayed since it is the level we use to place new elements. MicroStation is an application driven through a Graphical User Interface, so it is essential for us to be able to see what we are creating. BEN MicroStation Drafting (Metric Edition) Bentley Education Network 3-3

4 3 The New Model Introducing Levels Setting the Active Level 1. With JoinTheDots open and the Level Display dialog box visible, note the level highlighted by a different color (dark blue-green) to the rest. This is the currently Active level. Its name will also appear in the Level combo box in the Attributes tool box, as shown in Figure Choose a different Level from the Attributes tool box. The highlight changes to this level in the Level Display dialog box. 3. Double-click a different level again in the Level Display dialog box. This has the same result as choosing a level in the Attributes tool box, it becomes the Active Level. Levels that already have elements placed on them are shown in bold in both displays, with a dot in the Used column in the dialog box. A level may be made Active by choosing it from the Attributes tool box Active Level combo box... We can toggle levels On and Off Globally (in all views) by clicking here.... or by double clicking it in the Level Display dialog box. Figure 3.2 Setting the Active Level 4. Make the Default level Active (either way), turn Off all others except Symbol. Note that the Default level is currently unused, thus the text in this row is not bold. 5. Select the Place Block tool from the Main tool frame, leave the tool settings at the defaults (see Figure 3.3). 6. Move the pointer over one of the wing-fuselage vertices, accept the keypoint snap with the data button. 7. Define the opposite vertex of the block by accepting a snap to the diagonally opposite wing-fuselage vertex. 8. Make the Symbol level Active, turn Default Off and On, to hide and display the block just placed. 3-4 Bentley Education Network BEN MicroStation Drafting (Metric Edition)

5 The New Model Locking Levels After placing the block on the Default level, the displays change to indicate that there are now elements on that level. This dialog shows the currently active level after it has been changed in step 8. Figure 3.3 An element being placed on the Active Level Locking Levels Levels may be Locked to prevent accidental changes being made to any of the elements placed on them. We may lock levels from the Active Level combo box in the Attributes tool box. Levels may also be locked in the Level Manager dialog box, to be introduced shortly. Locking the Symbol Level 1. Open the Active Level combo box, click the small circle to the left of the name Symbol. The circle becomes a padlock, indicating a locked level. 2. Select the Delete Element tool from the bottom of the Main tool frame, attempt to delete the aircraft shape. Note the symbol that appears beside the pointer and the message in the Status Bar, warning that the element is on a locked level. 3. Click the padlock in the Active Level box to Unlock the Symbol level. Elements placed on locked levels (including those placed after the level was locked) cannot be changed or deleted. Figure 3.4 Locked Level BEN MicroStation Drafting (Metric Edition) Bentley Education Network 3-5

6 3 The New Model Introducing Levels Creating New Levels in the Level Manager The Level Manager is where level Structures are created. We are able to perform more complex management of our levels, including the creation of new levels to add to the structure. A Level Structure is comparable to a directory structure. We may have any number of Levels to place our elements on. It is often most efficient to define the Level Structure before we start drawing. A structure may be imported from another drawing, or be inherited from a seed file when the DGN is first created. The Level Manager is a large dialog box, but it may be left open and minimized, restoring it as needed from the Window menu from the Main menu bar. Creating a new Level 1. With JoinTheDots open, open the Level Manager using the Level Manager tool from the Primary tool box. If this tool does not appear, right-click the tool box and check the Level Manager check box (see page 1-16). 2. Click the New Level icon on the Level Manager dialog box. A new line appears in the Level Manager, with a default level name of New Level [0], with the name highlighted ready for overwriting. The New Level icon. The columns may be changed in width by dragging the heading separators. The Freeze column may also be displayed. If this is the case, right-click the headings and remove the checkmark from this heading. This dialog box is re-sizable. Key-in the name for the new level here. Figure 3.5 Creating a New Level 3-6 Bentley Education Network BEN MicroStation Drafting (Metric Edition)

7 The New Model Changing Elements to a Different Level 3. Key in the name New Work, press <Tab> or <Enter>. 4. Make New Work the Active Level by double-clicking the name in the Level Manager. This is another technique for making a level Active, extra to those shown in Setting the Active Level on page Close the Level Manager. 6. Select the Place Circle tool from the Main tool frame, choose Edge from the Method option menu of the Tool Settings window (see Figure 3.6). 7. Move the pointer over one of the three internal vertices of the symbol s tail, accept the keypoint snap with the data button. 8. Complete the circle by moving the pointer over the other two internal vertices in turn, accepting each keypoint snap with the data button. 9. Make Default the Active level, turn New Work Off and On, to hide and display the circle. The Active Level This dimension is a readout of the diameter of the circle being placed, which is defined by the three data points. The pop-up information is about the element we are snapping to, not the one we are placing. Figure 3.6 Placing a Circle on the New Level Changing Elements to a Different Level As mentioned earlier, the Level that an element is placed on is one of its Attributes. It follows that when we want to change it between levels, we will use the Change Element Attributes tool, found on the Main tool frame. We will be using this tool fairly frequently in the future. As can be seen in Figure 3.7, the tool s Settings window provides for changes for much more than just the Level attribute. BEN MicroStation Drafting (Metric Edition) Bentley Education Network 3-7

8 3 The New Model Introducing Levels Changing the Level Attribute 1. Select the Change Element Attributes tool from the Main tool frame, check the Level box On, all the rest Off in the Tool Settings window. The Method option will be Change, the default setting. 2. Choose New Work from the Level option menu (still in the Tool Settings window). 3. Select (with the Data button) the block we placed between the wing-fuselage vertices, move the pointer away from all the geometry and click the data button again to accept the change. 4. Change the Active Level to Default, try turning New Work On and Off. Both the block and the circle will hide and display, as they are now both on the New Work level. Default will no longer have any elements, so it s entry will not be bold. When the pointer moves over an element, it highlights. We accept (click the Data button once only) when the desired element highlights. We have moved the only element that was on the Default level onto the New Work level. The Default level entry is now no longer bold. Figure 3.7 Changing an Element to a new Level 3-8 Bentley Education Network BEN MicroStation Drafting (Metric Edition)

9 The New Model Renaming Levels Deleting Levels When we delete a Level, we only delete a level Name, as we are prevented from deleting any elements this way. Levels that are Used cannot be deleted. Another level that may not be deleted is the Default level, thus we will always have at least one level in a DGN. We will create some more new levels and change some elements to one of them, before experimenting with some level deletions in the following exercise. Rearranging levels 1. Open AccuWorks.dgn, Fit View; open the Level Manager dialog box by selecting the Level Manager tool from the Primary tool box. We find that only one level exists, Default. 2. Click the New Level icon on the Level Manager dialog box twice. This creates two new levels, with default level names of New Level [0] and New Level [1]. 3. Delete New Level [1], by ensuring that it is highlighted, then selecting the Delete Level icon. 4. Select the Change Element Attributes tool, place a checkmark in the Level check box of the Tool Settings window. Leave all of the other boxes unchecked. 5. Choose New Level [0] from the Level option menu, click on each of the shapes and accept the changes by clicking the data button when clear of any geometry. Renaming Levels Except for Default, levels may be renamed at any time, unless there are standard management rules preventing this action. We have none of these rules affecting us, so we will replace the rather meaningless name New Level [0]. Renaming Levels 1. With AccuWorks.dgn and the Level Manager remaining open, highlight New Level [0]. 2. Choose Edit > Rename from the dialog box menu (the name will highlight), edit it to read Practice Shapes, press <Enter>. We cannot delete a level with elements or rename Default. Figure 3.8 Rearranged Levels BEN MicroStation Drafting (Metric Edition) Bentley Education Network 3-9

10 3 The New Model Element Attributes Element Attributes As we have already seen, the level an element is placed on is one of that element s Attributes. Another Attribute that was mentioned earlier was Class, where the guide points and numbers in JoinTheDots were able to be hidden. The DGN was supplied with the guiding geometry placed with the Class attribute set to Construction, thus making it possible to display and hide the elements in any presentation of the design. Neither an element s Level nor its Class attribute affects the appearance of the geometry, except as to whether it is displayed or not. We will now work with the attributes that do affect appearance. Symbology The Symbology of an element has four components: Color Line Style Line Weight Fill Color (for closed elements only, e.g. circles and shapes). Color There are a virtually unlimited range of colors that may be used for our design elements. These are selected from Color Tables, each providing a selection of 255 colors. There is a color table attached by default to our DGNs, this being another setting inherited from the seed file used when we created the new design. We are able to develop our own color tables, mixing colors using any of the standard additive and subtractive color models. We will use a standard color table as supplied with MicroStation for this course. Other color tables supplied are able to be opened and edited from the Settings > Color Table dialog. We can always revert to the default color table, but don't edit the color table settings at this stage. Line Style The Line Style can be selected from a range of standard styles, such as ordinary solid lines, plus a range of broken lines, e.g. center lines, long dashed lines, short dashed etc. We also have the option of creating our own Custom line styles, but we will be using standard styles for this course Bentley Education Network BEN MicroStation Drafting (Metric Edition)

11 The New Model Symbology Line Weight The Line Weight is the linework s apparent thickness on the screen. This is chosen by number, the higher the number, the thicker the line. This is not a direct setting of the line width in any particular measurement unit. As we change magnification (zoom in and out) on a section of a design, the linework must remain the same width in pixels (minimum size picture elements) to maintain legibility. If this were not the case, zooming in would result in extremely wide lines that do not clearly define details. On the other hand, zooming out would result in the lines disappearing, as they may become too thin for the display to resolve. Each Line Weight is only translated into a Width when a design is printed out. The relationships between each Weight and its resultant Width is defined in the configuration of the software driving the printer. Fill Color Closed elements have Fill Attributes of Fill Type and Fill Color. If the Fill Type is set to None, the Fill Color is irrelevant. When the Type is set to Opaque the area enclosed by the element will be filled with the same color as the element linework. With the Fill Type set to Outlined, the area enclosed will be filled with the chosen Fill Color, with the linework still in the element color forming an outline. Basically, Fill Color only needs to be set independently of the ordinary Color attribute when we need an Outlined fill. This will all become quite obvious in following examples. Generally, we will leave the display of any Fill turned Off until we are preparing to create a printout, as the fill may hide some detail important for the design process. Fill is a View Attribute (see View Attributes on page 2-9) and may be turned On or Off at will. Setting Element Symbology Attributes 1. With JoinTheDots open, Fit the view. Turn Off all of the levels except Symbol using the Level Display dialog box (see Turning Levels On and Off on page 3-2). 2. Create a New level named Centerlines (see Creating New Levels in the Level Manager on page 3-6). 3. Using the Active Level combo box (from the Attributes tool box), make Centerlines active. 4. Click the Active Color tile, drag the pointer over the palette to select the Red from the top row (color 3). In this palette (the default) the colors in most individual columns are the same hue, just different brightness. 5. Click the Attributes tool box's Line Style option menu, choose 4. This is the dot-dash chain line or Centerline. 6. Click the Attributes tool box's Line Weight option menu, choose 1. This is the second-lightest of the line weights. BEN MicroStation Drafting (Metric Edition) Bentley Education Network 3-11

12 3 The New Model Element Attributes This panel provides a preview of the selected Symbology attributes. This color is full brightness Red, without any green or blue added. Selecting the Color attribute the Line Style and the Line Weight. Figure 3.9 Setting Element Symbology Attributes 7. Using Place SmartLine and AccuSnap (see Drawing With AccuSnap on page 2-5), place a line from the center of the tail to the center of the nose. The Snap Mode should be the default Keypoint. A point in the middle of the nose was conveniently found to provide a snap location. We will find out how and why when we are introduced to Keypoint Snap in more detail later in this chapter. Figure 3.10 Placing the Centerline 3-12 Bentley Education Network BEN MicroStation Drafting (Metric Edition)

13 The New Model Changing Element Symbology Attributes Changing Element Symbology Attributes We will frequently need to change the attributes of an element already placed in a DGN. The tools to do this are found in the Change Attributes tool box, from the Main tool frame. The leftmost tool in this box is Change Element Attributes, which may be used for changing any or all of the attributes, depending on our needs. We have already used this tool to change the level attribute on page 3-8. Changing Linework Symbology In the next exercise, we will change the Line Weight and the Color attributes of the aircraft symbol. Changing Symbology Attributes 1. With JoinTheDots open, make the Default level Active, turn Off all except the Symbol level using the Level Display dialog box. 2. Select the Change Element Attributes tool from the Main tool frame. 3. Make the tool settings as shown in Figure Take care that only the appropriate boxes are checked. We can only change the settings of those attributes with their check box checked On. 4. Move the pointer over the shape until it highlights, accept the changes. Only the attributes with their check boxes On are affected. The shape s color becomes blue. Figure 3.11 Changing the Line Weight & Color BEN MicroStation Drafting (Metric Edition) Bentley Education Network 3-13

14 3 The New Model Element Attributes Matching Attributes to Other Elements In the last exercise, we manually set the color and line weight attributes in the Change Element Attributes Tool Settings window. If we already had an element in the DGN with the attributes we required, this element could have been used to set any or all of the attributes for a Change Element Attributes operation. This way one element may be made to Match another, partially or fully. The Color and Line Weight of the rectangle and circle placed earlier will be changed to match the centerline of the shape in the next exercise. Matching Symbology Attributes 1. With JoinTheDots open, use the Level Display to leave the Default level Active, the Symbol, Centerlines and New Work levels all On, the rest Off. 2. Select the Change Element Attributes tool from the Main tool frame. 3. Choose Match / Change from the Method option menu of the Tool Settings window. 4. Ensure that only the check boxes for Color and Line Weight are checked On (as shown in Figure 3.12). The prompt in the Status Bar reads Identify Element To Match. 5. Click on the centerline. The prompt in the Status Bar reads Accept/Reject Element To Match. 6. Move the pointer away from any geometry, accept with the data button. (Had we picked the wrong element, we could have rejected it with the Reset button). The prompt in the Status Bar reads Identify Element To Change. 7. Click the circle in the tail and the rectangle between the wings. These elements will now match the color and weight of the centerline, but not the line style. These settings will be overwritten when they are Matched with the centerline. Only the Color and the Weight are affected, as Style was not checked On. Figure 3.12 Matching Symbology 3-14 Bentley Education Network BEN MicroStation Drafting (Metric Edition)

15 The New Model Changing Element Symbology Attributes Changing the Fill Attribute When we joined the dots to place the aircraft shape back on page 2-6, we had the option of placing the shape as a Filled element. Since we were still very much at a basics only stage back then, we ignored this option and placed it as an outline only. It has now been decided that it should have been filled with a solid color, so we will fix it. As introduced on page 3-11, there are two options for the fill type, Opaque and Outlined. Changing Fill Type and Color 1. With JoinTheDots open, leave the Default level Active, the Symbol level On, the other levels Off. 2. Open the View Attributes dialog box (see View Attributes on page 2-9), check Fill On, click the All button to apply the change, close the dialog box. By default, closed elements do not display Filled, it must be turned On. 3. Select the Change Element to Active Fill Type tool from the Main tool frame (Drag and release along the Change Attributes tool box to select this tool - see Figure 3.13). 4. Choose Opaque from the Fill Type option menu, choose color 2 (green) from the Fill Color options. 5. Identify the shape (by clicking on it) to change to an Opaque Fill. The outline disappears, replaced by a solid single-colored shape. 6. Undo the change, choose a Fill Type of Outlined, leave the fill color as Identify the shape once more, this time changing it to an Outlined Fill. The outline is the original shape element, the fill is the chosen color. Elements will only appear with Fill when this View Attribute is On. Opaque Outlined Figure 3.13 Fill Types BEN MicroStation Drafting (Metric Edition) Bentley Education Network 3-15

16 3 The New Model Level Symbology Level Symbology We have been introduced to Symbology (color, line style and line weight) as the Attributes of individual Elements. There are other ways of defining symbology, however, including Level Symbology. With level symbology, the symbology attributes of the design elements are overridden by a symbology defined according to the Level that the element is placed on. Cottage-m.dgn is a sample file supplied in our student directory, with a Level Symbology already partially configured. We will start by experimenting with this DGN. Controlling Level Symbology 1. Open Cottage-m.dgn ; Fit View if necessary, then Pan the floor plan to one side of the view to allow room for the Level Display. The design is displayed with Element symbology, the symbology Active at the time each element was placed. 2. Open the Level Display dialog box; move it to fit beside the floor plan, dragging the column widths and resizing it as required. The level structure is a very simple one in this exercise, architectural projects usually employ many more levels than this. Figure 3.14 Floor Plan with Element Symbology 3-16 Bentley Education Network BEN MicroStation Drafting (Metric Edition)

17 The New Model Level Symbology 3. Turn some levels Off and On to verify that the geometry is placed on the appropriate levels, close the Level Display dialog box. 4. Open the View Attributes dialog box, check the Level Symbology box On, Apply the change, close the dialog box. The appearance of the design will change, with all colors changing, along with some line weights and a line style. Checking Level Symbology On causes all of the Element Symbology to be overridden in this case. Figure 3.15 Floor Plan with Level Symbology 5. Open the Level Manager dialog box, ensure that the Symbology option menu is set to Overrides. When we last opened this dialog box ( Creating New Levels in the Level Manager on page 3-6), we were mainly interested in the Name column. Now the Symbology columns of Color, Style and Weight are our chief interest. While we have this dialog box open, it is worth noting some more features of boxes of this type. We have already found that column widths may easily be changed (Figure 3.5 on page 3-6). We can also choose the columns to be displayed by rightclicking the headings, then turning columns On or Off. The method is similar to the selection of the tools to be displayed on a tool bar (page 1-16). The levels may be Sorted in ascending or descending order by clicking the heading of the column we wish to sort them on, the order reversing each time the heading is clicked. The Display column may be used to turn Levels On and Off Globally (in all views), if the Mode is set to Global Display in the Level Display. BEN MicroStation Drafting (Metric Edition) Bentley Education Network 3-17

18 3 The New Model Level Symbology With this option, the Color, Style and Weight settings for each level Override the Element symbology when Level symbology is On in the View Attributes. The levels have been sorted in ascending order on the Color column in this illustration. Levels may be toggled On and Off. Figure 3.16 Symbology Overrides on All Levels 6. Click on the color tile associated with the Windows level. 7. Select another color from the Symbology Color palette, watch a window area on the plan and click OK. Alternatively, we may double-click the color. Either way the window linework will change to the new color and the palette close. The original Level symbology color for the Windows level. The Level symbology for any level can be changed at any time, automatically changing all elements on that level. Figure 3.17 Changing a Level Symbology Color 3-18 Bentley Education Network BEN MicroStation Drafting (Metric Edition)

19 The New Model Level Symbology 8. Click on the same color tile again, this time click Override Off. The window geometry will revert to its Element symbology and the color tile will disappear. When an Override is turned Off, the indicator in the Level Manager dialog box is removed and the symbology item (color in this case) reverts to its Element symbology. Figure 3.18 Turning Off Level Symbology Overrides 9. Change the Weight of a level by clicking in the weight indicator for the required level, then select a weight and click OK. 10. Use the same technique to change a Style, close the Dialog box. Figure 3.19 Changing Weight and Style Overrides BEN MicroStation Drafting (Metric Edition) Bentley Education Network 3-19

20 3 The New Model Symbology ByLevel Symbology ByLevel This method of defining the appearance of elements is an alternative to Element symbology. With this feature, we are able to place an element with its symbology defined entirely by the Level it is being placed on. It does not have any Element symbology attributes at all. ByLevel is not to be confused with Level Symbology, which provides a method of Overriding the color etc. that elements have already been placed with. To put it a different way, ByLevel is a method of defining symbology as the linework is being placed, whereas Level Symbology optionally overrides it afterwards. In the following exercise, we are going to place some elements using ByLevel to define the symbology. Cottage-m.dgn is supplied with ByLevel settings already made to differentiate between each of the 10 levels in use. The plan itself was created using all Element symbology, so these settings have no effect on it. Only the new elements (blocks) placed in the following exercise will display the ByLevel symbology. Using ByLevel Symbology 1. With Cottage-m.dgn open, select the View Attributes dialog box, turn Off Level Symbology. 2. Pan the floor plan to one side of the view (keeping it visible). This is to allow space to place 10 blocks, one on each existing level. 3. Select ByLevel from each of the Color, Line Style and Line Weight combo boxes (in the Attributes tool box). The associated icons show a levels icon, along with the ByLevel setting for the current Active Level. 4. Make the Default level Active using the Active Level combo box (from the Attributes tool box). Ensure that all the other levels are turned On. The checkmarks here indicate the views that are On. Since there is only one view open, we can turn them Off and On from here, without being concerned about the settings in the Level Display dialog box (see Figure 3.2). These tiles indicate the color attribute allocated to the particular level ByLevel. Figure 3.20 The Active Level Combo Box 3-20 Bentley Education Network BEN MicroStation Drafting (Metric Edition)

21 The New Model Symbology ByLevel 5. Select the Place Block tool, ensure that the Method is Orthogonal in the Tool Settings window. The other tool settings are OK, as the Fill view attribute is turned Off. The exact placement and alignment of the blocks we are about to place is not important, as we are only using them to observe their symbology. Two columns of five, as in Figure 3.21, is suggested. 6. Place a starting Data Point near the top of the view, move the pointer to the left, key-in 4 (do not click any mouse buttons yet). 7. Move the pointer down and key-in 2, accept (data button) the opposite vertex of the block. 8. Change the Active Level to Doors, place another block as in steps 6 and Continue placing blocks on each of the levels in turn, until there are blocks placed on all 10. Note the symbology of all the blocks; each one is different, without us having to change Color, Style or Weight selections at any time. Default Internal Wall Default Internal Wall Doors Joinery Doors Joinery External Wall Sanitary External Wall Sanitary Floor Finish Stairs Floor Finish Stairs Appliances Windows Appliances Windows Level Symbology Symbology ByLevel Figure 3.21 Level Vs. ByLevel Symbologies in Cottage 10. Open the Level Manager, choose ByLevel from the Symbology option menu. Note the different symbologies in the columns - these are set totally independently from the Level Symbology (Figure 3.22). 11. Try changing ByLevel symbology for one or more levels, using the same technique as for changing Level symbology (page 3-18). The elements placed using ByLevel symbology will update immediately, but not the floor plan. None of its geometry was placed ByLevel, as stated earlier. BEN MicroStation Drafting (Metric Edition) Bentley Education Network 3-21

22 3 The New Model Symbology ByLevel The dialog boxes for changing ByLevel symbology are similar to those for Level symbology, except for the Override On and Override Off areas. Figure 3.22 Changing ByLevel symbology 12. Close the Level Manager and open View Attributes, turn Level Symbology On and apply. The elements placed using ByLevel symbology will take on the Level symbology defined earlier, subject to the Overrides in effect. 13. Delete the blocks placed in steps 5 to 9 when we have finished studying them Bentley Education Network BEN MicroStation Drafting (Metric Edition)

23 The New Model Creating Models Creating Models Models were first introduced under Design Files, Models and Views on page There we learned that we may have more than one Model in a DGN. There are two types of Models, Design and Sheet. We found that Sheet models are used to compose drawing sheet layouts, ready to print out. These models will be used later, when we learn to convert our design geometry into drawings. Each model in a design is totally independent of any other, in fact they may even have different working units. For example, one Design model may be used for a house plan and another for its site details. One may have meters and millimeters for working units, the other may have decimal meters. The Design Models may be combined later into Sheet models, using a process called Referencing. This is another subject we will meet later in the course. For now, we will create a new Design Model to contain a site plan for Cottage-m.dgn. Creating a Design Model 1. Open Cottage-m.dgn. Choose the Models tool from the Primary Tools tool box (if the tool icon is not displayed, right-click the tool box and select Models). The Models dialog box opens, showing that there is only the Default model in the design so far. 2. Click the Create a new model icon in the dialog box. 3. In the Create Model dialog box, choose Design and 2d from the options menus, enter Site Plan and Boundaries & Services into the Name and Description fields. 4. Ensure that both check boxes are checked On, click OK. When we create a view group, we can open this model from the View Groups tool box. Figure 3.23 Creating a New Model 5. Close the Models dialog box. Since we chose to Create a View Group, we do not need this dialog box open to open the Models. We can select them from the View Groups tool box. BEN MicroStation Drafting (Metric Edition) Bentley Education Network 3-23

24 3 The New Model Creating Models Now we have a model designated for Boundaries and Services, we will use it for the site plan as shown in Figure 3.25 Creating the Site Plan on page It is common for models such as this to be placed with actual map coordinates, but we do not have this information. We will place it at an undefined location for now; later on it will be a simple matter to move it into position. Prepare the Model 1. With Cottage-m.dgn open, create a new level named Boundaries (see Creating New Levels in the Level Manager on page 3-6). 2. If necessary, open the Site Plan model, by choosing the Site Plan Views from the View Groups tool box. It is possible to create the new level with a different Model open. Levels are set for the entire DGN, not just for one Model. 3. In the Attributes tool box, select Boundaries as the Active Level, Color 3 (red), Style 0, Weight 2. View Area We currently have a blank view, without knowing its magnification. It could be a millimeter or a kilometer wide, but we will not concern ourselves about the existing view area. Instead we will use the Window Area tool to define the size and the coordinates of the view to suit the site plan. We will set the coordinates to be near the Global Origin (see The Global Origin on page 2-12). While doing this, we will introduce another AccuDraw feature, Data Point Keyin. This permits data points to be placed with precise coordinates. We will use this to define the extents of our view. Window a View Area 1. Ensure that AccuDraw is running and that the AccuDraw window has input focus. Select the Window Area tool, move the pointer to display the full-screen crosshair pointer. 2. Press <P> (the AccuDraw Keyboard Shortcut for placing a data Point). The Data Point Keyin window opens, with a flashing cursor in its data input field (indicating that it has Input Focus). 3. Key in 54,36 then press <Enter>. We have entered an ordered pair of coordinates separated by a comma, x first, then y. These are the coordinates for the first data point used by the Window Area tool (in Meters, the Master Units of this DGN). 4. Press <P> once more, key in 0 then press <Enter>, reset the tool (click the Reset mouse button). This inputs the Global Origin coordinates of 0,0 (when a second input is omitted, it is assumed to be zero). It may not look different, but the view area has resized and moved Bentley Education Network BEN MicroStation Drafting (Metric Edition)

25 The New Model View Area The shortcut P for Point is easy to remember. The prompt for the first data point of the windowing operation. Entering the coordinates for the top-right Window Area point. The prompt for the second data point of the windowing operation. The coordinates for the bottom-left Window Area point are 0,0, but the second zero is redundant. Figure 3.24 AccuDraw Data Point Keyin Now we are ready to draw the shape representing the boundaries of the building site. Figure 3.25 shows the distances and the angles for each segment, the angles shown in Azimuth mode, Degrees, Minutes and Seconds format. The angles are relative to North. You may recall that the AccuDraw Compass is Context Sensitive by default, it rotates to align itself with the line that has just been placed. We experienced this when we created the octagon, as shown in Completing the Octagon on page In most cases, this is very useful, but not here - we need all the angles to be related to North, not the previous line. It is possible to disable Context Sensitivity altogether, but there is no need to do so, as we are able to restore the compass to ordinary View rotation at the press of a key. This presents us with an opportunity to meet another AccuDraw Shortcut, V for View Rotation. Create a Site Plan 1. Select the Place SmartLine tool, ensure that the Segment Type is set to Lines, the Vertex Type is Sharp and Join Elements is checked. 2. Place the start of first line segment as shown in Figure 3.25, starting from a data point placed freehand near the bottom-left of the view. 3. Move the pointer upwards (the general direction of the first line), press <Spacebar> if necessary to put AccuDraw into Polar Coordinate mode (page 2-25). BEN MicroStation Drafting (Metric Edition) Bentley Education Network 3-25

26 3 The New Model Creating Models This is the Origin, where we start and finish. This segment is defined by the end coordinates of its adjoining segments. We are able to swap between models by selecting appropriate View Groups. Figure 3.25 Creating the Site Plan 4. Key in the angle and distance as shown in Figure 3.25, taking care that the correct field has input focus. Remember to use the separators as shown, ^ after Degrees, after Minutes, the seconds need no labels on input. Use the <Tab> key to change between fields, or use the mouse to click in the required field. 5. Accept the line with the data button, but do not reset. The AccuDraw Compass has moved to the end of the first line and Context Sensitivity has caused it to rotate, aligning its x axes with the line, which is not what we need for now. 6. Press <V>, the Accudraw Shortcut for View rotation. The compass realigns itself with the view axes, x horizontal. 7. Place the second segment in the same way as the first, move the pointer in the general direction, key in the distance and angle to the appropriate fields, then accept the segment. 8. Continue around the shape as shown for segments 2 and 3, restoring the AccuDraw compass to View rotation again at the end of segment Place the final (bottom) segment by accepting a Keypoint snap back to the origin. 10. Swap between the two models, using the View Groups tool. The two view groups are named Floor Plan and Site Plan. The Default model (which may be renamed, unlike the level with the same name) and the Site Plan can be seen to be fully independent Bentley Education Network BEN MicroStation Drafting (Metric Edition)

27 The New Model View Area Editing Model Properties The Type, Name, Description and whether the model may be placed as a Cell (to be introduced in chapter 6) may be changed at any time after a model is created. As mentioned earlier, even the properties of the Default model may be edited. We will change the name and description of the Default model in the following exercise to more accurately reflect its contents. Rename and Describe the Default Model 1. Open Cottage-m.dgn if not already open; choose the Models tool from the Primary Tools tool box. The Models dialog box opens. 2. Highlight the Default model, click the Edit Model Properties icon from the Models dialog box. The Model Properties dialog box opens,. 3. Change the Name to Floor Plan and the Description to Original Layout. Make sure that Can be placed as a cell is checked, click OK, close the dialog box. 4. Open the Manage View Groups dialog box, select Default and click the Edit View Group Properties icon. 5. Ensure that the View Group is Floor Plan, the Description is Single View, fitted. Figure 3.26 Editing the Model and View Group Properties BEN MicroStation Drafting (Metric Edition) Bentley Education Network 3-27

28 3 The New Model Snapping Basics Snapping Basics Keypoint snaps are becoming familiar by now; we have used them on several occasions, starting with the aircraft shape in JoinTheDots. In that exercise, the linework snapped to the guide points already placed in the DGN, using a facility named AccuSnap. AccuSnap vs. Mouse Button Snapping When we were introduced to the mouse in MicroStation (on page 2-2), we learned about the Tentative button. This button is used to manually place Tentative points, sometimes described as the try before you buy Data point. Clicking this button will place a tentative point at, or near, the pointer position. If the button is pressed when the pointer is sufficiently close to a snap location on an element, the Tentative point will Snap precisely to that location. If the point snapped to is correct, it is converted to a Data point by Accepting the snap with a click of the Data button. It does not matter if the mouse has moved since the tentative point was placed, the position of the data point will be precisely that of the original tentative point. With AccuSnap turned On, we do not need to click the Tentative button to place a tentative point. Just moving the pointer close to a snap location will cause a hint crosshair pointer to be displayed. If we move this pointer even closer to the snap location, it becomes a heavy line weight X. A tentative point has been placed, without pressing any buttons so far. A small additional movement of the pointer will not displace this Snap, so all we need to do is to accept the location with the data button while the heavy X is displayed. We can control all of the Snap Modes from a button bar, or from pop-up menus. The pop-up menus are opened either from the Status Bar or by holding down the <Shift> key while clicking the Tentative mouse button. The button bar is illustrated in Figure Toggle AccuSnap Near Snap Point Key Point Snap Mid Point Snap Center Snap Origin Snap Bisector Snap Intersect Snap Tangent Snap Perpendicular Snap Figure 3.27 The Snap Mode Button Bar 3-28 Bentley Education Network BEN MicroStation Drafting (Metric Edition)

29 The New Model AccuSnap vs. Mouse Button Snapping Toggling AccuSnap AccuSnap is On by default and it will generally remain that way. However, there are situations where too many snap points are available, so it may be more efficient to choose between them manually. We turn it On and Off with a Toggle (click the button once it is Off, click again and it is On). This button is on the Snap Mode button bar, so we will start by opening this. The exercise will be to place lines between vertices of one of the octagon shapes we created in chapter 2. AccuSnap and Manual Snaps 1. Open AccuWorks.dgn from your Student directory; ensure that Practice Shapes is the Active Level. Fit View and Window Area (page 1-23) about one of the Octagon shapes. 2. Click on the snap mode icon in the Status Bar, click Button Bar on the pop-up menu. The Button Bar opens, Dock it below the view, to the right of the View Groups tool bar (page 1-9 to revise docking, Figure 3.28 illustrates the process). This button bar has the commonly used snap mode setting buttons as well as the AccuSnap toggle. It is convenient to have it open and docked most of the time, so we will leave it like this from now on. The Toggle AccuSnap button is shown depressed, indicating that AccuSnap is active. The Snap Mode button bar docks conveniently at the bottom of the view, but it may also be docked anywhere around the edge of the view area. Figure 3.28 Opening the Snap Mode Button Bar 3. Click the Toggle AccuSnap button to turn AccuSnap Off. 4. From the Attributes tool box, select any Color, Line Style and Line Weight, other than those of the Octagon itself. 5. Ensure that the Keypoint snap mode is set, the correct button is shown highlighted in Figure BEN MicroStation Drafting (Metric Edition) Bentley Education Network 3-29

30 3 The New Model Snapping Basics 6. Select the Place SmartLine tool, move the pointer over the bottom-left vertex. Nothing appears to happen, since AccuSnap is Off. 7. Click the Tentative button (the button or button combination we configured on page 2-3). 8. The shape element highlights and the pointer becomes a large crosshair centered on the vertex we have Snapped to. 9. Accept the snap (data button), snap to the diagonally opposite vertex, accept, reset to complete the element and stop the tool. Placing this line between the two vertices required 4 mouse button clicks (not including the tool selection or the reset at the end). 10. Toggle AccuSnap back On, place a line between the lower-right vertex and the one diagonally opposite, using AccuSnap snaps, accepting each one as we have done in the earlier exercises. This time we only needed to click two times. With AccuSnap Off, moving the pointer near a snap location has no effect, until the Tentative button is clicked, when the tentative point snaps to the snap location and the element highlights. Once we have Snapped, the pointer may be moved any distance away. With AccuSnap On, moving the pointer near a snap location causes a Tentative Hint crosshair to indicate the closest snap location. When we move closer still, the Hint becomes a thicker cross and the element highlights. This indicates that we have snapped to the location. The pointer may only move a limited distance away before accepting the snap. Figure 3.29 Manual and Automatic Snapping 3-30 Bentley Education Network BEN MicroStation Drafting (Metric Edition)

31 The New Model Keypoint Snap Keypoint Snap This is the most frequently used snap mode, and the only mode we have used so far. Each element has certain Keypoints, their locations depend on the type of element. It is also possible to snap to certain locations between actual keypoints, which we have already done. Remember how the centerline snapped to the middle of the nose of the aircraft shape on page 3-12? Keypoint Snap Divisor A line or line segment, such as those forming the Aircraft shape, always has keypoints at either end. However, we can set a Keypoint Snap Divisor which will produce extra snap points equally spaced along the element. The default setting for this (again, inherited from the seed file 2dMetricGeneral.dgn ) is 2. This means the distance between the end points is divided by 2, placing a keypoint halfway along a line. We are not limited to low numbers for the Keypoint Snap Divisor, it may be as high as 255. It is most unlikely for us to need such a high number, but smaller divisors are often used. Setting the Keypoint Snap Divisor Snapping is classified as a Lock in MicroStation, so one method of setting the divisor is in a Locks settings box. However, in recent versions of MicroStation AccuDraw has taken over many of the functions traditionally supplied by Locks, including setting the divisor. We will set the Keypoint Snap Divisor using an AccuDraw Shortcut. We first met these in chapter 2, page In keeping with the logical choice of keys for shortcuts, the key for Keypoint Snap Divisor is K. Experiment with Keypoints 1. Have AccuWorks open; if necessary Window Area about the octagon with the recently placed lines. 2. Ensure that AccuSnap is On (its button on the Snap Mode button bar appears depressed). 3. Ensure that the Snap Mode is Key Point (also on the Snap Mode button bar). 4. Select a drawing tool (e.g. Place SmartLine). 5. Move the pointer around the octagon and along the diagonal lines, noting where Snaps are offered. There will always be keypoints at the vertices of the octagon and at the ends of the lines. With the settings in this DGN, we will also find keypoints half-way between these, see Figure With AccuDraw running and the AccuDraw window active (press <Esc> if necessary to make it active), press <K>. K is the Keyboard Shortcut for setting the Keypoint Snap Divisor, thus it opens the appropriate dialog box. BEN MicroStation Drafting (Metric Edition) Bentley Education Network 3-31

32 3 The New Model Snapping Basics 7. Select 1 as the new Snap Divisor, either by choosing it from the options menu, or by keying in 1 to the field. Click OK to apply the change. 8. Move the pointer around the octagon and along the diagonal lines once more, again noting where Snaps are offered. The only keypoints are at the vertices of the octagon and at the ends of the lines. The menu offers some often-used options. Using a snap divisor of 2 allows us to find the midpoint of lines as well as the ends, but it means that there are many positions offering snaps. A divisor of 1 will only find the ends of lines, so there are less snaps to possibly confuse. Figure 3.30 Keypoint Snap Divisors - 1 vs. 2 It is not only straight lines that have keypoints, all elements have keypoints, as we will find as we work through the exercises during the course. It is generally less confusing to leave the Keypoint Snap Divisor set to 1 for most of the time. There will be some occasions where we will need to use other options (remember, we can use quite large divisors); we can easily change it for those occasions, then restore it to 1. In practice, we will find that 2 is a divisor we can do without - we have Midpoint snap to help us find the middle of elements Bentley Education Network BEN MicroStation Drafting (Metric Edition)

33 The New Model Midpoint Snap Midpoint Snap The function of this snap mode is obvious from its name, it finds the Midpoint of elements and segments of elements. For example, the octagon shape we have been working with is a single Element. However, each of its 8 sides is a separate Segment, so this snap mode will find the midpoint of each side. Midpoint Snapping 1. Select the Midpoint Snap Mode from the Snap Mode button bar (with a single click). 2. Select a drawing tool (e.g. Place SmartLine). 3. Move the pointer around the octagon and along the diagonal lines, noting where Snaps are offered. 4. Accept one of the snaps on the octagon, attempt a snap to the midpoint opposite, then try a vertex. The snap mode has reverted to Keypoint, the position of the hint snap crosshairs, the symbol nearby and the button bar verifies this fact. 5. Double-click the Midpoint snap button, attempt the midpoint snap again. 6. Success! Keep drawing, complete the second segment by accepting a snap to another Midpoint, reset to complete the Line String. (A Line String is a single open element composed of multiple line segments). When we selected the mode with a Single click, it reverted to keypoint as soon as we accepted a snap. The selected snap mode remained when we selected it with a Double click. The locations of the snap points for Midpoint snap are predictable. Figure 3.31 Midpoint Snapping BEN MicroStation Drafting (Metric Edition) Bentley Education Network 3-33

34 3 The New Model Snapping Basics Default and Override Snap Modes Now we can put a name to the effect we observed during the last exercise. We were using Keypoint snap mode in the preceding exercise, then we changed the mode to Midpoint. We initially made this change using a Single click when we selected the button. This is known as a Snap Mode Override. The Keypoint mode remained the Default Snap Mode, midpoint only overriding this for a single Data Point (accept of a snap with the data button). A way of remembering this is Single Click - Single Shot. To make a snap mode the Default, we double-click the button. It then remains the snap mode until it is changed by another Override or by making another mode the default. If we happen to select the snap mode from the pop-up menu, we make a snap mode the default by holding down the <Shift> key while we select it. We can tell at a glance which snap mode is the default; its button is highlighted with a speckled gray. An override is indicated when a button is highlighted with light gray. Both buttons appear depressed. Center Snap Center snap will find the center of circles and arcs. It will also find the centroid of closed elements or line strings. The snap occurs when the pointer is anywhere on the element, it does not have to be near the snap location. Snap to the Center of Closed Elements 1. Open JoinTheDots-m.dgn ; ensure that Fill is turned Off in View Attributes. 2. Make the Default level Active, turn On the Symbol and New Work levels, the rest Off. 3. Select Center as the Default snap mode (double click it in the button bar). 4. Select the Place SmartLine tool. 5. With AccuSnap On, move the pointer over all three elements in the design, noting where the snaps fall. The pointer only needs to be over the element at any position for the Center snap to place a tentative point. This is a Shape, so the tentative point is at its Centroid. The Centroid may be described as the center of mass of the shape, assuming it is made of uniform density material. Figure 3.32 Center Snapping 3-34 Bentley Education Network BEN MicroStation Drafting (Metric Edition)

35 The New Model Tool Settings and AccuDraw Tool Settings and AccuDraw Frequently, we will find that we have a choice when defining the size of an element. For example, with the tools used to place ellipses (which includes circles), we may enter a radius or diameter into the Tool Settings window. Alternatively, we may define these dimensions using AccuDraw. The latter method is probably used more frequently than the former, but the Tool Settings technique is particularly useful where a number of similar elements are being placed. We used the Place Circle tool on page 3-7 to place a circle where its position and diameter were both defined by 3 points on its circumference. In the next exercise, we will be defining circles with their position defined by a center and a radius or diameter constrained by a keyed-in dimension. During the following exercise, we will use the Reset mouse button to swap between viewing and drawing tools, without cancelling the tool s operation. Placing Circles 1. With AccuWorks open, create a new level (see Creating New Levels in the Level Manager on page 3-6) named Practice Ellipses. 2. Make the new level Active, turn Off the others. Close the dialog box. 3. Select the Place Circle tool, then, in the Tool Settings window: Choose a Method of Center Leave the center panel defaults (Solid, None) Check the check box On Choose Diameter from the option menu (if necessary) Key-in 1.5 to the field, press <Tab> to enter the dimension. 4. Place a circle anywhere in the view with the data button, do not reset yet. 5. Click the Window Area tool, use it to increase the magnification of the circle to make it about half view height, still do not reset. We may choose a View Control tool and change the magnification etc. without resetting the drawing tool. Figure 3.33 Placing the First Circle BEN MicroStation Drafting (Metric Edition) Bentley Education Network 3-35

36 3 The New Model Tool Settings and AccuDraw 6. Without resetting, use any other tools from the View Control bar to adjust the position and magnification of the circle. 7. Reset once the desired viewing area is achieved. Moving the pointer about the view will show that the tool is still active, there is another circle attached to the pointer, waiting to be placed. 8. Move the pointer back over the Place Circle tool or the PopSet tool to re-open the Tool Settings window. 9. Overwrite the Diameter field to read :975. For a change, we have input Sub Units (Millimeters) in this case, hence the colon before the dimension. 10. Move the pointer back over the AccuDraw origin until it indexes to it, accept the second circle, Reset the tool. The second circle is concentric with the first. When placing circles by center, the AccuDraw compass remains at the center, rather than relocating as it does with lines etc. With PopSet enabled, the Tool Settings window will close when we start placing elements. It re-opens when we move the pointer back over the drawing tool or over the PopSet Enable/Disable tool. AccuSnap has been turned Off here to clarify the fact that the center of the second circle is actually Indexing to the Origin of the AccuDraw compass. The compass has not moved since placing the first circle. Figure 3.34 Placing the Second Circle 3-36 Bentley Education Network BEN MicroStation Drafting (Metric Edition)

37 The New Model Element Information Element Information Whenever we have moved the pointer over an element, we are provided with the most basic information about that element in a pop-up window. This will tell us the Type of element and the Level it is placed on. This is a function of AccuSnap. We will sometimes need to Analyze elements in greater detail than that available from the AccuSnap pop-up window. We have the Analyze Element tool (in the Primary Tools tool box) to provide this function. AccuSnap Pop-up Info The display of this pop-up is controlled from the AccuSnap Settings dialog box. By default, AccuSnap always displays this information with a Snap or Tentative Hint (see Figure 3.29 Manual and Automatic Snapping on page 3-30). We may opt to only display it when the Tentative mouse button is clicked, or to do without it altogether. Controlling AccuSnap Pop-up Info 1. Open Cottage-m.dgn from your student directory. 2. Select a drawing tool (e.g. the Place SmartLine tool); move the pointer around the view, noting the Pop-up Info displaying for various elements. We will find that there are several Cells in the design. These are groups of elements in the form of a small drawing, a concept we will be introduced to later in the course. 3. Click the Snap icon in the Status Bar and choose AccuSnap from the menu. The AccuSnap Settings dialog box opens. This may also be opened from the Main menu bar, with Settings > Snaps > AccuSnap. 4. Change the Pop-up Info option menu to Tentative; try using the Tentative mouse button to obtain the information. The information pop-ups may be disabled by removing this checkmark. The option of Tentative only provides the information when we request it with the Tentative mouse button. Figure 3.35 AccuSnap Pop-up Info BEN MicroStation Drafting (Metric Edition) Bentley Education Network 3-37

38 3 The New Model Element Information Obtaining Element Information Analyzing an element provides a huge amount of information, as well as allowing us to change the element s Attributes and Properties. We will understand more of the information as the course progresses. Analyzing Elements 1. With Cottage-m.dgn open, select the Analyze Element tool. 2. Move the pointer over a line element (e.g. the external wall) to be analyzed, accept when the desired element highlights. The Element Information dialog box opens, with its General tab displayed. 3. Examine the General and the Details tabs; change the Color under the General tab, click the Apply button, close the dialog box. The color of the selected element will update. 4. Undo the change. This panel will display a tree of information when we analyze Complex elements. In these cases, we may separately examine the information of each component. This is the Element Type. There are a number of types, each having a type number, [3] in this example. Element types will be useful later in the course, especially when we work with Attribute Based Selection. Much of this information is self-explanatory, it is simply the coordinates of the ends of the line, its length etc. Element Information and Change Element Attributes share the same functionality in this respect, except this tool has the advantage of allowing us to check the existing symbology before we change it. Figure 3.36 Element Information Dialog Box 3-38 Bentley Education Network BEN MicroStation Drafting (Metric Edition)

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