Engineering Drawing Lecture 5 PROJECTION THEORY

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1 University of Palestine College of Engineering & Urban Planning First Level Engineering Drawing Lecture 5 PROJECTION THEORY Lecturer: Eng. Eman Al.Swaity Eng.Heba hamad

2 PART 1 PROJECTION METHOD

3 TOPICS Projection methods Orthographic projection

4 PROJECTION METHOD Perspective Parallel Oblique Axonometric Orthographic Multiview

5 PROJECTION THEORY The projection theory is used to graphically represent 3-D objects on 2-D media (paper, computer screen). The projection theory is based on two variables: 1) Line of sight 2) Plane of projection (image plane or picture plane)

6 Line of sight is an imaginary ray of light between an observer s eye and an object. There are 2 types of LOS : parallel and converge Parallel projection Perspective projection Line of sight Line of sight

7 Plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane which the image is created. The image is produced by connecting the points where the LOS pierce the projection plane. Parallel projection Perspective projection Plane of projection Plane of projection

8 Disadvantage of Perspective Projection Perspective projection is not used by engineer for manufacturing of parts, because 1) It is difficult to create. 2) It does not reveal exact shape and size. Width is distorted

9 Orthographic Projection

10 MEANING Orthographic projection is a parallel projection technique in which the parallel lines of sight are perpendicular to the projection plane Object views from top Projection plane 3 4

11 ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW Orthographic view depends on relative position of the object to the line of sight. Rotate Two dimensions of an object is shown. More than one view is needed to represent the object. Multiview drawing Three dimensions of an object is shown. Axonometric drawing Tilt

12 ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW NOTES Orthographic projection technique can produce either 1. Multiview drawing that each view show an object in two dimensions. 2. Axonometric drawing that show all three dimensions of an object in one view. Both drawing types are used in technical drawing for communication.

13 Axonometric (Isometric) Drawing Advantage Easy to understand Disadvantage Shape and angle distortion Example Distortions of shape and size in isometric drawing Circular hole becomes ellipse. Right angle becomes obtuse angle.

14 Multiview Drawing Advantage It represents accurate shape and size. Disadvantage Require practice in writing and reading. Example Multiviews drawing (2-view drawing)

15 PART 2 Orthographic Projection

16 TOPICS Object representation Multiview projection Glass box concept Orthographic projection of point, line, plane, surface and object. Line convention Isometric Sketching

17 OBJECT REPRESENTATION Axonometric projection Multiview projection

18 MULTIVIEW PROJECTION can be presented only two in each view. Height Three principle dimensions of an object Height Width Depth Depth Width Depth Adjacent view(s) is needed to fulfill the size description.

19 TO OBTAIN MULTIVIEW REPRESENTATION OF AN OBJECT 1. Revolve the object with respect to observer. 2. The observer move around the object.

20 REVOLVE THE OBJECT Right side view Front view (Elevation) Top view (Elevation)

21 OBSERVER MOVE AROUND Top view Front view Right side view

22 THE GLASS BOX CONCEPT Rear view Left side view Bottom view

23 Depth History Width Height

24 MULTIVIEW PROJECTION Click on the picture to play video

25 MULTIVIEW PROJECTION Click on the picture to play video

26 MULTIVIEW PROJECTION Click on the picture to play video

27 MULTIVIEW PROJECTION Click on the picture to play video

28 Orthographic Projection of Object Features

29 OBJECT FEATURES Edges are lines that represent the boundary between two faces. Corners Represent the intersection of two or more edges. Edge Corner Edge No corner No edge No corner

30 OBJECT FEATURES Surfaces are areas that are bounded by edges or limiting element. Limiting element is a line that represents the last visible part of the curve surface. Surface Surface Limit Surface Limit

31 PROJECTION OF POINT(S) BT BT AT AT Equal distance B A AF BF BR AR AF BF AR BR

32 PROJECTION OF LINE True length BT AT BT Equal length AT B A AF BF Point BR AR AF BF AR BR True length NORMAL LINE

33 PROJECTION OF LINE True length BT AT BT Equal length AT B A A AF BF BR AR AF BF AR BR Foreshortened Foreshortened INCLINED LINE

34 PROJECTION OF LINE Foreshortened BT AT BT B BR BF AT B A AF Equal length BF BR A AR Foreshortened AF AR Foreshortened OBLIQUED LINE

35 PROJECTION OF PLANE True size CT BT CT AT BT CR A AF,CF Edge AT C B BF Equal length BF AR,B R AF,CF AR,B R CR Edge NORMAL PLANE

36 PROJECTION OF PLANE Foreshortened CT BT CT AT C CR CF Equal length BT AT C B CF CR A BF AF Foreshortened AR,B R Edge BF AF AR,B R INCLINED PLANE

37 PROJECTION OF PLANE Foreshortened CT BT CT AT C Equal length B BF CR CF BT AT C B CF BR BF A AF Foreshortened BR CR AR Foreshortened AF AR OBLIQUED PLANE

38 PROJECTION OF OBJECT The views are obtained by projecting all object features to the picture plane. (Elevation) You have to project the remaining surfaces which are invisible too!

39 PROJECTION OF OBJECT s s s (Elevation)

40 PROJECTION OF OBJECT (Elevation)

41 Line Convention

42 LINE CONVENTION Precedence of coincide lines. Hidden line drawing. Center line drawing.

43 PRECEDENCE OF LINE Order of importance Visible line Hidden line Center line

44 HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE Hidden line should join a visible line, except it extended from the visible line. Leave space Correct Join No!

45 HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE Hidden line should join a visible line, except it extended from the visible line. Leave space Leave space Correct No!

46 HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE Hidden line should intersect to form L and T corners. L T Correct No!

47 HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE Hidden arcs should start on a center line.

48 CENTER LINE PRACTICE In circular view, short dash should cross at the intersections of center line. For small hole, center line is presented as thin continuous line. Center line should not extend between views. Leave space Leave space

49 CENTER LINE PRACTICE Leave the gap when centerline forms a continuation with a visible or hidden line Center line should always start and end with long dash. Leave space Leave space Leave space Leave space

50 Isometric Sketching

51 Sketch from an actual object 1. Place the object in the position which its shape and features are clearly seen. 2. Define an isometric axis. 3. Sketching the enclosing box. 4. Estimate the size an and relationship of each details. 5. Darken all visible lines.

52 Sketch from an actual object STEPS 1. Positioning object. 2. Select isometric axis. 3. Sketch enclosing box. 4. Add details. 5. Darken visible lines.

53 Sketch from an actual object STEPS 1. Positioning object. 2. Select isometric axis. 3. Sketch enclosing box. 4. Add details. 5. Darken visible lines. Note In isometric sketch/drawing), hidden lines are omitted unless they are absolutely necessary to completely describe the object.

54 End of The Lecture PROJECTION THEORY

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