Spatial Camouflage. Animals use camouflage for survival. 1. to hide FROM predators 2. to hide AS predators

Transcription

1 Spatial Camouflage Animals use camouflage for survival. 1. to hide FROM predators 2. to hide AS predators A camouflage fabric pattern that helps people hide in wooded areas. Birds create this camouflage out of a variety of different colored feathers assembled into a plumage collage. People who want to disguise themselves will dress up in clothing made out of camouflage patterned textiles. In this exercise you will reverse the camouflage process by creating the environment into which an animal can hide, rather than the skin for the animal. Spatial Camouflage As animal environments, such as trees, are spatial, you will work sculpturally, adding complexity through texture, color, and the location of the parts and pieces of your three dimensional camouflage.

2 In pointilism, painters created areas of color out of many small dots of varying colors. They relied on the viewer optically mixing the many dots of color into a larger coherent shape in his mind. Spatial Camouflage Living (plant) spatial-structural frames can inspire man-made (architectural, automotive, industrial) spatial-structural frames. (after Kansai airport)

3 materials + + a realistic bird (or other animal) figurine + + a BIG box, one big side cut off + + acrylic paint + brushes + + scissors + + colored paper + + objects from nature: leaves, branches, rocks + + methods of attachment: pipe cleaners, tape, glue directions 1. Loosely using pointilism, paint the inside of the box with a wide variety of colors to create a camouflage collage which will hide your figurine s colors. 2. Take sticks, branches and other thin objects and build a spatial - 3D, sculptural - matrix inside the box. This frame should span the box, be varied, and be complex. 3. Cut out various shapes from the colored or printed paper and other 2D material collected, and attach them to the frame together with the leaves. 4. Find a spot for your figurine and attach it. 5. Keep attaching more 2D material until the figurine is well hidden in your spatial camouflage. Spatial Camouflage advice As you develop your project, rotate the box around and move it in and out of various light sources.

4 sketches of my spatial camouflage photos of my spatial camouflage Spatial Camouflage

5 Technical Drawings Industrial designers, architects, and engineers use technical drawings to develop their projects and direct fabricators to build them. Scientists also use them in the study of anatomy. Top View The measured drawings are most often generated at scales smaller than life-size, to fit on standard sheets. In this exercise you will create the following types: 1. Orthographic Projection Drawings, referred to in engineering and industrial design as Front, Right, Left, Back, Top, & Bottom Views, and in architecture as Roof & Site Plans, and (Building) Elevations. 2. Section Drawings - drawings which cut a plane through an object, allowing one to look inside of it - referred to in engineering and industrial design as (Cross) Sections, and in architecture as Plans (cut horizontally), and (Building) Sections (cut vertically). Vertical Cross Section Horizontal Cross Section Technical Drawings Ship Transverse Cross Sections

6 A Attic Second Floor Side Elevation Drawings correspond to one another. Section A Front Elevation First Floor Technical Drawings Anatomical Front, Side, & Top Views (above: Lautensack, 1618, top; Dürer, 1528, bottom) Various Cross Section Cuts (right) Architectural Drawings First Floor Plan Plans are cut at about 4 above the floor plane.

7 materials A directions + + a pen or pencil + + sketch paper + + a small box + + an object-like piece of fruit or vegetable (not leafy): apple, banana, avocado + + a water container: bottle, glass, bowl, vase + + a piece of furniture: a chair, a table + + an object of choice + + optional: colored pencils, for coloring shapes in afterwards B Top View Section B Side View Top View Side View Orthographic views are parallel to the face of the object. There is no perspective. Organic material doesn t have a perfect geometry. Draw what you actually see, not what you assume. A. Orthographic Drawings 1. Place the object in front of you and draw the outline shape of its front face as a single line drawing. 2. Add any other details, or edges, also as simple lines (no shading), that stand out or seem important. 3. Turn the object around and draw the faces that are different: back, side, top and/or bottom. B. Section Drawings 1. If you are able to cut the object such as a fruit or vegetable cut it in half along the longer direction. Draw this first section cut following Steps 1 & If you have another similar object, cut it in half in the other (shorter) direction and draw this second section cut following Steps 1 & 2. advice Make sure your drawings are at the same scale. Technical Drawings Section A

8 sketches of my technical drawings photos of my technical drawings Technical Drawings

9 Body Diagram For thousands of years, artists and scientists have studied animal including human anatomy (shape + structure) and physiology (process + function) using analytical drawings. Analytical drawings are drawings which, through the process of analysis, examination, or study, reduce and reorganize information so as to highlight particular ideas. They are not realistic drawings, but are rather more akin to diagrams. Body Diagram While most people praise realistic drawings for their representational accuracy, analytical drawings are more useful and interesting because they center on the communication of ideas, or learning. In this exercise you will study body proportions through a series of comparative analytical drawings. Stomach muscles diagram, Jacopo Berengario da Carpi, 1523 (above) Acupunture diagram, Andreas Cleyer, 1682 (right)

10 Analytical diagram of horse anatomical geometry and movement, Heinrich Lautensack, 1618 Renaissance depictions of body proportions, in search of symbolic geometries: a. Agrippa, 1533 b. Da Vinci, c 1490 ( Vitruvian man ) c. Ryff, 1575 d. Ryff, 1575 a. b. Body Diagram c. d.

11 materials + + a pen or pencil + + sketch paper + + a small box + + an object-like piece of fruit or vegetable (not leafy): apple, banana, avocado + + a water container: bottle, glass, bowl, vase + + a piece of furniture: a chair, a table + + an object of choice + + optional: colored pencils, for coloring shapes in afterwards You can make the shapes out of multiple light lines, then go over them with a final dark line. This is how you build up a drawing. You shouldn t use an eraser. Stopping to erase can interrupt your creative flow, and you can also destroy your drawing. Mistakes are part of the learning process. Use the same colors for each body part in all the drawings, so you can compare them. directions 1. Designate a color with which to draw (represent) each body part: head, neck, body, tail, leg, etc. 2. Chose a position for your figure that best shows each, or as many, body part(s) - front or side - and, using the designated colors, draw soft circular shapes to represent the general size of each part. 3. Create body proportion diagrams of the other figures in the first figure s group, from the same side - front or side - and compare the similarities and differences between them. 4. Do the same for the figures in the second group. 5. Compare all your sketches, asking yourself why the head or the neck or the legs are located in different places and why they are different sizes. advice Only use 3D figures as models, not other drawings. Body Diagram

12 sketches of my technical drawings photos of my technical drawings Body Diagram

13 Bird Beak Most birds only have one way to get food in their belly: a beak. For birds, the beak is what hands are for us humans. Birds can use their beak to gather food, build a nest, and pursue prey. a. b. Birds beaks are shaped according to the food they eat. For example, birds who eat seeds and nuts (such as cardinals and parrots) usually have short, thick beaks which can easily crack through the shells of their food. Birds who catch fish on the other hand have long skinny beaks to reach down in the water. Bird beaks are an example of simple machines. These are tools that humans have used as far back as Egyptian times and include things such as wedges, wheels, pulleys and also levers. Simple machines give us a mechanical advantage. They help us push harder or faster than we would be able without them. c. d. e. a. parrot b. vulture c. toucan d. crow e. stork Bird Beak

14 Fulcrum Effort Load Two levers used together make a compound lever. Effort Load Fulcrum Effort Load Compound Lever Muscles which open the jaw, similar to the rubber band action in your project. Compound Lever Bird Beak Compound levers are a type of simple machine that work very similarly to bird beaks, and can have different shapes and sizes The Load and the Effort rotate in opposite directions about the Fulcrum. Effort Fulcrum Load depending on their use. Simple Lever

15 materials Effort Effort directions + + oatmeal, rice, or beans + + pencils + + pipe cleaners + + plastic spoons + + rubberbands + + tape 1. Take two pencils and lay them next two each other. 2. Using rubber bands attach a spork to one end of each pencil. 3. Using a rubber band or the pipe cleaners, secure the pencils to each other on the other far end. This is the pivot point for the levers also called fulcrum. 4. Now place a rubber band 1/3 of the way up the pen- Fulcrum cil. 5. Try to grab different types of food using the beak. Bird Beak Load Load advice 1. Try to add more or less length to the levers. Does it become easier or harder to pick up food? Are some foods easier to pick up with the long levers? 2. Try moving the fulcrum more to the middle of the levers so your bird beak looks more like scissors.

16 sketches of my bird beak photos of my bird beak Bird Beak

17 Tree Structure Most birds only have one way to get food in their belly: a beak. For birds, the beak is what hands are for us humans. Birds can use their beak to gather food, build a nest, and pursue prey. For example, birds who eat seeds and nuts (such as cardinals and parrots) usually have short, thick beaks which can easily crack through the shells of their food. Birds who catch fish on the other hand have long skinny beaks to reach down in the water. Bird beaks are great examples of simple machines. Simple machines are tools that humans have used as far back as Egyptian times and include things such as wedges, wheels, pulleys and also levers. We use simple machines because they give us a mechanical advantage, which just means they help us push harder or Tree Geometry Birds beaks are shaped according to the food they eat.

18 Load Axial compression load Crown The Japanese architect Shigeru Ban uses paper tubes for the structure of his buildings. Support A triangle is a very stable shape, much more stable than a square, because of the way the load goes down directly to the support. Load Support Roots Trunk Tree Diagram Structural members subjected to axial compression load - weight pressing on the member along its axis - are ideally circular in cross-section. This is because in order to resist this weight, it helps if the member s material, in cross-section, is as far away from the center as possible. In a circular cross-section, that material is evenly distributed from the center. Tree Geometry

19 materials + + tape + + rubberbands + + newspapers directions 1. Observe trees in your neighborhood or in pictures. Without taping the tree directly to the ground, think of how you can use newspaper to build a tree as tall or taller than you. 2. Draw your design. 3. Build your design. Paper can be quite strong when it is rolled up into a tube... compression forces... Tree Geometry advice Think about the roots below a tree. How do the size and shape of your roots change the height of your tree?

20 sketches of my technical drawings photos of my technical drawings Tree Geometry

21 Gliding Bird: Aspect Ratio What makes some birds fly farther than others? One part that can be quite different in birds is the shape of their wing. Some birds like seagulls and pelicans have very long and narrow wings that help them glide over the surface of the sea for a long time without flapping. Other birds, like sparrows have short stubby wings that help them fit into small bushes without hitting their wings. When you look down on a bird s wing the shape of the wing has a particular aspect ratio. Aspect ratio is a measure of how skinny a wing is. The skinnier a wing, the more efficient the bird, and the longer it can glide without flapping. This is because at the tip of the wing, low pressure air from the top of the wing and high pressure air from the bottom meet and create a swirling motion called a vortex. This vortex creates drag a force that slows the bird down. So the longer the meeting of the low and high pressure air is avoided as it is on a long wing, the lower the drag force for a given amount of lift. Albatross (left) vs pigeon wings (below). Gliding Bird - Aspect Ratio

22 Imaginary Plane with Infinite Wings Infinite Wingspan AR (Aspect Ratio): Infinite HIGH EFFICIENCY Wings Tucked 2 1 Spread Wings 11 1 NASA Helios (2003) 273 ft Wingspan AR: Glide Ratio for Red Tailed Hawk Schempp-Hirth Duo Discus (1993) 66 ft Wingspan AR: 24 Albatross ft Wingspan AR: 15 Gliding Bird - Aspect Ratio The Douglas DC-3 (1935) 95 ft Wingspan AR: 9 Parrot 2 in - 5 ft Wingspan AR: 8 ROUNDED wing TIP Tip Vortex Secondary Flow Geometric Wing Span Cessna 172 (1955) 36 ft Wingspan AR: 7 LOW EFFICIENCY Pheasant in Wingspan AR: 5.5 Effective Wing Span SQUARED wing TIP Secondary Flow Tip Vortex

23 materials directions + + poster board (or stiff sheet of paper ) + + nose weight: paper clips or play-doh + + tape + + scissors + + ruler Wing Aspect Ratio Wing Span Length 2 Wing Area 1. Observe different birds in nature or in videos and draw the wing shapes of the ones which glide far. The goal of this exercise is to design a gliding bird which flies as far as possible. 2. Sketch out design ideas for the wings, tail and body of your glider. The body needs to be strong so as to resists many trial crashes. 3. Cut out several wing designs, one body and one tail, and assemble the parts together with tape. 4. Add weight - paper clips or play-doh - on the nose to balance your gliding bird. 5. Throw your gliding bird gently and see how it flies. Gliding Bird - Aspect Ratio If it goes up or dives down too steeply, it is not balanced. Try to improve its balance and fly it again. Cut out a variety of wing shapes and sizes to test which glides farthest. 6. Measure and write down its glide ratio. 7. Fly it with your other wing designs, measuring the These are just examples of how wide a variety of wings you should try. But come up with your own. glide ratios for each one. Which wing design glides better?

24 sketches of my gliding bird photos of my gliding bird Gliding Bird - Aspect Ratio

25 Flying Seed Left: Geranium Seeds Below: Dandelion Seeds For plants to survive they must have sunlight and good soil. Nature has come up with a way for plants to spread their seeds, so all plants don t try to grow right next to each other: flight! Seeds fly in many different ways. Some spin on a vertical axis, some on a horizontal axis, some use a force called lift to keep from falling too quickly so that the wind can take them, and some fly just like an airplane with a wing. Flying Seed Take for example Maple seeds: they use a helicopterlike motion to slow the seed down as it falls. This gives the wind time to catch the seed. Dandelion seeds are very light and have a parachute made of little hairs that allow the wind to carry them far. Then there is the Alsomitra vine seed that flies just like an airplane.

26 Maple Seeds Tree of Heaven Seeds Dipterocarp Seeds The seed weight and blade area are balanced to keep it horizontal. Wrinkles help it pick up lift. DIFFERENT WAYS THAT SEEDS FLY Alsomitra Macrocarpa Samara (Seed) The winged seed assembly - 1 of 400 seeds inside the fruit - is oriented with the heavy seed part down, so that it drops. This thin plane glides, and thus can travel long distances. Dipterocarp Seed Spins down. Maple Seed (balanced in twos on the tree) After drying, one splits off. It spins like a helicopter blade while falling.. The seed weight and blade area are balanced to keep it horizontal. Dandelion Seed seeds per head It gently parachutes down Flying Seed Alsomitra Macrocarpa Samara (Seed) (Seed drawings not to any scale.)

27 materials + + playdough + + tape + + straws + + paper + + scissors Straw Tape Paper directions 1. Observe trees and seeds in your neighborhood or in pictures. 2. Observe how seeds fall from the trees and whether they fly in a particular manner 3. Draw your design to make a seed fly. 4. Build your design and see how far it flies when you simply let go. Don t throw it because trees can t throw! Flying Seed Play-Doh Seed advice Think about flying things and the various shapes they have: helicopters, airplanes, parachutes.

28 sketches of my flying seed photos of my flying seed Flying Seed