The following is terminology for graphic novels. Be sure to use this terminology as you analyze the text.

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1 College Composition and Literature: Summer Reading What is power? Who has power and how does one get and hold onto it? The senior English curriculum will focus on the dynamics of power. The summer reading books focus on racism: the politics of color, the emotion of hatred, and the use of fear. Reading Assignments: by Kyle Baker Nat Tuner was a slave in Virginia who led a rebellion in 1831, which resulted in the death of several white families/slave owners. Much is not know about who was, but what historians have discovered is fascinating. When Nat was arrested, a local white physician, Thomas Gray, interviewed Turner in jail. Gray s The Confession of is allegedly Turner s own account of his life before the rebellion; however, most historians do not believe that what Gray recorded was actually Turner s own account. Most believe that what Gray wrote was his way of gaining notoriety. Following the rebellion, Turner was eventually caught, arrested, tried, and then flayed (his skin was removed). His rebellion caused Virginia to pass a series of harsh laws regarding slavery, but his legacy among the remaining slaves and his long-lasting influence has inspired generations of writers. Kyle Baker was one of these artist/writers who was inspired to uncover the true story of what really happened to. The only words written in his graphic novel are those pulled from Thomas Gray s The Confession of. Like regular novels, graphic novels employ symbols, motifs, etc, but with the use of pictures (notice the number of frames that are a close up of eyes- when do these occur? what purpose do they serve?) The following is terminology for graphic novels. Be sure to use this terminology as you analyze the text. Panel - Panel refers to the framed image. It offers the reader a perspective or point of view on the subjects also known as the camera angle. Sometimes panels do not have borders, creating a unique effect where the subject seems to stand outside the storyline. Splash - Splash is a kind of panel that spans the width of the page. If it runs off the page entirely, it is known as a bleed. Voice over - Narrators have the possibility to speak directly to the reader through a voice over. Usually this is done with a hard line separating the narrator s speech at the top or bottom of a panel from the image within the panel. Speech bubble - These are frames around the characters language, a kind of direct speech, where the characters speak for themselves. If these appear as clouds, they represent the character s thoughts. If they appear in jagged lines, the character is shouting. Emanata - This term refers to the teardrops, sweat drops, question marks, or motion lines that artists draw besides characters faces to portray emotion. Gutter - This refers to the space between panels. Readers tend to fill in the blanks and imagine what happens between panels, a process known as closure. Style - The artist s drawing style can be discussed using several terms. Scott McCloud, in Understanding Comics, shows that there are four scales of style: complex to simple, realistic to iconic, objective to subjective, specific to universal.

2 Narration - Keep in mind that comic books allow the writer to show and tell at the same time, meaning there can be a combination of direct narration and indirect narration. Color - The colors that an author uses will affect the reader s experience as well. Graphic weight This term is used to discuss the amount of contrast in an image. Are blacks offset with whites? Are there many shades of grey in between? With regards to color images, one can look for the degree to which colors are vivid or opaque. Time - Graphic novels and comic books do not have to tell a story in a linear way. Besides the use of transitions between panels artists can explore multiple moments in one panel, like a collage (see image below). Foreground - Where is the subject or the point of focus for the reader. If the subject seems closer to the reader, in the front of the scene depicted, it stands in the foreground. Midground - If the subject stands in the middle of the scene that is depicted, then it is in the midground. Placing a subject off-center can also be used to create visual tension. Background - The objects in the background (not usually the subject) help add contextual information for the reader. Camera angle - If the panel were a photograph, where would the camera stand in relation to its subject? How far away from the subject is the camera? Is it a long shot, medium shot or close up? At what angle is the camera pitched? Is it a bird s eye view, a high angle, eye-level, or low angle? All of this will have an effect on the reader s understanding of the subject. Transitions - There are six types of transitions that artists use in comic books, all of which have a different effect on the reader. Transitions refer to the process of closure (where the reader mentally fills in the gaps ) in the gutter, between panels. by Toni Morrison Toni Morrison is a winner of the Pulitzer Prize and a recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature. She is one of America s greatest living novelists., her first novel, was published in The story is set in Lorain, Ohio in the 1940s, the city where Morrison herself spent her childhood. The book focuses on a young girl, Pecola, who is destroyed by the ideology of a racist society and by her parents internalization of that racism. Pecola s parents, having moved north during the Great Migration, escaped the physical and legal oppression of the Jim Crow south, only to find that they could not escape the psychological scars wrought by their experiences. Morrison explains her motivation for writing the book in the forward: The project was to enter the life of the one least likely to withstand such damaging forces because of youth, gender, and race. Begun as a bleak narrative of psychological murder, the main character could not stand alone since her passivity made her a narrative void. So I invented friends, classmates, who understood, even sympathized, with her plight Yet they were helpless as well. They could not save their friend from the world. She broke. (x) Through Pecola s family, Morrison explores the way that racism effects people not just physically, but psychologically and spiritually as well. This book is difficult due to both its content and form.

3 Warning: the content of the book is brutal, depicting graphic scenes of sex and violence. While these parts of the book are hard to read, they are essential for fully engaging with Morrison s perspective on the crippling impact of racism. If this content might be too disturbing for you, please contact Mr. Davis or Mrs. Matthews via for an alternate reading which we will gladly provide. In terms of form, Morrison uses a variety of Modernist narrative techniques in the book including shifting points of view and a narrative that jumps around in time and space. Annotate for these thematic concepts, symbols, and motifs: Thematic contrasts: The external violence of racism vs. internalization of racist ideology Sexuality as a corrupting force vs. sexuality as a procreative force Ugliness vs. beauty Symbols & Motifs: Blue eyes Marigolds Allusions & Historical Context (look these up online) Dick & Jane primers Shirley Temple Great Migration Mary Jane candy In addition to reading, print the attached worksheets, complete them, and bring to class on the first day of school. You should also be prepared for a test on the first day.

4 Symbolism Give examples of each symbol from Nat Turner Eyes Represents? Babies/children Represents? Give examples of each symbol from The Bluest Eye Give one other symbol from each book: From? Represents? From Bluest Eye? Represents?

5 Imagery Find three examples of imagery from each book. Look for a variety of types of imagery (visual, auditory, kinesthetic, etc.). Cite page numbers Give two examples of Juxtaposition from each book. Cite page numbers Consider, how does imagery contribute to mood and theme in each book?

6 Themes of Oppression & Resistance For each example, include a description (paraphrase) or citation. Include page numbers with each example. These citations will be useful in writing your first essay of the year. Physical Mental Spiritual Example from Examples from Resistance Examples from Physical Mental Spiritual Examples from Based on the evidence gathered on this page, write a theme statement dealing with oppression and/or resistance for each book

7 Structure Where does each storyteller choose to begin his/her text? Why? Consider how much the storyteller chooses to reveal at the beginning of his or her text? What are the advantages and disadvantages of these choices? How much occurs offstage (between the frames/chapters) in each text, and why does each storyteller choose to obscure some events and show others? Why do the storytellers choose to end their texts when they do? Consider what is / is not being portrayed? Based on your answers on this page, how do the author s structural choices affect the reader s engagement, immersion, and understanding of these respective works of art?

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