Chess. DUMmIES 2ND EDITION. by James Eade FOR

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1 Chess FOR DUMmIES ND EDITION by Jmes Ede

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3 Chess FOR DUMmIES ND EDITION

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5 Chess FOR DUMmIES ND EDITION by Jmes Ede

6 Chess For Dummies, nd Edition Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc. River St. Hoboken, NJ Copyright 00 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indinpolis, Indin Published simultneously in Cnd No prt of this publiction my be reproduced, stored in retrievl system, or trnsmitted in ny form or by ny mens, electronic, mechnicl, photocopying, recording, scnning, or otherwise, ecept s permitted under Sections 0 or 0 of the 9 United Sttes Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or uthoriztion through pyment of the pproprite per-copy fee to the Copyright Clernce Center, Rosewood Drive, Dnvers, MA 09, , f Requests to the Publisher for permission should be ddressed to the Legl Deprtment, Wiley Publishing, Inc., 0 Crosspoint Blvd., Indinpolis, IN, --, f --, or online t Trdemrks: Wiley, the Wiley Publishing logo, For Dummies, the Dummies Mn logo, A Reference for the Rest of Us!, The Dummies Wy, Dummies Dily, The Fun nd Esy Wy, Dummies.com, nd relted trde dress re trdemrks or registered trdemrks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc., nd/or its ffilites in the United Sttes nd other countries, nd my not be used without written permission. All other trdemrks re the property of their respective owners. Wiley Publishing, Inc., is not ssocited with ny product or vendor mentioned in this book. LIMIT OF LIABILITY/DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY: THE PUBLISHER AND THE AUTHOR MAKE NO REP- RESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF THE CON- TENTS OF THIS WORK AND SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION WARRANTIES OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. NO WARRANTY MAY BE CRE- ATED OR EXTENDED BY SALES OR PROMOTIONAL MATERIALS. THE ADVICE AND STRATEGIES CON- TAINED HEREIN MAY NOT BE SUITABLE FOR EVERY SITUATION. THIS WORK IS SOLD WITH THE UNDERSTANDING THAT THE PUBLISHER IS NOT ENGAGED IN RENDERING LEGAL, ACCOUNTING, OR OTHER PROFESSIONAL SERVICES. IF PROFESSIONAL ASSISTANCE IS REQUIRED, THE SERVICES OF A COMPETENT PROFESSIONAL PERSON SHOULD BE SOUGHT. NEITHER THE PUBLISHER NOR THE AUTHOR SHALL BE LIABLE FOR DAMAGES ARISING HEREFROM. THE FACT THAT AN ORGANIZATION OR WEBSITE IS REFERRED TO IN THIS WORK AS A CITATION AND/OR A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF FUR- THER INFORMATION DOES NOT MEAN THAT THE AUTHOR OR THE PUBLISHER ENDORSES THE INFOR- MATION THE ORGANIZATION OR WEBSITE MAY PROVIDE OR RECOMMENDATIONS IT MAY MAKE. FURTHER, READERS SHOULD BE AWARE THAT INTERNET WEBSITES LISTED IN THIS WORK MAY HAVE CHANGED OR DISAPPEARED BETWEEN WHEN THIS WORK WAS WRITTEN AND WHEN IT IS READ. For generl informtion on our other products nd services, plese contct our Customer Cre Deprtment within the U.S. t 00--9, outside the U.S. t --99, or f For technicl support, plese visit Wiley lso publishes its books in vriety of electronic formts. Some content tht ppers in print my not be vilble in electronic books. Librry of Congress Control Number: 009 ISBN-: ISBN-0: Mnufctured in the United Sttes of Americ 0 9 O/RW/QY/QV/IN

7 About the Author Jmes Ede begn tking chess seriously in 9, when Bobby Fischer ws tking the chess world by storm. He competed on his high-school nd college tems nd becme United Sttes Chess Federtion (USCF) chess mster in 9. In 9 he becme USCF correspondence chess mster s well. Interntionl orgniztions wrded him the mster title in 990 (for correspondence) nd in 99 (for regulr tournment ply), but his chess-plying creer hs grdully given wy to chess writing, orgnizing, nd teching. Jmes hs written three other books on chess: Remember the McCutcheon (Chess Enterprises), Sn Frncisco, 99 (Hypermodern Press), nd The Chess Plyer s Bible (Brron s). He hs written numerous rticles for vriety of mgzines nd hs edited both the Golden Gte Chess News nd the Cliforni Chess Journl. In 99 Jmes begn tking n interest in chess politicl orgniztions nd ws elected vice president of ClChess, the Northern Cliforni Chess Assocition, lter tht yer. In 99 he becme ClChess president nd ws lso elected to be president of the Chess Journlists of Americ. In 99 he ws elected to the USCF s policy bord, the eecutive committee chrged with oversight of the multi-million-dollr corportion. He ws ppointed zone president for the United Sttes for the Fédértion Interntionle des Échecs (FIDE) from 000 to 00 nd hs served on the U.S. Chritble Chess Trust bord of trustees since 000. Jmes holds mster s degree in orgniztion development from the University of Sn Frncisco nd still bristles t being clled chess nerd.

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9 Dediction To Sheri for suffering chess fools gldly. Author s Acknowledgments I would like to thnk Sheri Anderson for ll her encourgement nd support throughout this writing project. I relly pprecited the feedbck I got from the first edition of Chess For Dummies, especilly the input I received from George Mirijnin, Frisco Del Rosrio, nd Wyne Preder. My editors for the first edition, Bill Helling nd Bill Brton, deserve specil thnks for drilling it into my hed tht not everyone knows Ruy Lopez from Nncy Lopez, nd for keeping me on the stright nd nrrow. My thnks lso go to the first edition s technicl editor, John Peterson, who is better friend thn chess plyer nd he hppens to be very good chess plyer. I lso wish to thnk my editors, Sherri Pfouts, Kristin DeMint, nd Jon Edwrds, for their help with this second edition. M. L. Rntl ws more thn helpful with the glossry of terms, which I could not hve done without her most ble ssistnce. I wish to thnk my fther, Arthur Ede, for teching me chess, nd my mother, Mrilyn, for her touching dvnce order for this book. Lstly, specil thnk-you to Lore McGovern, who ws the wind t my bck from strt to finish.

10 Publisher s Acknowledgments We re proud of this book; plese send us your comments through our Dummies online registrtion form locted t Some of the people who helped bring this book to mrket include the following: Acquisitions, Editoril, nd Medi Development Project Editors: Sherri Cullison Pfouts, Kristin DeMint Acquisitions Editor: Stcy Kennedy Copy Editor: Kristin DeMint Editoril Progrm Assistnt: Courtney Allen Technicl Editor: Jon Edwrds Editoril Mnger: Christine Meloy Beck Editoril Assistnts: Hnn Scott, Meliss S. Bennett, Ndine Bell Cover Photo: Les Cunliffe / AGE Fotostock, Inc. Crtoons: Rich Tennnt ( Composition Services Project Coordintor: Adrienne Mrtinez Lyout nd Grphics: Krl Brndt, Crl Byers, Andre Dhl, Joyce Hughey, Stephnie D. Jumper, Brry Offring, Lynsey Osborn, Melnee Prendergst Proofreders: Lynd D Arcngelo, Leenn Hrney, Jessic Krmer, Dwight Rmsey Indeer: TECHBOOKS Production Services Publishing nd Editoril for Consumer Dummies Dine Grves Steele, Vice President nd Publisher, Consumer Dummies Joyce Pepple, Acquisitions Director, Consumer Dummies Kristin A. Cocks, Product Development Director, Consumer Dummies Michel Spring, Vice President nd Publisher, Trvel Kelly Regn, Editoril Director, Trvel Publishing for Technology Dummies Andy Cummings, Vice President nd Publisher, Dummies Technology/Generl User Composition Services Gerry Fhey, Vice President of Production Services Debbie Stiley, Director of Composition Services

11 Contents t Glnce Introduction... Prt I: Lying the Groundwork... Chpter : Tckling the Chess Bsics...9 Chpter : Greeting the Pieces nd Their Powers... Chpter : Getting to Know the Elements of Chess... Chpter : Looking Out for the King: Check, Stlemte, nd Checkmte... Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How...9 Chpter : Tctics nd Combintions in Hnd-to-Hnd Combt... Chpter : Scrifices: When It s Better to Give thn to Receive...09 Chpter : Mstering Mting Ptterns... Chpter : Building Pttern Recognition... Chpter 9: Recognizing Pwn Formtions... Chpter 0: Mking Specil Moves...9 Prt III: Gme Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forwrd... Chpter : Selecting Your Strtegy: The Principles of Ply...9 Chpter : Coming on Strong in the Opening...9 Chpter : Mking Hedwy during the Middlegme... Chpter : Eiting with Style in the Endgme... Prt IV: Getting Into Advnced Action... Chpter : Competition Ply nd Necessry Etiquette... Chpter : Hitting the Net with Computer Chess... Chpter : Got Nottion? Reding nd Writing bout Chess... Prt V: The Prt of Tens... Chpter : The Ten Most Fmous Chess Gmes... Chpter 9: The Ten Best Plyers of All Time...0 Prt VI: Appendies... Appendi A: A Glossry of Chess... Appendi B: Other Chess Resources... Inde...

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13 Tble of Contents Introduction... About This Book... Wht s New in This Edition... Conventions Used in This Book... Foolish Assumptions... How This Book Is Orgnized... Prt I: Lying the Groundwork... Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How... Prt III: Gme Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forwrd... Prt IV: Getting Into Advnced Action... Prt V: The Prt of Tens... Prt VI: Appendies... Icons Used in This Book... Where to Go from Here... Prt I: Lying the Groundwork... Chpter : Tckling the Chess Bsics Chesstculr! The Bsics of the Gme...9 The underlying concepts...0 Things to recognize to mke wise decisions...0 Three prts tht mke whole... Different wys to get your gme on... A gme to write home bout... Chessbord Chtter: Bringing Home Bord nd Chess Set... Finding the right bord nd set... Getting up close nd personl with your bord... Piecemel: Putting the Pieces on the Bord... Chpter : Greeting the Pieces nd Their Powers Mimicking Cstle: The Rook... Showing Off Slender Curves: The Bishop... Flunting Her Pointy Crown: The Queen...0 Donning Buggy Crown: The King... Glloping in n L-Formtion: The Knight... Scooting Around s the Army s Runt: The Pwn...

14 ii Chess For Dummies, nd Edition Chpter : Getting to Know the Elements of Chess Hogging the Bord: Spce... Don t get crmped... Gin control... Employ spce strtegies... Getting the Most Bng for Your Buck: Mteril... Vlue your pwns nd pieces... Adopt mteril strtegies... Positioning Men in Good Time: Development... Gin tempo...9 Mke gmbit (mybe)...0 Protecting the Hed Honcho: King Sfety... Working Your Pwn Structure... Promote the little guys: Pssed pwns... Mobility is key: Isolted pwns... Left behind on open files: Bckwrds pwns...9 On the verge of bckwrds: Hnging pwns...0 In front of pwn sibling: Doubled pwns...0 Lines in the snd: Pwn chins... Chpter : Looking Out for the King: Check, Stlemte, nd Checkmte Check Em Out: Attcking the Enemy King... Stuck in Rut: Stlemte... No Escpe for Ye King: Checkmte... Cutting off squres with the king nd queen... Checkmting with king nd rook...0 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How...9 Chpter : Tctics nd Combintions in Hnd-to-Hnd Combt.... Knowing Your Tcticl Gme Pln... Bullying two guys t once: The fork... Going fter the bodygurd: The pin... Forcing your opponent to move it or lose it: The skewer...90 Steling the show: Discovered nd double ttcks...9 Deling out the discovered nd double check...9 Combining Moves to Speed Your Progress...9 Scrificing piece to cler pth...9 Luring your opponent with decoy...00 Deflecting your opponent s piece off key squre...0 Destroying the gurd...0 Overloding one piece to mke nother piece vulnerble...0

15 Tble of Contents iii Chpter : Scrifices: When It s Better to Give thn to Receive...09 Scrificing for n Edge in Development: The Gmbit...0 Giving Up Bishop... Immedite Grtifiction: The Temporry Scrifice... A Strtegic Move for the Ptient: The Permnent Scrifice... Chpter : Mstering Mting Ptterns Bewre the Unprotected Bck Rnk: Bck Rnk Mtes... Pir the Hevy nd the Light: Queen nd Pwn Mtes... Mount Her Royl Highness: Queen nd Knight Mtes...9 Crete Stemroller with the Bishop nd Rook... Chpter : Building Pttern Recognition Anlyzing Chess Positions nd Looking Ahed... Picking Up on Pwn Formtions...9 The French Defense nd the pwn chin...0 After the French Defense: Typicl pwn formtions... Eyeing the Endgme Ptterns... Trnsferring the rook... Building bridge... Chpter 9: Recognizing Pwn Formtions Eploring the Powers of Pwn Formtions... Seeing how pwn formtions cn ffect gme... Using your pwns to your dvntge... Getting the Bishop Involved: The Finchetto... Looking t finchetto strengths...9 Wtching out for finchetto weknesses...9 Vrying the Sicilin: The Drgon...0 Clwing your wy cross the bord: The Drgon s pros...0 Getting pst the Drgon s drwbcks... Eercising Your Pwns Fleibility: The Scheveningen... Gining dvntge with the Scheveningen... Looking t the downside to the Scheveningen... Building the Stonewll... Relying on the Stonewll s strengths... Coping with the Stonewll s weknesses... Creting Megfortress t the Center: The Double Stonewll... Knowing the Double Stonewll s benefits... Deling with the Double Stonewll s downflls... Mtching Color to Center Squres: The Closed English... Eyeing the Closed English benefits... Coming to terms with the Closed English pitflls... Winging It with the Nimzo-Botvinnik... Discovering the dvntges... Weeding out the weknesses...

16 iv Chess For Dummies, nd Edition Chpter 0: Mking Specil Moves Cpturing Pwn t Your Side: En Pssnt...9 The en pssnt cpture...0 The en pssnt detils to keep in mind... Boosting Your Pwns Powers: Promotion Time... Gurding Your King nd Putting Rook in Motion: Cstling... When you cn t cstle... When you cn cstle... Prt III: Gme Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forwrd... Chpter : Selecting Your Strtegy: The Principles of Ply Aiming for the Center...0 Echnging Pieces... Doing More with Less: The Minority Attck... Controlling Key Squres to Lock Up n Advntge... Holding Bck the Pwns: The Blockde...9 Chpter : Coming on Strong in the Opening Developing Your Pieces...9 Controlling the center...9 Wtching your opponent...9 Following bsic principles...9 Attcking Your Opponent s Pieces...9 Getting Ahed with Your Opening Moves...9 Tking note of good opening moves...9 Resorting to the not-s-good opening moves...9 Slvging wek opening move...99 Eploring Common Opening Moves...00 Double king pwn openings...0 Different strokes: Other blck replies...0 Ldies first: The double queen pwn opening...0 Cowboys nd Indin Defenses... Chpter : Mking Hedwy during the Middlegme When You Rech the Middlegme Formulting Middlegme Pln... Evlute the position... Tke dvntge of the pwn structure... Look for wys to use minority ttck... Attcking during the Middlegme... Attck types to wtch out for nd defend ginst... Principles to keep in mind...

17 Tble of Contents v Chpter : Eiting with Style in the Endgme Putting the Endgme into Perspective... The Generl Winning Endgme Strtegy... Pwn nd King Endings... When the kings fce off: Opposition...9 When ech side hs more thn one pwn... Rook Endings: The Oh-So-Common Tricksters... Bishops nd Knights: Minor Piece Endings... Medievl times, chess-style: Knight versus knight...0 Survivl of the fittest: Knight versus bishop... A religious bttle: Bishop versus bishop... Prt IV: Getting Into Advnced Action... Chpter : Competition Ply nd Necessry Etiquette Prctice Mkes Perfect: Joining Club First... U.S. Tournment Bsics... Wtching your time nd rting high... Fmilirizing yourself with the types of tournments... Tournment Chess round the World...0 Going Long Distnce: Correspondence Chess...0 Miss (or Mister) Mnners: Tournment Etiquette... Knowing when to cll your loss... Offering drw... Being creful wht you touch... Strightening your pieces... Sving sncks for lter... Chpter : Hitting the Net with Computer Chess Computers versus Humns... The triumph of the number crunchers... A chessmster sinks in IBM s Deep Blue...9 Chess-Plying Computer Progrms...9 Chess Dtbses...0 Electronic Chess Instruction...0 Plying Chess Online... Chpter : Got Nottion? Reding nd Writing bout Chess..... Keeping Trck of the Pieces... Writing the Moves of Gme... Describing typicl opening... Indicting cptures...

18 vi Chess For Dummies, nd Edition Noting n echnge nd cstle... Recording pwn promotion...0 Accounting for Ambiguities (Which Knight, for Pete s Ske?)...0 Commenting on Gme fter the Fct... Reding Newspper Digrms... Prt V: The Prt of Tens... Chpter : The Ten Most Fmous Chess Gmes Understnding the Gmes... Adolf Anderssen versus Lionel Kieseritzky: The Immortl Gme... Adolf Anderssen versus J. Dufresne: The Evergreen Gme... Pul Morphy versus Duke Krl of Brunschweig nd Count Isourd... Wilhelm Steinitz versus Kurt Von Brdeleben... Georg Rotlewi versus Akib Rubinstein... Stepn Levitsky versus Frnk Mrshll...90 Emnuel Lsker versus José Rúl Cpblnc...9 Donld Byrne versus Robert J. Fischer...9 Deep Blue versus Grry Ksprov...9 Grry Ksprov versus The World...99 Chpter 9: The Ten Best Plyers of All Time Ksprov, Grry (9 ), Russi...0 Cpblnc, José Rúl ( 9), Cub...0 Fischer, Robert Jmes (9 ), United Sttes...0 Krpov, Antoly (9 ), Russi...0 Morphy, Pul ( ), United Sttes...0 Lsker, Emnuel ( 9), Germny...0 Steinitz, Wilhelm ( 900), Austri...0 Alekhine, Alender (9 9), Russi...0 Botvinnik, Mikhil (9 9), Russi...09 Tl, Mikhil (9 9), Ltvi...09 Honorble Mentions...0 The Strongest Plyers Never to Be World Chmpion...0 Chigorin, Mikhil (0 90), Russi... Trrsch, Siegbert ( 9), Germny... Pillsbury, Hrry Nelson ( 90), United Sttes... Rubinstein, Akib ( 9), Polnd... Reshevsky, Smuel (9 9), United Sttes... Keres, Pul (9 ), Estoni... Korchnoi, Viktor (9 ), Russi... Annd, Viswnthn (99 ), Indi...

19 Tble of Contents vii Prt VI: Appendies... Appendi A: A Glossry of Chess Appendi B: Other Chess Resources Beginner s Chess Books... Comprehensive Chess Course... Officil Rules of Chess, Fifth Edition... The Oford Compnion to Chess, Second Edition... The Even More Complete Chess Addict... Chess Equipment... The Chess Cfe... Your Move Chess & Gmes... Informtive Internet Resources... U.S. Plces, People to See, nd Gmes of Interest... Mrshll Chess Club... Mechnics Institute Chess Room... The John G. White Collection... World Chess Hll of Fme & Sidney Smole Chess Museum... Inde...

20 viii Chess For Dummies, nd Edition

21 Introduction Some chess plyers hte to her someone cll chess gme. They think tht by doing so, one trivilizes wht is ctully profound intellectul ctivity. Try s they my, however, chess enthusists seem incpble of convincingly plcing chess solely in the contet of rt, science, or sport. Uncnnily, chess contins elements of ll three nd yet chess remins gme. Actully, I prefer to think of chess s gme the best gme ever invented. Chess is gme loved by engineers nd free-verse poets like. It imposes set of rules nd hs finite limits, but just s you strt to think tht you re finlly solving its mysteries, it thwrts you. As result, sometimes the gme is frustrting, but fr more often, chess proves both surprising nd delightful. The deeper you dig into chess, the more of its secrets you unerth but interestingly enough, the gme hs never been tpped out. Even tody s monster computers re fr from plying the theorized perfect chess gme. To mster chess, you must combine kind of discipline normlly ssocited with the hrd sciences nd cretive freedom kin to the inspirtion of rtists. Few people develop both spects eqully well, nd few ctivities cn help you do so. Chess, however, is one such ctivity. The plodding scientist is forced to tp into his or her cretive energies to ply well. The fnciful rtist must, in turn, conform to certin specific principles or fce the hrsh relity of lost gme. Not only is chess n ecellent eductionl tool tht helps strengthen your left brin, but the gme is lso n endless source of plesure. After most people discover tht I ply chess, they usully sy, You must be very smrt. They should insted sy, You must hve lot of spre time. Chess hs been plyed throughout history by people with bove-verge leisure time, not necessrily by people with fr-bove-verge intelligence so if you don t consider yourself in the I-ced-the-MCAT crowd, fer no more. As mtter of fct, chess tutors cn tech preschoolers the rules of the gme. (So mybe they cn t get the tots to stop chewing on the pieces, but they cn tech the youngsters how to ply.) In fct, nyone cn lern how to ply chess if you hve bit of spre time. And you don t even need too much of tht. About This Book This book is designed to help you become better chess plyer in severl wys: First, it contins gret del of informtion nd dvice on how to ply chess. You cn lso find in these pges informtion bout how to tlk bout

22 Chess For Dummies, nd Edition chess, which, to mny plyers, is t lest s importnt s knowing how to ply. (Prt of the fun of chess is the socil element involved in discussing other people s gmes clled kibitzing.) Finlly, the book offers numerous suggestions on how to find other plyers who re just bout t your own level (nd how to mind your chess mnners when you sit down to ply!). If you re beginner, the gret joys of chess wit you. If you re n intermedite plyer, you cn find in this book welth of mteril to help you improve your gme nd to enjoy chess even more. Wht s New in This Edition In this edition, I ve mde quite few updtes to sty with the times nd to help you improve your ply. Among the updtes re the following: I use chess nottion more liberlly thn in the first edition, so if you wnt to be ble to red notted gmes well, this book provides plenty of opportunities to hone your skills. With the eception of couple of chpters, however, it isn t essentil for you to be fmilir with the nottion. I ve included new mteril on two helpful subjects: combintions, which re sequences of forcing moves tht rely on tctics to chieve n dvntge, nd pwn formtions, which re pwn configurtions ssocited with specific chess openings. You cn find tht mteril in Chpters nd 9, respectively. Not too long go, the only wy to get informtion on chess ws from books nd mgzines. Now, numerous chess videos, CDs, DVDs, nd Web sites re dedicted to vrious spects of the gme. This edition includes references to helpful sites in your hunt for chess knowledge. Conventions Used in This Book Throughout this book, I use digrms of ctul chessbords to show the positions I discuss. This convention should sometimes eliminte the need for you to hve chessbord nd set in order to use the book but even so, it s better if you follow long with n ctul bord nd set. Just note tht in these digrms, the white pieces lwys strt t the bottom of the chessbords, nd the blck pieces strt t the top. I lso use sidebrs throughout the book to introduce fmous plyers or to dd miscellneous informtion you don t relly need to know in order to ply chess. Rther, I ve included this informtion to increse your sheer enjoyment of the gme.

23 Introduction Here re few other conventions to keep in mind: Throughout this book, I refer to moves with chess nottion, which I usully plce in prentheses. You cn skip over this stuff if you don t wnt to find out how to decipher it, but if you do, you cn flip hed to Chpter whenever you re up to the chllenge. (Understnding it relly isn t tough, though believe me!) I use itlics whenever I define chess term in this edition. You cn use the glossry s quick reference for these terms, s well s resource to discover other chess words. I use monofont to point out ny Web sites tht I recommend. Foolish Assumptions In this edition, I ssume tht you lredy know how to ply chess nd tht you wnt to get better. I include enough informtion to help beginner get strted, but I ssume tht everyone knows someone who lredy knows how to ply chess. I lso ssume tht you ll be ble to find someone to help you if you re beginner nd hve ny problems with the mteril in this book. (And if you don t know nyone who cn, I provide plenty of Web sites nd computer progrms tht cn help you nvigte the rod to the world of chess.) After ll, everyone hs to strt somewhere. How This Book Is Orgnized I ve orgnized this book into si prts so you cn esily find just the informtion you need. Prt I: Lying the Groundwork Chpter briefs you bout the gme of chess nd fmilirizes you with the bord. It ssumes tht you do hve chessbord nd set. You my proceed in ny cse, becuse this chpter contins plenty of pictures, but your best course is to work through the chpter with bord nd set of your own. In tht chpter, you wlk through the bsic setup of the chessbord nd get the scoop on some of the bsic chess terminology used more etensively in lter chpters.

24 Chess For Dummies, nd Edition Chpter provides n in-depth look t ech piece in the chess set, detiling its strengths nd weknesses nd how it moves. I lso clue you in on the vlue of the pieces, reltive to one nother you need to know this informtion in order to mke wise decisions in your gme. Chpter introduces you to the bsic elements of gme of chess. You find out bout mteril, spce, development, nd other chess elements. After reding this chpter, you cn give rough ssessment of lmost ny chess position. Chpter points you towrd your desired destintion: checkmte. Here, I show you the bsics on checkmte, nd I lso give you the rundown on less decisive, but still forcing move check s well s scenrio you wnt to void if you re on the winning end stlemte, which is essentilly tie gme (in chess, tht sitution is known s drw). Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How Chpter dels with different types of tcticl situtions nd combintions of those tctics. Most gmes re lost by mistkes mde in these res, so py creful ttention to the informtion in this chpter. Chpter dels with nother importnt concept: scrifices. Sometimes, tking hit is wise move in order to secure greter dvntge. Pttern recognition plys lrge role in chess, becuse certin configurtions of pieces nd pwns occur reltively frequently. If you lredy know the idel wy to ply when these configurtions occur, you don t hve to reinvent the wheel every gme. Chpter concentrtes on checkmting ptterns, while Chpter dels with pttern recognition more generlly, nd Chpter 9 emines commonly occurring pwn formtions. Chpter 0 covers those rules of the gme tht re less commonly understood by most plyers. These rules strt t lest hlf the rguments tht brek out mong beginning chess plyers, so tking good look t them my sve you some unplesntness. Prt III: Gme Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forwrd Chpter introduces the generl principles of ply tht form the bsics of chess strtegy. From there, I tke you through the three phses of chess gme: the opening, middlegme, nd endgme. Ech phse hs its own

25 Introduction nunces, nd you need to understnd ech of them in order to ply good gme. Chpter is devoted to the opening, Chpter dels with the middlegme, nd Chpter covers the endgme. Prt IV: Getting into Advnced Action In Chpter, I show you the competitive side of chess, giving you the ins nd outs of the vrious kinds of competitions you cn prticipte in nd how to go bout doing so. Here, I lso point out some etiquette mtters tht you ll wnt to ber in mind when you find yourself in competition ply. Chpter surfs the informtion superhighwy for computer nd online chess opportunities nd offers n ccount of wht s out there now. Chpter kicks your chess knowledge up notch, eplining the mysterious system of chess nottion nd showing you how to record your gmes for posterity or for nyone else you wnt to show the gme. You ll lso be ble to red bout vrious gmes tht hve been previously plyed. Prt V: The Prt of Tens Chpters nd 9 re the Prt of Tens, where I do top-ten countdown on spects of the gme of chess. Specificlly, in Chpter, I discuss the ten most fmous chess gmes of ll time; in Chpter 9, I list the ten best chess plyers of ll time, which is lwys controversil subject. Prt VI: Appendies Finlly, I provide glossry t the end of this book (Appendi A), in cse some of these odd chess terms don t get pst your short-term memory nd you need to refer bck to them t lter time. Appendi B lists some of the best chess resources nd how to connect with them. Icons Used in This Book The icons used in this book point you to importnt topics nd help you pick out wht you wnt to know. Mke mentl note of the following icons to guide you on your pth to chess gretness.

26 Chess For Dummies, nd Edition If you re interested in chess mtters tht tke you beyond the introductory level, this icon points the wy. More books hve been written bout chess thn ll other gmes combined! This icon signls some of those books you my wnt to red or even dd to your chess librry. This icon wouldn t be necessry if chess didn t hve so mny good, generl rules. Keep the rules of thumb in mind when you ply. You ll be surprised how mny you cn retin nd how helpful they cn be. This icon points to helpful hints nything from plying better chess to where you find more chess stuff. This icon wrns you of impending dnger tht you just my be ble to void. Where to Go from Here If you hve no knowledge of chess whtsoever, I highly suggest tht you strt right t the beginning with Chpter. Otherwise, just remember tht it s perfectly oky to skip round through the book to locte the chpters nd sections of most interest or use to you. Dig in!

27 Prt I Lying the Groundwork

28 In this prt... In this prt I show you how to set up chessbord nd discuss the chess pieces nd the wys they move. I lso describe the elements of chess; the concepts of mteril, development, spce, pwn structure, nd king sfety re considered fundmentl elements of the gme, so I cover ech of them here. I lso foreshdow the end of the gme s I define check, stlemte, nd checkmte nd show you wht they look like in ply.

29 Chpter Tckling the Chess Bsics In This Chpter Lerning wht chess is ll bout Fmilirizing yourself with the chessbord Setting up your rmy If you re new to chess, don t despir. No chess gene decides who cn nd cn t ply. Everyone cn lern to ply pssble gme of chess, nd fter you come on bord, it s just mtter of time until you find someone you cn ply well ginst. If you re stisfied with prticipting in n endlessly fscinting nd stimulting mentl ctivity n ctivity tht sports rich history nd my provide you with countless hours of musement you re in luck. You cn ply chess; tke my word for it. In this chpter, I define the gme of chess nd discuss the bsics of how you ply nd the mterils you need. Chesstculr! The Bsics of the Gme Chess is bord gme for two one plyer uses white pieces, nd the other uses blck. Ech plyer gets pieces to mneuver (see Chpter for rundown of the piece profiles). Plyers tke turns moving one piece t time, with the ultimte objective of checkmting their opponent s king (you find out bout this overrching gol in Chpter ). Becuse chess hs so mny gret rules nd becuse the pieces ll eercise their individulity with different moves nd bilities, the gme hs lots of interesting nunces tht you should keep in mind s you ply. I cover ech spect of the gme in this book, so if you re novice you ll find sufficient informtion to get cquinted with chess, nd if you lredy know how to ply but wnt to hone your prowess, you ll find plenty of informtion to help you do just tht. This section gives you the nutshell version of ll this book hs to offer.

30 0 Prt I: Lying the Groundwork The underlying concepts Components of chess gme cn be broken down into ctegories tht re so fundmentl tht they re referred to s elements. The element of time, or development, is one emple. The element of force, or mteril, is nother. If one plyer deploys more force more quickly thn the other, it my be impossible for the ltter plyer to defend ginst subsequent invsion. The first step in plyer s development is lerning how the pieces move, so I cover the bses in Chpter. Then n pprecition of the importnce of the gme s elements usully follows, so I describe ll the chess elements in Chpter. The elements re ll prt of wht drives gme to the desired end result: checkmte. However, checkmte doesn t lwys come to fruition sometimes gme ends in stlemte, or drw. There s lso sitution clled check, which is n ttck on the king. If the king cn t escpe the check, then the ggressor hs secured checkmte, nd the gme is over. One thing to note, however, is tht plcing your opponent in check doesn t necessrily men you ll win check cn ctully hppen severl times in gme, nd if your opponent cn effectively escpe from check, then you my just be wsting your time. I discuss ll three of these endings in Chpter. Holding n dvntge in one or more of the elements of chess doesn t gurntee victory. It does, however, increse the likelihood of success. When the inevitble clsh of opposing rmies tkes plce, the resulting tcticl possibilities will generlly fvor the one with elementl dvntges. These clshes usully feture common tctics nd combintions such s the ones tht I present in Chpter. Tctics decide the outcome of most of the gmes plyed t firly competitive level, so good understnding of the bsic tctics nd combintions pys off etremely well. One of the wys n dvntge cn be trnsformed into victory is through scrifice. A gme of chess is constnt process of giving up something in order to get something else. It mkes sense to give up some of your force, for emple, if it llows you to checkmte the enemy king. Chpter provides emples of when scrifices re justified, nd Chpter illustrtes number of common wys to deliver checkmte. These types of checkmtes pper so often in chess gmes tht plyers refer to them s mting ptterns. Things to recognize to mke wise decisions One key to plying chess well is the bility to recognize ptterns. When you spot pttern with which you re fmilir, the right moves suddenly suggest themselves. Chpter dels with building pttern recognition in chess. Due to the strting lineup nd the piece movement limittions, only the knight cn move t the strt of the gme, so you hve to move some pwns in order to get your other pieces out. The positioning of the pwns often determines

31 Chpter : Tckling the Chess Bsics the optiml positioning of the pieces. Certin pwn positions, or formtions s plyers often cll them, hve occurred in so mny gmes tht they hve their own nmes. Chpter 9 presents some of the more common ones nd shows how the pwns guide you on where to put the pieces. You lso hve some specil moves t your disposl tht your opponent (if he or she is novice) my not know bout. To give you n edge (nd resource to help quell ny rguments tht my rise fter you mke one of these tricky moves!), I provide the inside scoop on some specil moves in Chpter 0. There usully comes time in every plyer s development when he or she is t loss for wht to do net. Or sometimes plyer will see move by stronger plyer nd hve no ide why tht move ws mde. At this point, the principles of ply, or strtegies, re necessry in order to mke further progress. Chpter provides n introduction to chess strtegy. The militristic chrcter of chess is undenible, but it lso holds ppel for the confirmed pecenik. Although mny of the strtegies of wr pply eqully well to chess (divide nd conquer, for emple), mny people gin scetic plesure from plying or wtching well-plyed gme. Well-known ptterns cn pper with n unepected twist nd delight the observer. At n dvnced level, you ll discover hrmonies tht lie just below the surfce of the moves, nd move tht breks tht hrmony will feel s discordnt s n off-key note in music. So tke hert, consider the informtion this book provides, nd llow yourself to get comfortble with the pieces, their powers, nd ll the eciting spects of this strtegic, cretive gme. Besides, unlike rel wrfre, the worst you ll suffer in your chess creer is bruised ego. Three prts tht mke whole Plyers divide the chess gme into three phses opening, middlegme, nd endgme to better understnd the different demnds of ech one, but you relly need to understnd gme s whole nd not just in terms of its seprte prts. Otherwise, plying the gme cn be bit like eting Chinese food with one chopstick. Here s quick brekdown of wht ech phse entils (see Chpters through for n in-depth look): The opening: The min objective of the opening moves is to effectively ctivte your forces. The term development refers to this type of ctivtion, nd I cover it in more detil in Chpter. The middlegme: This phse is where the opposing rmies most frequently clsh. The terms tctics nd combintions re frequently used to describe these clshes. The endgme: By this phse, the forces hve been gretly reduced in number, but checkmte hsn t yet been delivered.

32 Prt I: Lying the Groundwork Different wys to get your gme on If you re the type of plyer tht wnts to be tested in competition, check out Chpter. Chess tournments come in vriety of flvors, nd tht chpter gives you the scoop. You need to know how to ct s well s how to ply, so I lso cover chess etiquette in tht chpter. In this dy nd ge, you don t need to be physiclly locted net to n opponent in order to ply, nd Chpter gives the lowdown on computer chess nd chess in cyberspce. Chess on the Internet hs blossomed, but you need to be wre tht nothing is permnent. Although the Web is ever chnging, the ddresses I provide hve proven to be very stble, so they should tke you where you wnt to go. A gme to write home bout In order to up the nte nd red bout other people s chess gmes, s well s decipher commentry throughout those gmes, clled nnottion, nd record your own gmes for posterity, you need to hve solid hndle on chess nottion. Chess nottion is form of shorthnd tht my seem intimidting t first glnce but is relly quite strightforwrd. Chpter will help you develop your chess litercy nd enble you to efficiently red nd write bout the gme. Chessbord Chtter: Bringing Home Bord nd Chess Set So you ve decided ll this chess stuff is up your lley. Well, first things first, you need chessbord nd chess set (the collection of chess pieces). If you don t own bord nd chess set, you cn turn to Appendi B for mil-order informtion. You ll find it etremely helpful to hve bord nd chess set on hnd when reding chess books. Some people cn do without one but some people cn memorize the works of John Milton, too. (And who wnts to be like tht?) Throughout this book I include numerous digrms to help you understnd the gme, but they don t tke the plce of rel set nd bord; these digrms serve primrily s n error check. I urge you to get out your chessbord nd set when you re reding nd set up the bord s the digrms show you. Tht wy, you get rel-life view of the moves I describe.

33 0_09 ch0.qd /9/0 0: PM Pge Chpter : Tckling the Chess Bsics Finding the right bord nd set Your first chllenge in finding chessbord nd set is to sort through the mny vilble types. A tremendous rnge in sizes, colors, nd qulity eists. The nme of the stndrd design, which is distinguished by the look of the pieces, is the Stunton (see Figure -). This design bers the nme of the gret English plyer Howrd Stunton nd ws registered in 9. Its populrity ws so gret tht it ws dopted s the one nd only design llowed in officil tournments. If you ply with strngers nd bring nything other thn Stunton-designed set, people my ssume tht you re trying to psych them out by using equipment tht they ren t fmilir with. You probbly don t wnt to strt off on the wrong foot. Figure -: The stndrd chess set: the Stunton. Photo courtesy U.S. Chess Federtion. Photo of USs: Stndrd Tournment Chess Set. Wood sets nd bords in the Stunton design re more populr t higher levels of competition, but typicl tournment set cn be mde of plstic pieces in clssic white nd blck. The bord is generlly of vinyl roll-up vriety with white nd green squres. Why not blck squres? you my justifibly sk. Hedches, I would nswer. I ve lerned tht string t high-contrst bord is not to be recommended. The only eception is for the miniture trveling sets. It doesn t mtter wht color they re, becuse the mkers ssume tht you won t be string t them too long (especilly if you re driving!).

34 Prt I: Lying the Groundwork If price is no object, wood pieces nd bords re the wy to go. Wood bords provide the most soothing bckground possible, nd the weight nd feel of wood pieces re generlly fr more stisfying to the touch. In cse you re relly getting into chess, collectible sets hve smll cottge industry of their own, nd these sets vry in design s well s in qulity. Getting up close nd personl with your bord After you pick up your soon-to-be-beloved chessbord nd set, you need to get fmilir with them. The first thing to notice bout the chessbord is tht ll the squres re the sme size but lternte between two colors ( light color usully white nd drker color). Colors re importnt in chess (bishops re confined to only one of them, knights go bck nd forth between them, nd so on), which is why chess plyers insist tht white squre needs to be in the lower right-hnd corner t the strt of the gme. Strt by whipping out the bord nd mking sure it s fcing the right direction in front of you Figure - shows the correct orienttion (if you set this book on your lp nd look t the figure, you get better ide). Remember, white squre should be in the lower right-hnd corner s you fce the bord. The most common beginner mistke is to position the bord incorrectly t the strt of the gme. (As mtter of fct, Hollywood mkes this common mistke, too. Whenever you see chess position in movie, check to see whether the lower right-hnd squre is white. Chnces re it won t be!) Figure -: The correct orienttion of chessbord. A white squre!

35 Chpter : Tckling the Chess Bsics Consider few fun fcts while you re scoping out your chessbord: It s mde up of squres evenly divided between light squres nd drk squres. It s symmetricl nd squre in the geometric sense. The squre comprises eight rnks nd eight files (nd bunch of digonls), which you d normlly cll rows nd columns (nd digonls!), but chess people shun such conventionl lnguge. (Using cler, esy-tounderstnd terms would be too esy, right?) To mke it esier to tlk bout the pieces on the bord, someone somewhere sometime cme up with nming system for the rnks nd files, nd I use those conventions throughout this book to point out the ect pieces nd squres to which I m referring. In Chpter, I dive even deeper into the subject of nottion, which epnds on these nming conventions nd shows you how to write the moves of gme. You relly don t need to know this stuff in order to enjoy plying chess, but it does help to hve the bsic terminology under your belt, nd throughout this book, you cn red the etr nottion informtion I give to you s I eplin moves. Recognizing the rnks Rnks re rows tht go from side to side cross the chessbord nd re referred to by numbers. Ech chessbord hs eight rnks, which re numbered from the bottom of the bord (where the white pieces strt) on up; see Figure -. Rnks Figure -: The rnks of chessbord go from side to side.

36 Prt I: Lying the Groundwork Figuring out the files Files re columns tht go up nd down the chessbord, nd ech bord hs eight of them. Becuse numbers indicte rnks, letters indicte files, which re lbeled from left to right. Figure - shows the files. Figure -: A chessbord s files go from top to bottom. Files Nming individul squres The nming convention for rnks nd files llows you to give unique identifier to every squre by using wht chess people cll the file-first method. For emple, the lower right-hnd squre (which is white, of course) is clled h. This nme is shorthnd for h-file, first rnk. Figure - gives the nme for every squre. When figuring out the nmes of individul squres, it my be helpful to think of the gmes Bingo nd Bttleship, where every squre hs letter nd number (nd the nmes my be esier to figure out if you re sitting on the white side or bottom of the chessbord). Of course, in Bttleship you get to see only your pieces nd hve to guess where your enemy s re. In chess, however, you know where your opponent s pieces re you just hve to guess where he or she is going to move!

37 Chpter : Tckling the Chess Bsics b c d e f g h b c d e f g h b c d e f g h b c d e f g h Figure -: The squres re mrked to show the letter of the file nd the number of the rnk. b b b b c d e f g c d e f g c d e f g c d e f g h h h h Digging those digonls As you probbly epect, digonls hve nmes, too. Unlike rnks nd files, digonls re defined by their strting nd ending squres. The strting squre is conventionlly given s the one with the lower rnk. For emple, Figure - shows the h- digonl. Digonls re lwys composed of likecolored squres. You cn hve light-squred digonls nd drk-squred digonls but never two-toned ones. Figure -: The digonls on chessbord lwys contin likecolored squres.

38 Prt I: Lying the Groundwork Piecemel: Putting the Pieces on the Bord In order to depict the chessbord in wy tht everyone round the world cn understnd, chess plyers hve developed set of symbols to represent the pieces. Ech piece my be represented by one-letter bbrevition or by n icon. (See Tble - for list of ll the pieces nd their symbols.) Tble - Piece King Chess Pieces nd Their Symbols Symbol Queen Knight Bishop Rook Pwn I use the piece symbols here to show you how to set up the bord, nd I use them throughout this book to demonstrte vrious moves nd positions. You my find it helpful to set up your own bord piece by piece. Strt with the corners. The rooks go on the corner squres, s in Figure -. Figure -: The rooks tke the corner squres.

39 Chpter : Tckling the Chess Bsics 9 Net come the knights. Plce them net to the rooks (see Figure -). Figure -: The knights stnd by their rooks, long the sme rnk. Then put the bishops on the bord net to the knights (see Figure -9). Figure -9: The bishops stnd gurd by the knights. After the bishops come the queens. Your bord should now look like the one in Figure -0. The queens lwys strt on the squre of the sme shde the white queen strts on light squre, nd the blck queen strts on drk squre.

40 0 Prt I: Lying the Groundwork Figure -0: The queens perch on the squres of their own shde. Net, plce the kings net to the queens, which is only fitting (see Figure -). Figure -: The kings tke their thrones, net to their ldies. Lstly, dd the pwns stright cross the rnk in front of the other pieces, s shown in Figure -. If you set up your chessbord by using the preceding directions nd it looks like the finished one in Figure -, pt yourself on the bck! You re redy for gme.

41 Chpter : Tckling the Chess Bsics Figure -: The pwns tke their posts on the front line. The true origins of chess re shrouded in the mists of prehistory, which is good becuse it llows people to sy just bout nything they wnt bout how the gme strted without fer of contrdiction. From the evidence tht does eist, the best guess is tht chess, or gme very much like it, originted in Northern Indi sometime round AD 00 nd eventully migrted to Europe through Chin nd Persi (modern-dy Irn). The ncient Indin gme ws bsed on Indin rmies nd ws undoubtedly pstime for their rulers. No doubt, this gme, clled chturng, ws much like present-dy chess. It ws plyed on n eight-by-eight-squre bord nd used si different kinds of pieces. The Indin Army ws led by the rjh (king) nd his chief dvisor, the mntri, sometimes referred to s the vizier. The rmy ws represented by foot soldiers, cvlry, The origins of chess chriots, nd elephnts, nd the gme hd corresponding pieces for ll these leders nd wrriors. By the time the gme got to Europe, it hd chnged considerbly nd continued to chnge until bout the end of the th century. The chnges bsiclly mde the gme more fmilir to the Europens who were then plying it. The rjh becme the king, the mntri the queen, the foot soldiers the pwns, the cvlry the knights, the chriots the rooks, nd the elephnts the bishops. Since tht time, the gme hs been essentilly stble. Nowdys, chess is plyed ll over the world by the sme rules estblished in Europe in the th century, under the control of the Fédértion Interntionle des Échecs (FIDE), which is French for the Interntionl Chess Federtion.

42 Prt I: Lying the Groundwork

43 Chpter Greeting the Pieces nd Their Powers In This Chpter Towering bove you (if you re n nt, tht is): The rook Seeing the bishop outside of church Kissing the queen s hnd Bowing before the king Mounting the knight Giving the pwn (which isn t relly piece!) the time of dy After yers of teching chess to elementry school children, I think I ve found the esiest wy to introduce the pieces. So in this chpter I use the sme method. I strt with the rook becuse its simple up, down, nd sideto-side movement is esy to grsp. Then I move on to the bishop becuse it, too, moves in stright lines nd boldly goes where the rook cn t. Kids seem to pick up these ides right wy. And wht s good for kids is certinly good for older students of the gme, right? After you understnd the moves of the rook nd bishop, you ll hve breeze when it comes to the queen. The queen simply hs the combined powers of the rook nd bishop. And the king follows his queen. He moves just like her, ecept only one squre t time. I leve the knight nd pwn for the end becuse they re the trickiest to eplin. Keep in mind tht chess is science when pieces re considered in isoltion from one nother, but it pproches n rt when the pieces re combined in vrious wys. All pieces like to hve compny, but they re fickle; sometimes queen nd knight re hppy together nd sometimes they ren t. No esy rules eplin this reltionship. The chess genius seems to know how to mke the pieces work together semlessly, but everyone else hs to muddle long by tril nd error. In Chpter, I consider the elements of chess in the sme wy in isoltion from one nother nd then gin in combintion.

44 Prt I: Lying the Groundwork Mimicking Cstle: The Rook Sure, you my believe the rook is tower or cstle, but oh contrire! In the history of chess, it ctully developed from the chriot: This piece is both fst nd strong nd therefore of considerble vlue. The rook ppers bit squtter thn the other pieces, which prtly ccounts for the perception of it s hevy piece (see the Chess hevies sidebr, lter in this chpter). This hevy spect cn be tken too fr, of course. The rook is fr from plodding piece, nd the plyer who most effectively gets his or her rooks into the gme often turns out to be the winner. Unfortuntely, this piece begins the gme tucked into corner nd usully hs to wit for the other pieces to settle into their preferred squres before receiving ny ttention. Figure - shows where the rooks go on the chessbord. Figure -: At the strt of gme, the rooks hold down the corners. The rook hs the freedom to move ny number of squres, but only in stright lines up nd down or side to side, s indicted by the rook on d in Figure -. Agin, think of the chriot. After chriot gets hed of stem, turning corners isn t esy. Hve you ever seen Ben Hur? The rook moves just like the chriot in tht movie, but without the spikes. In Figure -b, you cn see tht the rook cn t move to squre occupied by one of its own pieces, in this cse nother rook on f nor cn it jump over the piece nd move to ny of the other squres long tht rnk.

45 Chpter : Greeting the Pieces nd Their Powers The rook nd queen re sometimes referred to s hevy or mjor pieces, becuse the rook nd its own king, or the queen nd its own king, cn checkmte n enemy king by themselves (see Chess hevies Chpter for discussion of checkmte). Minor pieces the knight nd the bishop by themselves cn t checkmte n enemy king with only their own king for ssistnce. Figure -: A rook cn move ny number of squres unless fellow soldier is blocking it. b In Figure -, white rook nd blck rook re redy for bttle. The white rook cn t move beyond the blck rook long tht rnk, but it cn cpture it by removing the blck piece nd tking its plce, s in Figure -b. (In chess nottion, this move is written. Rf see Chpter for detils on nottion.) This concept is the sme for the other chessmen (nd womn). But don t think tht you hve to cpture when given the opportunity. This isn t checkers! Figure -: The white rook ttcks nd cptures the blck rook. b

46 Prt I: Lying the Groundwork Wht do bishop nd n elephnt hve in common? The bishop evolved from the elephnt, which my be hrd to imgine t first. Elephnts don t hve slender wists, t lest not the ones I ve seen. However, if you think bout the ncient Indin soldier sitting top n elephnt nd tossing down spers t the enemy, or if you visulize the medievl rcher in cstle tower firing rrows down on hpless foe, you cn understnd how this development cme bout. The bishop doesn t like hnd-to-hnd fighting nd is t its best when ttcking from long rnge. If you think bout it, would you rther be shooting rrows sfely out of hrm s wy or down in the trenches getting trmpled? Archers weren t stupid. Why, then, is the piece clled bishop nd not n rcher? Oddly enough, it s simply becuse the look of the crved piece resembled bishop s miter (the pointed ht tht bishops wer) to medievl Europens. Wht probbly strted s n off-hnd remrk soon becme custom. When new plyers discover the power of the rook, they sometimes decide to move the pwns tht re in front of the rooks forwrd t the beginning of the gme (these pwns re known s the rook pwns). This ction hs the dvntge of incresing the spce vilble to the rook but is usully poor wy to open the gme. The rook must retret when ttcked by n enemy pwn, knight, or bishop becuse it is too vluble to be lost in echnge for one of them. Time is then lost shuffling the rook to nd fro while the enemy pieces come out in force. The best strtegy is to move minimum number of pwns, get the minor pieces (knights nd bishops) out, nd only then move on to the rooks. Showing Off Slender Curves: The Bishop The bishop hs slender wist so it cn slide between squres long digonls. (Actully, I don t relly know why the bishop ws designed like tht, but tht s lwys how I ve thought of it). The bishop is clled minor piece, becuse you cn t deliver checkmte with just bishop nd its king. Go hed, set up bord nd try it (you my wnt to check out Chpter first). If you cn do it, you ll become world fmous, nd I ll include you in the net edition. Figure - shows the bishops nd where they strt on the chessbord. A bishop cn move ny number of squres, but only long the digonls nd until nother piece gets in its wy. If tht piece is the opponent s, the bishop cn cpture it, of course, by displcing it.

47 Chpter : Greeting the Pieces nd Their Powers Figure -: The bishops tke their mrks. Figure - indictes some possible bishop moves. Unlike the rook, the ttcking power of the bishop depends on where the piece is locted on the chessbord nd ultimtely its mobility or scope, which is simply the number of squres it cn move to. The bishop ttcks more squres in the center, so it s more powerful when positioned there. Unfortuntely, it s lso more esily ttcked there. You cn see in Figure - tht the bishop ttcks squres. How mny squres does it ttck in Figure -b? (The correct nswer is 9 don t count the squre tht it occupies.) Figure -: The bishop ttcks squres nd (fill in the blnk) squres, respectively. b

48 Prt I: Lying the Groundwork You cn tell by looking t the bord tht some digonls re longer thn others. The digonls tht cross the bord s center re longer thn the ones tht bisect the corners. Becuse the bishop doesn t like hnd-to-hnd combt, plyers often position the bishop out of the wy long long digonl, s in Figure -b. The bishop lso hs unique nturl restriction of its mobility: If it strts on light squre, it remins forever on the light squres, nd if it begins the gme on drk squre, it must lwys sty on drk squres. The bishop is color bound by birth! Fully hlf the bord is forbidden territory! For tht reson, chess people spek of hving the two bishops. In tndem, bishops cn theoreticlly cover the entire bord. However, they cn never come to their comrde s id directly nd cn never compenste for ech other s loss. This qulity is so unusul tht specil ctegory in chess endings, clled the opposite-colored bishop ending, eists. This ending rises when ech side remins with bishop, but the bishops re on different-colored squres nd re thereby sentenced to rom their own mutully eclusive hlves of the bord. Figure - illustrtes this type of ending. These bishops re close to one nother they cn get close enough to blow ech other kisses but never close enough to cpture one nother. Figure -: The thoroughly unstisfying oppositecolored bishop ending. The bishop, like the rook, cn be blocked by its own rmy. In fct, the lest desirble plcement of the bishop is behind pwns of its own color: Pwns re the lest mobile of the chessmen nd cn render the bishop nerly powerless, s shown in Figure -. A bishop blocked behind its own pwns is often clled bd bishop. Enemy pwns cn lso be used to restrict the bishop s mobility, s in Figure -b.

49 Chpter : Greeting the Pieces nd Their Powers 9 Figure -: The bishop, blocked by its own pwns nd enemy pwns. b However, restricting bishop with pwns isn t lwys effective, becuse the bishop my be ble to cpture one of the enemy pwns. Just look t Figures - nd -b to see how (. Bf). Figure -: The bishop pounces on pwn. b If you pln on using your pwns to restrict bishop s mobility which is good thing to do, s long s you ren t restricting your own bishops you d better mke certin tht the pwns re dequtely defended! Bishop moves re reltively esy to mster, but their long-rnge ttcking bility is often surprising. Mny re the times when I ve been shocked to see my opponent s bishops spring from one corner of the bord to the other. Just becuse your opponent s bishops ren t close to your pieces doesn t men they ren t ttcking you!

50 0 Prt I: Lying the Groundwork Flunting Her Pointy Crown: The Queen The most powerful piece is the queen. A piece s power is directly relted to its mobility, nd the queen is the most mobile. Although the queen is the most powerful piece, she must be very creful when engging enemy forces. If rooks or minor pieces ttck her, she s often forced to retret or be lost. Tret the ldy with kid gloves! Figure -9 indictes where the queens re plced t the strt of the gme. Figure -9: The queens tke their sets. The queen s moves re simply the combintion of the rook s up-nd-down, side-to-side moves nd the bishop s digonl moves bsiclly, she cn move ny number of squres in ny direction. Her only restriction is tht she cn t jump over pieces. The queen cptures n opponent by tking the opponent s plce on the bord. The queen evolved from the Indin vizier who ws the king s chief minister or dvisor. Originlly wek piece, the queen ws given its gret powers towrds the end of the th century. Whether this bestowl ws n ct of The birth of the queen chivlry or just nother ttempt to speed up the gme remins uncler. It seems certin, however, tht medievl Europe ws ccustomed to powerful queens nd this relity cn lso eplin the gender chnge.

51 Chpter : Greeting the Pieces nd Their Powers To get n ide of the queen s strength, just put one in the middle of n empty chessbord which, by the wy, is sitution tht will never hppen if you re plying chess by the rules! When plced in the center of the bord, the queen cn cover squres nd cn move in eight different directions, which you cn see in Figure -0. Figure -0: The queen s reign nerly covers the bord when plced t the center. The queen covers fewer squres when plced on the side of the bord, so her powers re slightly reduced in tht cse. However, it s fr too dngerous to post the vluble queen in the center of the bord too erly in the gme, where ny members of the opposing rmy cn hrss her. Fr more commonly, you ll see msters post the queen in more conservtive position erly nd wit to centrlize her lter, when pieces hve been echnged nd the dnger to her reduced. The queen is not only the most powerful nd dngerous chess piece, but lso the most vluble! Moving her into positions where she cn be esily ttcked is generlly frowned upon. Let your other pieces nd pwns fight the erly fight, nd bring the queen into the gme fter some of the dust settles. If your opponent moves the queen to your side of the bord erly on, tke hert! It s probbly mistke. Look for wys to move your pieces so they ttck the eposed queen nd force her to retret. Donning Buggy Crown: The King The king isn t the most powerful chess piece (the queen is), but he s the most importnt (nd in conventionl chess sets, he s the tllest). When someone ttcks your king, you must defend him. If the king is ttcked nd you cn t

52 Prt I: Lying the Groundwork defend him, then you hve checkmte... nd the gme is over (see Chpter for informtion on checkmte). But you never ctully cpture the king; you simply force him to yield. Thousnds my die on the bttlefield, but roylty respects roylty. (Yet don t forget tht the king cn cpture, just like the other pieces, by tking over n opponent s squre!) Figure - shows where the king resides on the chessbord t the strt of the gme. Figure -: The kings, seted on their thrones. The king cn move one squre in ny direction, ecept for the one-time possibility of cstling (see Chpter 0 for this specil move). The kings my never get too close to one nother, but must remin t rm s length (t lest one squre wy), becuse one king my never put the other in check. You cn see the king s possible moves for yourself in Figure -. Figure -: The Xs mrk the king s possible moves from his loction.

53 Chpter : Greeting the Pieces nd Their Powers You my epect king to led his troops into bttle, but tht nlogy doesn t quite work, becuse the king usully hides wy in corner behind pwns until it s sfe to come out. Generlly, when the king becomes ctive, the endgme (when most pieces hve been cptured) hs begun. During the endgme the king cn become very powerful, nd you should consider bringing him to the center, but king in the middle of the bord during the middlegme is recipe for disster (check out Chpters nd for detils on endgme nd middlegme strtegy). Glloping in n L-Formtion: The Knight The knight is tricky piece, nd it usully tkes little prctice getting comfortble with its movements. As its shpe suggests, the knight derives from the cvlry of the rmies of old. Becuse it cn t deliver checkmte ginst n opponent with only its own king to help, the knight is minor piece, s is the bishop but the knight s powers re very different. Unlike the longrnge bishop, the knight loves combt in close qurters nd is usully the first piece moved off the bck rnk nd the first to come into contct with the opposing rmy. The knight is indeed hopping md nd redy to fight! Figure - shows the knights strting plce. Figure -: The knights begin here. It helps me to think of the knight s medievl knight on horsebck with lnce. You cn t throw lnce very fr, but if the bd guys get too close they re lible to get stbbed. Oddly, if n enemy cn get pst the lnce nd closer still to the knight, the knight is defenseless. (The knight would need to dismount, drop its lnce, nd drw sword in order to fight t very close

54 Prt I: Lying the Groundwork rnge but this is too time-consuming, besides being ginst the rules of chess!) Strngely enough, lthough the knight is strong ttcking piece, it cn t control the squres right net to it. The esiest wy to understnd the knight move is to think of it s n L-shpe in ny direction. Two squres up nd one over, or one squre down nd two over, or ny such combintion. It cptures just s the other chess pieces do, by replcing the piece or pwn occupying the squre it lnds on nd not the plyers it jumps over. Figure - illustrtes where the knight cn move from the center of the bord. The knight controls eight squres when positioned in the center of the bord s opposed to two when it s in one of the corners, s Figure -b illustrtes. Figure -: The knight s possible moves, from the center nd from corner. b Keep in mind tht the knight must lwys move to different-colored squre thn the one it occupies. This lterntion between colors is true of no other piece. If the knight is on light squre, it must move to drk squre, nd vice vers. The knight is much more effective when centrlized or positioned so tht it occupies or ttcks one of the four centrl squres. However, unlike the other pieces for which this generl rule lso holds true, the knight loves to be in the center of the ction nd is forced to retret only when ttcked by the lowly pwn. Otherwise, the knight just holds its ground nd dres you to cpture it. The knight considers chrging off into bttle n honor nd htes to wtch while others re left to crry the dy. The knight s truly unique power is its bility to lep over pieces, either its own or those of the enemy. In fct, this piece is the only one tht cn move off the bck rnk t the strt of the gme without preliminry pwn move, s illustrted in Figure -.

55 Chpter : Greeting the Pieces nd Their Powers Figure -: A knight hurdles pwn. The knight simply jumps over this pwn. Scooting Around s the Army s Runt: The Pwn Although chess people sometimes refer to ll the chess pieces collectively s pieces, they don t relly consider pwn to be piece. If you lose knight, you could either sy, I lost knight or I lost piece, but if you lose pwn, you don t sy, I lost piece. You sy, I lost pwn insted. (Why? Becuse tht s just the wy chess people tlk.) Pwns re only pwns, but chess hs lot of them! Figure - shows how the pwns re set up t the strt of the gme. The knight s tour is n interesting eercise where you position the knight nywhere on the chessbord nd then move it to ech squre in turn, without ever lnding on the sme squre twice. Grndmster George Koltnowski ws The knight s tour fmous for the knight s tour nd could do it without seeing the bord (clling out the nme of the squre where the knight ws to move). In fct, he once did it in front of over 00 enthrlled specttors on the occsion of his 90th birthdy!

56 Prt I: Lying the Groundwork Figure -: The pwns line up for bttle. The pwns re the foot soldiers of chess, nd you know how foot soldiers re treted. Their powers re very restricted. The pwn cn move only one squre forwrd, ecept on its very first move, when it hs the choice of moving one or two squres forwrd. A pwn cn t move bckwrds or sidewys only forwrd. Figure - shows the options for the white pwns t the strting line. Figure -: In the opening, the white pwns cn move to the X-mrked squres. The pwn, unlike the pieces, cptures differently thn it moves. It cptures digonlly, one squre forwrd to either side. But it still tkes the opponent s plce on squre when it cptures, just s the other chessmen do. Figure - illustrtes the pwn s cpturing bility.

57 Chpter : Greeting the Pieces nd Their Powers Figure -: The white pwn cn cpture n opponent on either of the X-mrked squres. In Figure -9, n enemy pwn occupies one of the squres tht the white pwn cn ttck. Figure -9b shows how the white pwn cptures the blck pwn (lthough the blck pwn could ve cptured the white pwn if it were blck s turn!). If no member of the opposing rmy occupies squre tht the pwn ttcks, then the pwn cn move forwrd. If piece or nother pwn is in front of it, but nothing is on the squres the pwn cn cpture, the pwn is stymied nd cn t move; chess plyers sy the pwn is locked. In Figure -0, the pwns on d nd d re locked... by ech other. Although the pwn is the lowliest of the chess pieces, some people hve clled it the soul of chess. This is wht the gret mster Frnçois- André Dnicn Philidor ( 9) ment when he sid, The pwns re the very life of the gme. This honor is due to number of fctors: A chess set hs more pwns thn nything else. Pwns: The soul of chess The pwns cn dictte whether the other pieces hve mneuvering room. No piece wnts to be echnged for poor pwn, so other pieces hve to bck down or move round them. Pwns cn t move bckwrds, so ech move is commitment nd should be mde only fter due considertion.

58 Prt I: Lying the Groundwork Figure -9: Pwn fight: White cptures blck. b When two pwns re locked together s in Figure -0, you should try to bring nother pwn longside in order to help out. This strtegy is so common tht it s referred to s lever. You cn see where tht term cme from, s the second pwn ttempts to pry the first one free. Figure - illustrtes the use of the lever. Figure -0: A pir of pwns locks horns. It helps me to think of the foot soldier holding sper nd gint shield. The shield is in front of the foot soldier so tht the soldier cn only thrust to the right or left side of the shield nd cn t thrust in front of it. The soldier needs comrde in rms to come to his id.

59 Chpter : Greeting the Pieces nd Their Powers 9 Figure -: Pwn love nd brvery, known s the lever. With the dditionl pwn s id, now two of the pwns cn cpture ech other. If the blck pwn cptures the white pwn, the remining white pwn is free to move. Often the lever cn be used to pry open n otherwise locked position, nd this technique is seen over nd over gin in the gmes of the msters. Becuse pwns cn be stopped in their trcks so esily, chess plyers hve lerned tht they re most powerful when they sty by ech other s side. This wy, both pwns or pwn duos cn gurd the squre in front of the other. By helping ech other out, both pwns become more mobile, nd their influence on the gme grows. You need to know few more things bout pwns, but I don t discuss them in this chpter. I cover pwn promotion nd something clled en pssnt (or in pssing ) in Chpter 0, which dels with specil moves. The pwn s plcement is collectively referred to s the pwn structure, nd I emine this concept in detil in Chpter. I lso devote whole chpter to pwn structures tht re ssocited with prticulr openings see Chpter 9 for informtion on pwn formtions.

60 0 Prt I: Lying the Groundwork

61 Chpter Getting to Know the Elements of Chess In This Chpter Understnding spce Getting the mteril dvntge Wtching the clock during development Keeping the king sfe Positioning the pwns The elements of chess spce, mteril, development, king sfety, nd pwn structure re the bsic building blocks of the gme. By understnding the individul elements, you drmticlly increse your knowledge of chess. Of course, understnding the elements in isoltion from one nother is fr esier thn understnding them in combintion. Unfortuntely, the elements re lwys intercting with ech other s if they were voltile gses. Sometimes one element is fr more importnt thn ll the others combined; other times, dynmic blnce eists between them ll. When you come to understnd ech element s reltionship to the others in ny given position you ll hve pproched chess mstery. In this chpter, I introduce you to these intercting elements, first eplining them individully nd then showing how they ll interct. Hogging the Bord: Spce Spce my be the finl frontier to some people, but it s n essentil element in the chess world. Chess relly is gme of sptil conquest. All things being equl, the plyer who controls the most spce controls the gme: Mneuvering your pieces round is esier when you hve spce thn when you don t. When

62 Prt I: Lying the Groundwork you don t hve spce, you cn t lwys get your pieces to the right plce t the right time. Imgine trying to get from one side of the bttlefield to the other when your own soldiers keep getting in your wy. The bttle for spce is fiercest in the center of the bord. Controlling the squres e, e, d, nd d, s well s the squres djcent to them, is like seizing the high ground in skirmish. Don t get crmped If you re losing the spce wr, chess people sy tht your gme is crmped. (So, for emple, if your opponent mneuvers so tht ll your remining pieces re stuck in corner, you re definitely crmped.) A move tht secures sptil dvntge for you by restricting your opponent s spce is crmping move. On the other hnd, freeing move is move tht gins bck spce. Gin control Spce is little more thn the number of squres you control. Control refers to the number of squres ttcked not necessrily occupied by your pieces nd pwns. (Attcked squres re those squres tht your pieces or pwns cn go to on your net move.) If your opponent ttcks the sme squres, then these squres re contested nd ren t clerly controlled nd no one gets to clim them s spce. Even if squre is contested, you cn use kind of chess rithmetic to determine which side is more likely to end up controlling it. You cn count the number of your pieces ttcking the squre nd then count the number of your opponent s pieces defending it. The side with the highest number is the side most likely to seize control. Employ spce strtegies Ech side strts the gme with the sme mount of spce. At this point neither side controls ny squres on the opponent s hlf of the bord (of course!). Becuse white hs the benefit of the first move, white lmost lwys secures temporry sptil dvntge by putting pwn or piece on squre tht llows it to ttck nd, t lest temporrily, control squres on the other hlf of the bord. Figure - illustrtes the most common opening move (. e; see Chpter if you need help deciphering the nottion in this chpter).

63 Chpter : Getting to Know the Elements of Chess Figure -: The opening move tht gets the most ply. If you lredy know how pwns move, you cn redily see tht the pwn on e now ttcks two squres on the opponent s side of the bord. These squres, d nd f, re shown in Figure -. (For refresher on how pwns ttck versus how they move, see Chpter.) Figure -: The pwn ttcks the two squres mrked by X. Typiclly, but not lwys, blck opens with move tht evens up the spce gme. This ction-rection is sometimes referred to s the dynmic equilibrium of chess, which is just fncy wy of sying tht one side cn usully reestblish the initil equlity on his or her turn. For emple, blck cn reply on the net move with the sme results by moving the king s pwn to e (see Figure -).

64 Prt I: Lying the Groundwork Figure -: Blck replies in kind, ttcking the two squres mrked by X. Notice how white holds sptil dvntge fter the first move, but blck immeditely reestblishes sptil equlity. Becuse white moves first, the trick is to ply in such wy tht blck cn t simply copy white s moves. In this wy, white tries to force concession from blck nd secure lsting dvntge. If blck could lwys copy white s moves, the gme would be drw. (I provide n emple of how to refute the pe-mn strtegy, where blck continully copies white s moves, in the opening known s Petroff s Defense in Chpter.) Spce is more importnt in the opening nd middlegme phses of chess thn it is in the endgme. This ide is true becuse by definition, the endgme hs the fewest pieces on the bord. Getting crmped by hndful of pieces in the endgme rrely hppens, nd you hve to be sort of clumsy to trip over your own pieces. The key to controlling spce in the opening is to control the center. In Figure -, the key centrl squres re indicted. Figure -: The Xs mrk the center squres.

65 Chpter : Getting to Know the Elements of Chess Following is list of the lws of spce, but don t try to memorize it. No chess mster ever does. Just become fmilir with these concepts in generl wy, nd soon enough, they ll become second nture. Use your center pwns to gin spce in the erly phse of the gme. Invde only if you cn support your pieces. Control the center before ttcking on the wings (sides of the bord). Don t lock in your bishops behind your own pwns. The lws of spce If your opponent is crmped, try to prevent freeing moves. Echnge pieces to help relieve crmped position. If your opponent is ttcking on wing, strike bck in the center! After you gin control of squre in enemy territory, try to occupy the squre with knight. During the endgme, consider bringing the king to the center of the bord. The most common opening strtegy in chess is to try to mneuver your minor pieces (the bishops nd the knights) nd centrl pwns so tht they control the four center squres nd strike out into enemy territory. The minor pieces increse in power when mobilized towrds the center. If you cn post your pieces there nd prevent your opponent from doing the sme, then you secure greter control over the center nd sptil dvntge, nd your pieces become stronger thn your opponent s. In Figure -, white hs moved its pwns nd knights to control the center. Blck hs been busy moving the pwns on the - nd h-files nd is lredy behind in the bttle for spce. Figure -: White is winning the bttle for the center.

66 Prt I: Lying the Groundwork Remember tht chess isn t sttic gme it s importnt to not only estblish sptil superiority but lso mintin it! Hving one or two pieces cross over into enemy territory does little good if they re cut off from the rest of the troops. You must keep the supply lines open nd invde only when you cn dequtely support the dvnced pieces. Centrl control mkes use of the old dge divide nd conquer. If you split your opponent s rmy into two cmps, you cn bring decisive mount of force into one ren before their reinforcements rrive. Getting the Most Bng for Your Buck: Mteril Nturlly, some chess pieces re more powerful thn others. The mteril element is concerned with this reltive strength of the pieces. Mteril superiority cn be decisive when everything else is equl. If you cn win one pwn, you cn usully win nother or force further concessions from your opponent. A mteril dvntge of single pwn is usully decisive in gmes between msters. A mteril dvntge equivlent to rook is usully enough to win, even for ineperienced plyers. Vlue your pwns nd pieces Chess plyers ttempt to quntify the power of the pieces by ssigning them numericl vlue. The pwn is the bsic unit of chess nd is ssigned numericl vlue of one. The other pieces re evluted in those sme terms. Therefore, if pwn is worth one point, knight is worth more: three points. In other words, you lose two points in the element of mteril if you trde knight for pwn. You d need to cpture three enemy pwns (or one knight) to compenste for the loss of your knight. (See the sidebr Bishops nd knights weren t creted equl to find out why bishop isn t n even trde.) Tble - shows the reltive vlues of the pieces. Note: Assigning vlue to the king is futile, becuse its loss mens the loss of the gme!

67 Chpter : Getting to Know the Elements of Chess Tble - Piece Pwn Knight Bishop Rook Queen 9 The Reltive Vlues of Chess Pieces (In Terms of the Pwn) Vlue Pieces themselves gin or lose power depending upon their positioning. Hving n dvnced pwn deep in enemy territory my be fr more importnt thn hving mesly knight tucked wy in corner. A bishop locked behind its own pwns my not be worth frction of free roming knight. These vlues re reltive nd cn chnge mny times over the course of the gme. Nevertheless, remembering the piece s reltive vlue when you consider trding it for nother is useful guide. If you give up your rook or queen for pwn, you d better hve drned good reson! Adopt mteril strtegies A good rule is to echnge pieces when you hve n dvntge in mteril. This strtegy is referred to s simplifiction. For emple, if you hve n etr pwn, but both you nd your opponent hve bishop, it s usully esier to win if you trde your bishop for your opponent s nd ply the rest of the gme with just kings nd pwns. Bishops nd knights weren t creted equl Although the bishop nd knight re considered to be of reltive equl vlue, chess msters hve lerned over time to vlue the bishops slightly more. Some people ssign the bishop vlue of points. Hving the two bishops control both light nd drk squres is especilly importnt. In tndem they re usully considerbly more powerful thn two knights or knight nd bishop.

68 Prt I: Lying the Groundwork The following points regrding mteril re ment to serve s guidelines nd not s rigid rules. Every time chess plyers try to devise rigid rule, some smrt leck comes long nd breks it! Nevertheless, it s useful to t lest think bout the concepts presented here. When hed in mteril, force echnges nd steer towrds the endgme. Simplify! Open files nd digonls when possible so tht you my use them to engge the enemy nd force further concessions. (See Chpter for n introduction to files nd digonls.) Mteril mtters If your opponent cptures piece, you should lmost lwys try to restore mteril blnce by cpturing one of your opponent s pieces. If possible, win mteril without scrificing in some other element. Mteril is usully more importnt thn the other elements, so tke it if you cn unless you hve relly good reson not to. If you re behind in mteril, void echnging dditionl pieces, but don t become pssive. You must ttck! Mteril superiority tkes on dded importnce the closer you come to n endgme. A single pwn dvntge my men little in the opening but it my be decisive in the endgme. This strtegy illustrtes how you cn force dditionl concessions from your opponents. If you keep offering to echnge pieces nd your opponents keep refusing, they ll be forced to retret. The result? You wind up with sptil dvntge, too! Becuse the side with n edge in mteril is the one tht desires echnges, logiclly, you should void the swps if you re behind. The intentionl loss of mteril in return for n dvntge in nother element is referred to s scrifice. Scrifices re ner nd der to the hert of chess plyers who know tht if they don t obtin n immedite dvntge, then time will work ginst them. The closer you get to n endgme, the more importnt the etr mteril becomes, so the risky mneuver of scrificing is considered courgeous by some nd foolhrdy by others. You cn often tell lot bout chess plyers by wtching how they risk or conserve their mteril! Chpter dels with the most common types of scrifice in chess. Positioning Men in Good Time: Development Development is the element of time. In chess, plyers tke turns moving. You cn t pss or give up turn, so you must mke move t every turn. Not ll

69 Chpter : Getting to Know the Elements of Chess 9 moves re equl, however, nd only those moves tht contribute to the incresed mobility of your pieces re sid to be developing moves. In prctice, nerly every time piece moves from its originl squre, tht move is developing one. You wnt to use the element of time to plce your pieces on effective squres s efficiently s possible. Moving piece second or third time before moving the others is usully wste of time. Move it to good squre nd then move nother piece to nother good squre. If you keep doing tht, you ll develop ppropritely. Gin tempo If your opponent is plying developing moves nd you re just mrking time, you ll soon lose the gme. Every move is precious resource, so don t wste ny! Chess plyers cll move tempo. For emple, one often hers, I just gined (or lost) tempo. This mens tht you ve gotten (or llowed your opponent to get) the chnce to move wht seems like twice in row! Figures - nd - show white losing time by moving one piece too often. Figure - reflects stndrd opening position known s Petroff s Defense fter the white nd blck pwn moves to e nd e nd the white nd blck knight moves to f nd f (. e e. Nf Nf). Figure -b shows white mking mistke by moving the knight second time, to g. Figure -: A stndrd opening, followed by white s bd move. b Blck eploits this mistke by moving the h-pwn to h (....h), s Figure - shows. To void being cptured by the h pwn, the white knight moves bck to f, s in Figure -b. Now it s blck s turn to ply gin. By compring Figure - with Figure -b, you cn see tht blck not only got to move the pwn from h to h but lso gets nother turn in chess spek, blck hs gined tempo. White hs just wsted time nd hs lost tempo.

70 0 Prt I: Lying the Groundwork Figure -: Blck ttcks the knight with pwn, nd the knight returns to f. b Sometimes the concept of gining or losing tempo is very subtle. For emple, you cn develop piece to resonble squre but, s the course of events unfolds, discover tht your piece relly belongs on nother squre. You my be forced to reposition the piece to where it relly belongs. Such move cn be loss of tempo. White begins the gme nd hs, by definition, slight edge in time. White cn squnder this dvntge esily or mke use of it. The dvntge tht comes with n edge in the element of time or development is often clled the inititive. Thus, by virtue of the first move, white is given slight inititive t the beginning of the gme. This dvntge is often compred to hving the serve in tennis, nd in the hnds of the grndmsters, the dvntge of hving white is quite significnt. The most common error tht beginners mke is to lose tempo by giving check (for more on check, see Chpter ). These plyers give check t every opportunity, but such course of ction isn t lwys wise. Sometimes the checking piece is lter forced to retret, nd tempo is lost. If you pln on checking the king, mke certin tht you hve concrete reson for doing so. Chess plyers hve sying: Monkey sees check, monkey gives check. Don t be monkey! Check isn t importnt by itself checkmte is! Mke gmbit (mybe) Very often you cn scrifice smll mount of mteril for n dvntge in development. Mny openings scrifice pwn for this reson, nd those openings (nd the scrifices themselves) re clled gmbits. A gmbit is usully more effective for white thn for blck becuse white lredy hs the inititive nd cn dd to it t the smll cost of pwn. Gmbits tried by blck usully offer fewer chnces for the inititive nd often wind up s simple loss of mteril. (For more on the gmbit scrifice, see Chpter.)

71 Chpter : Getting to Know the Elements of Chess The center-counter: Risky development One opening tht you occsionlly see in grndmster ply is the center-counter. The chief drwbck to this opening is tht the blck queen is developed too erly nd comes under ttck. When the queen is forced to retret, white gins tempo. Here re the usul opening moves of the centercounter. White moves out the king pwn two squres, nd blck mkes plusible reply to white s first move by dvncing the pwn in front of its queen two squres (see the following two figures). This move hs the dvntge of opening lines for the bishop nd queen nd contesting white s control of the center. The drwbck of this move will become cler in just moment. White cptures the pwn nd is temporrily hed in mteril. Blck now recptures the pwn in order to reestblish the mteril blnce (see the following figures). (continued)

72 Prt I: Lying the Groundwork (continued) White cn now develop its knight nd simultneously ttck the blck queen (see the net figure). The knight develops with tempo, tking up its nturl position nd lso ttcking the blck queen. Becuse the knight is worth three pwns nd the queen worth nine, blck cn t fford to ignore this thret nd must move the queen gin. White hs won tempo! The generl ide is tht it tkes time to cpture the pwn. The time one plyer spends on the pwn cpture will be used by the gmbit plyer on development. Will the led in development be worth the mteril scrifice? It depends on whom you re plying! Protecting the Hed Honcho: King Sfety Of ll the elements, king sfety cn be the most drmtic. If the king is in jeoprdy, nothing else mtters. It doesn t mtter how mny pieces you hve in your pocket if your king is checkmted, becuse tht s the end of the gme. I eplin checkmte in Chpter but even if you don t know wht checkmte is now, you probbly relize tht you need to protect your king.

73 Chpter : Getting to Know the Elements of Chess History hs tught tht by mking few erly defensive moves to secure the king s position, you cn go bout your prime objective: ttcking the opponent unhindered. You cn t put price on pece of mind. Mny chess gmes begin with one or two pwn moves nd the development of two or three of the minor pieces. The net step is usully to bring the king to sfety by cstling, move tht llows you to plce your king closer to one of the corners (see Chpter 0 for this specil move), which is usully frther from the ction nd behind other pwns nd pieces. This erly cstling nd king sfety strtegy is evident in countless openings tht re otherwise completely different. The min ide is to engge the enemy only fter the king is secure. Protecting the king with ll your pieces is inefficient, so good chess plyers usully leve the gurd duty to one or two of them nd to the pwns. The knight is n ecellent defender of the king nd puts up fierce resistnce in the fce of n ttck. With the help of few pwns, the knight cn usully hold down the fort. The quickest checkmte If you re wondering how importnt the element of king sfety is in chess, studying the quickest possible checkmte my help. With the first move, white dvnces the pwn in front of its kingside knight two squres. Blck tkes the opportunity to strike bck in the center nd to open lines for its bishop nd queen (see the following two figures). Remember, the best strtegy for countering n dvnce on the wing is to dvnce in the center. (continued)

74 Prt I: Lying the Groundwork (continued) Now white relly mkes huge mistke by dvncing its king s bishop pwn to ttck blck s pwn, which opens line ginst white s king. Does blck hve piece tht cn mke use of it? Indeed, blck does, nd white s disregrd for king sfety is quickly punished. Checkmte in two moves! The blck queen ttcks the white king long the digonl, nd white hs no defense. (See the following two figures.) The king cn t move out of check, no defender cn move in the wy, nd no piece or pwn cn cpture the blck queen. This is n etreme emple of the price you py for ignoring the sfety of your king, but believe me, you ll encounter others! Be creful bout opening up lines of ttck for your opponent ginst your king or moving the pwns wy from your cstled king, who s now in corner of the bord. Check isn t checkmte, but it does force your hnd becuse you cn t ignore it. Although you cn find mster gmes where the king is left in the center, this strtegy is the eception. Until you get gret del of eperience in chess, you re better off following the tried-nd-true method of protecting your king before lunching n ttck. Working Your Pwn Structure A pwn is considered the soul of chess becuse, very often, the mobility of the pieces depends upon the positioning of the pwns (you cn red bout some specific pwn formtions in Chpter 9). Also, s the endgme pproches, the pwns tend to become more vluble. The fmous Austrlin chess plyer Cecil Purdy (90 9) once wrote, Pwn endings re to chess wht putting is to golf. I couldn t hve sid it better myself.

75 Chpter : Getting to Know the Elements of Chess A generl rule is tht mobility is the key to the power of ny chess piece. This rule is true even of the lowly pwn. The pwn s mobility is clerly tied to its bility to dvnce, becuse it cn t retret. The best pwn structure, or the reltionship of the pwns to one nother, ppers t the strt of the gme (see Figure -). All the pwns re mobile nd their structure is unbroken. Unfortuntely, in order to get the pieces out, the pwn structure must be ltered. Figure -: The idel pwn structure (the beginning of the gme). Pwns cn t ttck the squre directly hed of them, so their mobility is often dependent upon help from nother pwn. This limittion is why pwns re stronger together, or in pwn duos, thn they re lone. Figure -9 illustrtes pwn duo. In pwn duo, the pwns cn gurd the squres in front of ech other nd support one nother should either of them dvnce. These pwns re mobile. Figure -9: Pwns find strength in numbers, such s in this pwn duo. Notice how mny squres these pwns ttck!

76 Prt I: Lying the Groundwork In Figure -0, the white pwns re still mobile, but their potentil to dvnce is restricted by the blck pwns. You usully wnt to control squre prior to occupying it, but doing so is difficult in this cse becuse the squres in front of the pwns re contested the white pwns nd the blck pwns ttck the sme squres, which re mrked by Xs. Figure -0: The ttcked squres re contested. Figure - shows position where ll the pwns re locked: Neither side cn dvnce, nd the pwns require ssistnce before progress cn be mde. Locked pwns led to wht chess plyers cll closed positions, which re chrcterized by slow mneuvering rther thn by shrp hnd-to-hnd fighting. You cn now see how the pwn structure dicttes the further course of ction, right? Figure -: Locked pwns require ssistnce in order to be free.

77 Chpter : Getting to Know the Elements of Chess Promote the little guys: Pssed pwns Pwns ply criticl role throughout the gme of chess. During the endgme, they tke on dded significnce becuse of the possibility of promotion (see Chpter 0 for the lowdown on pwn promotion). When pwns rech the eighth rnk, you my promote them to ny piece other thn the king. If pwns re locked or otherwise immobile, the chnces of promoting them re remote. However, if the pwn hs free pth hed of it unobstructed by other pwns the chnces of promoting it re considerbly greter. Such pwn is clled pssed pwn. In Figure -, the pwn on the fr left for white is pssed pwn. No blck pwn is between it nd the eighth rnk nd no blck pwn cn cpture it. Figure -: Nothing cn stop the pwn from being promoted. Pssed pwns must be pushed! In other words, you must dvnce them towrd the eighth rnk. A pssed pwn becomes tngible dvntge whenever it s free to dvnce nd is dequtely supported. A pssed pwn my force the opposing forces to ssume defensive posture in order to hlt their dvnce, or it my deflect enemy pieces wy from the rel ction. The best kind of pssed pwn is the protected one (see Figure -). Such pwn hs not only n unobstructed pth to the eighth rnk but lso the support of one of its peers. In this cse, the blck king cn t cpture the white pwns. If it ever moved to cpture the d-pwn, the e-pwn would move to the eighth rnk nd promote. The protected pssed pwn cn be opposed only by pieces, which often keeps them from doing more productive work. If one of your pwns is tying down n enemy piece, it s reducing tht piece s mobility nd therefore its power.

78 Prt I: Lying the Groundwork Figure -: The protected pssed pwn on e hs cler pth hed. Mobility is key: Isolted pwns Pwns re considered isolted when they don t hve ny pwns from their own tem by their side. In Figure -, the white pwn on d is isolted. Figure -: White hs n isolted pwn whose fte isn t yet decided. Isolted pwns my or my not be pssed pwns. If they re pssed or mobile, they my become strong. If they ren t pssed or re immobile, they my become wek. Becuse isolted pwns don t hve ny supporting pwns nd cn t control the squre directly in front of them, they my esily become blocked (blockded). Aron Nimzowitsch, who wrote etensively on the subject of pwns, demonstrted tht mobile, isolted pwn my provide sound bsis for ttck

79 Chpter : Getting to Know the Elements of Chess 9 nd tht on the other hnd, n immobile (blockded), isolted pwn my become subject to ttck. The pieces must then defend the thretened pwn, nd pieces don t like to be on gurd duty for pwns tht duty offends their lofty sense of self. To immobilize your opponent s isolted pwn, you cn blockde it. The knight is n idel blockder. A knight cmped in front of n isolted pwn cn t be driven off by pwns, nd the knight stnds its ground in the fce of ttck by ny other piece. The queen, in comprison, is poor blockder, becuse she must retret in the fce of ttck by knights, bishops, or rooks nd cn t mintin the blockde. After blockde is broken, the isolted pwn becomes mobile nd gins strength. Left behind on open files: Bckwrds pwns The kissing cousin to the isolted pwn is the bckwrds pwn. A bckwrds pwn still hs one or more pwns on djcent files, but those pwns re more dvnced. It my be difficult or even impossible for the bckwrds pwn to ctch up with its sidekick(s), nd in tht cse such pwn is pretty much isolted. The bckwrds pwn (the pwn on d in Figure -) my come under pressure from the enemy s big guns becuse the file is open for the opponent s queen nd rooks to ttck it. You should void hving bckwrds pwn in most cses, becuse you my end up using your pieces to gurd the reltively insignificnt pwn. The pieces then become listless nd bored nd of no use to nybody. Figure -: The bckwrds pwn on d is t risk.

80 0 Prt I: Lying the Groundwork On the verge of bckwrds: Hnging pwns Hnging pwns re the second cousins once removed of the bckwrds pwn. The hnging pwns re in pwn duo, which is strong in nd of itself, but they don t hve ny other supporting pwns round them. This lck of support mens tht should one of those two pwns dvnce, the remining pwn will become bckwrds pwn. If you dvnce one, try to dvnce the other to reestblish the pwn duo. In Figure -, the dvnced white pwns on c nd d re hnging pwns. Figure -: The pwns on the c- nd d- files risk becoming bckwrds pwns. In front of pwn sibling: Doubled pwns Doubled pwns re produced when one pwn cptures something nd moves in front of nother pwn of the sme color. Figure - gives n emple of doubled pwns. The blck pwns in the upper-left corner of the bord re now crowded together. When the pwn on d moved to cpture piece on c, it creted doubled pwns. Although four pwns occupy this corner, they relly hve the mobility of three. When such sitution hppens, the pwns lose the bility to protect one nother nd reduce the chnces of using ech other s lever (the ct of dislodging n enemy pwn from blockding your own; see Chpter ). Most importntly, the pwns mobility especilly tht of the triling pwn is significntly reduced. If three pwns of the sme color re on the sme file, they re clled tripled pwns, nd protecting them ll is very difficult.

81 Chpter : Getting to Know the Elements of Chess Figure -: The pwns on c nd c re doubled pwns. If you hve the misfortune of finding yourself sddled with pwns tht re doubled (or tripled) nd lso isolted, you ll hve very hrd time strightening them out. The only remedy is to use one of the pwns in cpture. Becuse pwn cptures digonlly, it would move to n djcent file. Prevention is the best cure, so try not to llow your opponents to cpture your pieces when you cn only recpture by doubling your pwns. Lines in the snd: Pwn chins Pwn chins re pwns tht re lined up long digonl, with ech pwn supporting more dvnced one until they rech the hed of the chin. These pwn chins represent line drwn in the snd nd mke it difficult for the enemy to cross over. Figure - shows two pwn chins, one for white nd one for blck. Figure -: Both white nd blck hve estblished pwn chin.

82 Prt I: Lying the Groundwork You don t need to memorize the following pwn tips. Give them good once-over nd move on. But if you remember ny of them, you ll be hed of the gme! Try to keep your pwn structure intct. Becuse some pwns must be dvnced, try to keep them mobile or in pwn duos becuse immobile pwns re esy to ttck. If some pwns become locked, use other pwns to pry them free. If you hve n isolted pwn, keep it mobile to keep it strong; if your opponent hs one, blockde it! Crete pssed pwn nd, when possible, protected pssed pwn. Pwn tips for the rod Push your pssed pwns towrds the eighth rnk nd promote them if you cn. Attck bckwrds pwns with the hevy pieces (the queen nd rooks) to force your opponent to defend them. Try to provoke hnging pwn into n dvnce nd then blockde the hnging pwn to immobilize it. Avoid doubling your pwns, but if you cn t, try to echnge one of the doubled pwns to repir your pwn structure. Attck pwn chins t the bse, where they re wekest. Becuse other pieces hve difficult time crossing the pwn chin nd coming into contct with ech other, this rrngement cn mke for long gme with few echnges so your decision whether to crete chin depends on whether you like such gmes. A pwn chin lso divides the bord into two cmps: one where the white pieces hve more freedom to move bout, nd nother where the blck pieces cn rom more freely. If you cn crsh through pwn chin, however, you lmost certinly cn hve the dvntge. The wekest link of the pwn chin is t the bse, which is the pwn tht strts the chin. From white s point of view, this pwn is the one tht s closest to or on the second rnk. If you destroy the bse, then you ve wekened the pwn chin. After you remove one bse, nother bse is estblished, but ech becomes esier to ttck nd destroy. If you cn t ttck the bse of the chin, ttck t the hed. This strtegy isn t s effective, but it my crete weknesses in the chin tht you cn eploit lter.

83 Chpter Looking Out for the King: Check, Stlemte, nd Checkmte In This Chpter Getting the king s ttention: Check When no one cn win: Stlemte Winning the gme: Checkmte In cse you re wondering, the object of the gme is to checkmte your opponent s king. It isn t enough to simply ttck the king you hve to ttck him in such wy tht he cn t escpe. If you chieve tht result, my friend, you ve won the gme time for victory lp (but in privte, of course no need to be rude)! Becuse not ll gmes re the cut-nd-dried win/lose sort, you need to be wre of couple of other situtions tht pertin to the end result. In this chpter, I distinguish the differences between check, checkmte, nd stlemte. Keep in mind tht you lwys wnt to deliver checkmte if t ll possible. Unfortuntely, your opponent will be trying to checkmte you t the sme time! Sometimes you hve such n overwhelming dvntge tht your opponent s resistnce is futile. This chpter shows you how to put your enemy wy despite his or her best efforts. Check Em Out: Attcking the Enemy King To give check simply mens tht you re ttcking the enemy king. In Figure -, white hs king nd queen to blck s lone king. The blck king is currently in check becuse the white queen hs moved to the g-file (. Qg+) nd is now ttcking it. (See Chpter for the scoop on deciphering chess nottion, which I include throughout this chpter.)

84 Prt I: Lying the Groundwork Figure -: The white queen moves to position to ttck the blck king. Check! Becuse check is n ttck on the king, the victim cn t ignore it. If your opponent puts your king in check, you hve three wys to respond: Cpture the ttcking piece. Move piece between the checking piece nd the king in order to block the ttck. Move your king out of check. In the emple shown in Figure -, the blck king s only option is to move out of check becuse blck doesn t hve ny other pieces on the bord. One of the importnt things to remember when plying chess is to postpone immedite grtifiction. Sometimes, giving check (especilly erly on) cn bckfire. If your opponent escpes the check by blocking your ttck, for emple, you my be forced to retret. We hve sying in chess circles to remind ourselves not to give pointless checks: Monkey sees check; monkey gives check. Mke certin tht when you give check, it somehow helps your cuse; to give check nd then be forced to retret is simply wste of time. Eperienced plyers give check only if it improves their position. For emple, if the king hs to move erly in the gme to escpe check, he loses the bility to cstle (see Chpter 0 for more on cstling). If you ply check tht ruins your position, you my sy, quite correctly, tht your check bounced! You my ctully sy check when you ttck your opponent s king, but doing so isn t mndtory, nd eperienced plyers usully don t. If you do sy check, sy it in low voice so s not to disturb other plyers. It s considered bd tste to pump your fist in the ir nd yell, Check... Yesssssss! Under no circumstnces is it correct to do moonwlk or other dnce step. Chess plyers try to keep their emotions under control t ll times.

85 Chpter : Looking Out for the King: Check, Stlemte, nd Checkmte Not ll checks were creted equl The nstiest check short of checkmte is the discovered check. This type of check occurs when you move piece out from between nother of your pieces nd the enemy king, nd your second piece then gives check. Tht is, its check is suddenly discovered becuse the intervening piece is now gone, nd the second piece now hs line of sight nd movement to the opposing king. The piece you move to revel the check cn thus move nywhere nd cpture nything in its power with immunity, becuse the other side must respond to the check. If the piece you move lso gives check, the combintion is clled double check, nd the enemy king is forced to move, becuse running like md is the only wy to wrd off both ttcks. When you cn keep checking the enemy king on every turn but cn t checkmte it, you hve perpetul check. Perpetul check results in drw, becuse checkmte is impossible (s the king cn escpe ny individul check) nd the king hs no prospects of voiding future, continuous checks, so neither side cn win. This type of check cn be hndy strtegy if you re losing. (Getting drw isn t such bd thing if it tkes the plce of loss!) If your opponent is sure to lose but postpones defet by giving pointless check, the move is known s spite check. Spite checks re considered n emple of bd chess mnners. Don t check out of spite! Stuck in Rut: Stlemte Stlemte occurs when one side hs no legl moves left to mke nd tht person s king isn t in check. In chess you cn t pss up your turn you lwys hve to move. However, if your opponent puts you in sitution where you cn t mke move (keep in mind tht it s illegl to move your own king into check), the gme is declred drwn due to stlemte. (Just quick note tht if one side hs no legl moves nd is in check, you re in n entirely different sitution checkmte! See the net section.) King nd queen versus king is the esiest two-piece combintion for ccomplishing checkmte, but in such sitution, you must be sure to gurd ginst delivering stlemte. Becuse the queen cn control so mny squres, stlemting the opposing king by ccident is ctully quite esy! If, for emple, it s blck s move in Figure -, then the gme is stlemte. The blck king hs nowhere to go, becuse every squre it cn occupy is under ttck by the white king or queen.

86 Prt I: Lying the Groundwork Figure -: The white king nd queen hve delivered stlemte. No Escpe for Ye King: Checkmte Checkmte occurs when one king is in check nd cn t escpe nd therefore signls the end of the gme. Checkmte cn occur t ny time, with ny number of pieces on the bord, but it s good to become proficient t delivering checkmte with s few pieces s possible. Check out Figure - to see n emple of checkmte. The blck king is initilly plced in check when the white queen moves to f to ttck him (. Qf). But the blck king hs no legl moves: He cn t cpture the queen becuse the white king is gurding her. He hs no other blck piece to block the check. He cn t move out of check to squre tht isn t lso under ttck. Therefore, blck is checkmted, nd white cries victory. Remember the old dge, It is better to give checkmte thn to receive it! The checkmting process is ccomplished by cutting off squres (systemticlly reducing the number of squres to which the king hs ccess). When you cut off squres, you use your own king nd whtever piece or pieces you hve left to force your opponent s king to n edge of the bord, where it s esiest to deliver checkmte. Kings cn t check one nother, so if the only pieces left re the two kings, then the gme ends in drw (nd if you hve lone king to your opponent s king nd pwn or piece, I m sorry to sy tht you re goner). Just s the king cn t deliver checkmte on his own, no single piece cn deliver checkmte without the help of the king. A lone piece cn t even force the enemy king to the edge of the bord where the king is most esily checkmted. You must dvnce your own king into position where it cn help drive bck the enemy.

87 Chpter : Looking Out for the King: Check, Stlemte, nd Checkmte Figure -: By moving to put the king in check, the white queen ccomplishes checkmte. Cutting off squres with the king nd queen Becuse the queen is the most powerful piece, checkmte with king nd queen ginst king is firly esy to dminister. The key to delivering checkmte with the queen is to drive the enemy king to ny edge of the bord nd wtch out for moves tht my led to stlemte (see tht section erlier in this chpter). Figure - sets the stge for n impending checkmte check out the strting positions of the blck king nd the white king nd queen. Figure -: The end of the gme is nigh, nd white is determined to declre checkmte.

88 Prt I: Lying the Groundwork White cuts off squres by moving the queen left one squre to f (. Qf), s shown in Figure -. (The squres tht re now cut off from the blck king re mrked with Xs.) The blck king hs only three squres from which to choose c, c, nd e so he retrets to e (....Ke); see Figure -b. Figure -: The white queen crmps the blck king s spce, nd the blck king moves. b To support his queen, the white king dvnces to f (. Kf); see Figure -. Even the mighty queen cn t deliver checkmte without the help of the king she d spend ll dy in never-ending gme of ct nd mouse. The blck king will try to sty in the center of the bord for s long s possible, becuse he knows tht the edges of the bord re dnger zones. The king moves bck to d (....Kd), s Figure -b shows. Figure -: The white king gets in on the ction, nd the blck king refuses to bck down. b

89 Chpter : Looking Out for the King: Check, Stlemte, nd Checkmte 9 Remember, the best defense ginst checkmte is to sty s fr wy from the edges of the bord s possible. By moving even closer to the blck king (. Qe+), the white queen cn cut off even more squres, s shown in Figure -. (The Xs in Figure - show the squres tht re cut off.) The queen is checking the blck king in this figure, but the rel objective is to cut off more squres. Figure -: The blck king hs only two squres where he cn move. By compring the setup shown in Figure - to the erlier one in Figure -, you my see how white is shrinking the number of squres vilble to blck s king. In Figure -, the sides of the greter squre within which blck resides re to, to g, g to g, nd g bck to. In Figure - the squre is smller, nd the sides re to, to e, e to e, nd e to. Chess plyers sometimes cll this sequence shrinking the squre. If you cut off too mny squres, however, you run the risk of giving stlemte so be creful nd mke sure tht if the king isn t in check, he hs t lest one squre to which he cn move. As blck hs no other choice in this emple but to move wy from the queen to one of the open squres, white cn continue to cut off squres by chsing fter the blck king until he s forced to the edge of the bord. By then bringing the king to his queen s side for support, white secures n inevitble checkmte, s shown in Figure -. Notice tht the sfest wy to void stlemte is to force the opposing king to the edge of the bord, use your queen to keep it trpped there, nd then dvnce your king. Keep the queen t sfe distnce from the opposing king, let your king stroll up to lend support, nd then deliver checkmte s shown in Figure -b.

90 0 Prt I: Lying the Groundwork Figure -: The blck king finds himself bcked into corner nd succumbs to checkmte. b Checkmting with king nd rook Achieving checkmte with the king nd rook follows the sme generl principle s tht of using the king nd queen; however, this method tkes longer to chieve becuse the rook isn t s powerful s the queen. Although the steps re long nd tedious, they re essentil to know if you wnt to be ble to checkmte your opponent; the figures throughout this section demonstrte how to force the opposing king to the side of the bord by using your rook nd king. The king nd rook must be used in tndem in order to force the enemy king wy from the center nd towrds n edge of the bord. You use the edge of bord the wy cornerbck uses the out-of-bounds line in footbll to help defend ginst wide receiver. Step : Advncing the king to help cut off squres With the rook cutting off squres, the first step of this type of checkmte is to dvnce the king to help cut off more squres. With the white king t his bck, the white rook in Figure -9 is cutting off squres from the blck king. (In this position, the white king is supporting the rook so tht blck cn t cpture it.) The blck king is forced to retret, in this cse to c (....Kc); see Figure -9b.

91 Chpter : Looking Out for the King: Check, Stlemte, nd Checkmte Figure -9: The white rook limits blck s choices, so blck responds ccordingly. b The white king dvnces to f (. Kf) in preprtion to help cut off more squres, s shown in Figure -0. The blck king moves bck to his originl post in the center of the bord (....Kd), trying to sty s fr wy from the edge s possible (see Figure -0b). Figure -0: The white king prepres to cut off squres, nd blck steps bck from the edge. b

92 Prt I: Lying the Groundwork The white king dvnces gin, this time to f (. Kf; see Figure -), nd the blck king is once gin forced to retret, gin to c (....Kc); see Figure -b. (Blck could ve moved to d, of course, but the principle of cutting off squres remins the sme.) Figure -: White inches towrd blck, incresing pressure. b In Figure -, notice how the white king hs moved to e (. Ke) nd is now cutting off squres d, d, nd d. An importnt prt of this strtegy is to dvnce the king off to the enemy king s side, not in front of it. The reson for this course of ction becomes cler in the net step, which I detil in the following section. The blck king responds by moving to c (....Kc), trying to sty s fr wy from the edge of the bord s the white pieces llow (see Figure -b). Now, however, the white king hs dvnced fr enough to move onto phse two of the opertion. Figure -: The white king gets in on the ttck. b

93 Chpter : Looking Out for the King: Check, Stlemte, nd Checkmte Step : Forcing the enemy king towrd the edge In this phse of the checkmting opertion, the white rook nd king combine forces to drive the blck king closer to the edge of the bord. The rook checks the blck king by moving to the c-file (. Rc+), s Figure - shows, forcing blck to move closer to the edge. The blck king moves to b (....Kb), which is closer to the edge, but in turn he ttcks the undefended rook see Figure -b. Figure -: White checks blck nd forces him ner the edge, but blck retlites. b The white king dvnces to d (. Kd) in order to defend the ttcked rook nd continue to help cut off squres, s shown in Figure -. As result, the blck king is forced yet gin to give ground. To mintin little spce from the edge, blck moves stright down to b (....Kb); see Figure -b. Figure -: The white king comes to the rescue, nd blck hs to bck off. b

94 Prt I: Lying the Groundwork Step : Cutting off more squres Now tht white hs ccomplished the preliminry objective of forcing the blck king to retret, white must return to the ide of cutting off squres in order to drive the enemy king frther bck. In Figure -, white dvnces the rook to c (. Rc) in order to cut off more squres. In Figure -b, the blck king retrets to b (....Kb), continuing to sty wy from the edge of the bord. Figure -: White continues to cut off squres, nd blck continues to sty wy from the edge. b Net, white uses the rook once more to cut off dditionl squres by moving it to c (. Rc), s shown in Figure -. The blck king gin retrets down the b-file (....Kb); see Figure -b. See pttern yet? Notice how the white rook is cutting off the blck king s ccess to ll the squres ecept for the three in the lower left corner. Figure -: The pursuit nd retret continue. b

95 Chpter : Looking Out for the King: Check, Stlemte, nd Checkmte Step : Advncing the king nd cutting off even more squres Now tht dditionl squres re cut off, white returns to the theme of dvncing the king, lternting between the two themes of dvncing nd cutting off squres. This step is simple: You cut off squres when you cn nd dvnce the king when you cn t. In Figure -, the white king dvnces to d (9. Kd) so he cn stnd beside the rook. This pproch demonstrtes why it tkes so long to ctully chieve the checkmte. The process itself is firly simple; the ggressor mkes the sme kind of moves over nd over gin, but becuse the king is needed to force checkmte (nd the king moves only one squre t time) nd becuse the rook is less powerful thn the queen, it tkes quite number of moves in order to eecute the pln. In Figure -b, blck moves the king to b (9....Kb) to ttck the rook. However, becuse the white king is protecting the rook, the ttck is meningless. Still, blck hs nothing better to do white is guiding him through slow nd pinful deth. Figure -: The white king inches his wy to the future crime scene, nd blck scrmbles. b In Figure -, the white king continues to dvnce towrd the lower left corner by moving to d (0. Kd). In Figure -b, the blck king is forced to retret s usul. He moves to the only other squre wy from the edge, b (0....Kb). In Figure -9, white returns to the theme of using the rook to cut off squres (. Rc), finlly forcing the blck king to the edge of the bord (....Kb); see Figure -9b.

96 Prt I: Lying the Groundwork Figure -: The sg continues: The white king dvnces, nd blck shies wy. b By dvncing the rook to c (. Rc), white trps the blck king on the edge of the bord (see Figure -0). The process of cutting off squres is complete, nd white cn now tke the finl steps towrd delivering checkmte. All blck cn do is shuffle bck nd forth in the lower left corner (....K); see Figure -0b. Figure -9: The rook tkes his turn t cutting off squres, bcking the blck king ginst the wll. b

97 Chpter : Looking Out for the King: Check, Stlemte, nd Checkmte Figure -0: The white rook crmps the blck king s spce. b Step : Delivering checkmte! In order to deliver checkmte, white simply needs to move the king into the proper position to relieve the rook of the tsk of cutting off squres long the second rnk. To hed for tht gol, the white king mrches to c (. Kc), s shown in Figure -. Blck still hs no choice but to shuffle bck nd forth, so he scoots to b (....Kb); see Figure -b. Figure -: The white king pproches his finl destintion, nd blck bides his time. b

98 Prt I: Lying the Groundwork White continues the mrch of the king in Figure - (. Kb), but the blck king cn only move bck into the corner (....K) nd wit his fte (see Figure -b). Figure -: The white king gets to the opportune position, nd blck mkes his only move. b The time hs come to deliver checkmte finlly! The rook moves to c (. Rc#), nd blck cn t move nywhere without being cptured (see Figure -). Figure -: Time for victory lp: White sels checkmte. Keep in mind tht the preceding series of moves is much esier to ply thn to eplin. But you must prctice this elementry rook-nd-king checkmte until you understnd it entirely.

99 Prt II Gining Chess Know-How

100 In this prt... In the net severl chpters, I demonstrte how to use chess tctics nd how to crete combintions to increse your winning chnces. This hnd-to-hnd combt is the prt of chess gme tht holds the most esthetic ppel for the most people. I cover wht it mens to mke scrifice nd why doing so is sometimes necessry, even if the ide of letting your opponent cpture your piece is counterintuitive. I lso discuss the generl importnce of pttern recognition nd cover specific mting ptterns, which led to checkmte, long with pwn formtions.

101 Chpter Tctics nd Combintions in Hnd-to-Hnd Combt In This Chpter Mneuvering your pieces to ccomplish short-rnge objective Surprising your opponent with crefully plnned combintion Let the mortl combt begin. When pieces engge one nother, either t close qurters or from long rnge, tctics rule the dy. In fct, tctics sometimes even elementry ones re the deciding fctor for most chess gmes. So becoming fmilir with the most bsic emples nd looking for them throughout the gme is criticl. You cn mke 0 gret moves nd still lose the gme by overlooking your opponent s tricks on the st! Combintions, which re bsed on tctics, re gret techniques, too. Everything leding up to combintion my feel like mere plot development, becuse combintions re the cr-chse scenes of chess. A combintion cn pper like bolt out of the blue, but despite this lmost inevitble element of surprise, combintion is most often the result of creful plnning. In this chpter, I help you void the disstrous blunder of mking lots of gret moves nd losing the gme by missing your opponent s one gret tctic. I lso give you the lowdown on combintions, discussing the most common tcticl devices tht serve s building blocks fter you fmilirize yourself with these combintion themes, you ll be ble to recognize them in ply nd respond ccordingly. Knowing the nmes of combintion themes isn t s importnt s understnding how nd why they work, so I nswer such questions for you here. Knowing Your Tcticl Gme Pln A tctic is move or series of moves designed to bring bout benefits in the short term, nd it usully leds to n dvntge in one or more of the elements of chess. (See Chpter for discussion of the elements of chess.) As such,

102 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How studying the bsic types of tctics cn led to n immedite improvement in your results. Of course, you won t find shortcut to chess mstery, but by becoming strong tcticin you cn pocket mny point long the wy. Don t mke move in the hopes tht your opponent won t see your thret. Insted, stick to the bsic principles of ply. Bullying two guys t once: The fork One of the most bsic of chess tctics, the fork is simultneous ttck on two or more pieces by single piece (for the ske of brevity, I cll the pwn piece here). Either knights or pwns usully do those down nd dirty forks, lthough ny piece cn get in on the ction (the knight, however, is the idel forking piece). During successful fork, your opponent cn t protect ll the thretened pieces t once nd, s result, must risk the loss of one. A vrition of the Vienn gme (n opening sequence of moves tht becme populr fter tournment in Vienn) provides good emple of both knight nd pwn forks. Some people cll this vrition the Frnkenstein- Drcul or Monster vrition becuse the tctics re so scry. Almost every move in this opening contins thret, which is the essence of chess tctics. Chess plyers cll n opening tht hs mny tcticl possibilities shrp. This Vienn gme vrition, feturing multiple forks, is one of the shrpest in ll of chess. The Vienn gme begins with both sides dvncing the pwns in front of their kings two squres, s in Figure - (in chess nottion, the move is written. e e; see Chpter for ll you need to know bout reding the nottion tht I provide throughout this chpter). On the net turn, both sides bring out one of their knights, s in Figure -b (. Nc Nf). Figure -: The beginning of the Vienn gme. b

103 Chpter : Tctics nd Combintions in Hnd-to-Hnd Combt Net, white develops (brings out) the bishop (. Bc), s Figure - shows, nd the blck knight cptures the pwn on e (....Ne), s shown in Figure -b, with the intent of employing pwn fork in the ner future. Figure -: White brings out bishop, nd the blck knight forks two pwns. b If the white knight on c cptures the blck knight on e (. Ne), s Figure - shows, then blck pwn cn fork the bishop nd knight by moving to d (....d), s you see in Figure -b. In this wy, blck regins the lost piece nd hs free gme (mening tht the development of the rest of the pieces will be reltively esy). White cn, of course, tke the offending pwn on d with its bishop (. Bd), but the blck queen would then swoop down upon the white bishop (....Qd). Notice how white cn sve either the bishop or the knight, but not both, from cpture. Figure -: Blck s d-pwn forks the white bishop nd knight. b

104 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How Usully, white voids the pwn fork by mking counterthret before the pwn fork cn develop. Insted of cpturing the blck knight, white brings out its queen to h, with the immedite thret of checkmte (. Qh); see Figure -. If blck doesn t respond well, then white cn cpture the blck pwn on f with the queen (. Qf#) nd nnounce the cry of victory: Checkmte! (I eplin check nd checkmte in Chpter.) However, becuse it s blck s turn to move, blck retrets the knight to d (....Nd). The knight now gurds ginst the thret of checkmte nd simultneously ttcks (mening thretens) white s bishop (Figure -b). Figure -: The white queen thretens checkmte, nd the blck knight defends ginst it. b In one of the min vritions of this opening, white chooses to retret the bishop wy from the ttcking knight by moving to b (. Bb), s Figure - shows. Blck now chooses to develop the other knight to c in order to defend the king s pwn on e (....Nc); see Figure -b. Figure -: The white bishop escpes the thret, nd the blck knight defends the king s pwn. b

105 Chpter : Tctics nd Combintions in Hnd-to-Hnd Combt White now tkes dvntge of the fct tht one of blck s knights is tied down to defend ginst the thretened checkmte, nd white ttcks the defender by moving the knight on c to b (. Nb), s Figure - shows. Removing the defender is tcticl theme tht you see over nd over gin in chess. Blck cn t cpture the cheeky knight becuse of the thret of checkmte. Blck lso cn t ignore the thret of its knight being tken by white s knight. This loss would put the blck king in check (mening, blck s king is ttcked) nd llow white to deliver checkmte in the net move. Insted, blck moves the pwn on g forwrd one squre (....g) in order to defend the checkmte nd to ttck the white queen t the sme time (see Figure -b). Figure -: Blck responds to the renewed thret of checkmte. b A move tht defends nd ttcks simultneously is lmost lwys good one! Now white s queen must retret, but she heds to squre tht keeps the thret to blck live, f (. Qf); see Figure -. Defense nd ttck t the sme time! Blck hs the sme problem s before the king nd the f-pwn re feeling the pressure nd dvnces the f-pwn two squres (....f), s Figure -b shows). This move once gin blocks the thretened checkmte, becuse the queen is no longer ttcking the f squre. Blck once gin thretens to simply tke the dvnced white knight on b, which is left hnging (lcking protection) or en prise in chess terms. So white finds still nother wy to renew the thret of checkmte by gin moving the queen, this time to d (. Qd); see Figure -. Blck is out of defensive pwn moves nd is forced to move out its queen to defend ginst the checkmte (....Qe), s Figure -b shows.

106 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How Figure -: The white queen gin thretens the blck king, but blck pwn steps out to fight. b Finlly time for the knight fork! The white knight cptures the blck pwn on c (9. Nc+), thereby putting the king in check nd simultneously ttcking the rook in the corner (see Figure -9). Blck must move the king out of check nd llow white to cpture the rook. Figure -: Blck protects the f squre with the queen. b

107 Chpter : Tctics nd Combintions in Hnd-to-Hnd Combt The blck rook nd king re victims of the knight fork. Figure -9: The knight forks the king nd rook. Going fter the bodygurd: The pin The pin is the most frequently used chess tctic. If ptent lwyers were round before chess cme bout, somebody would ve become millionire mny times over by ptenting this mneuver. To chieve the pin, the pinning piece ttcks one of two enemy pieces lined up long rnk, file, or digonl (see Chpter for informtion on rnks, files, nd digonls). The pinned piece is the one between the ttcker nd the remining piece. Usully, the pinned piece is of lesser vlue thn the other so tht if it were to move, the more importnt piece would be subject to cpture. Only queens, rooks, nd bishops cn pin n enemy piece, becuse they re the pieces tht cn ttck multiple squres long rnk, file, or digonl. Of the three, the bishop is most commonly used to estblish pin becuse it s more likely to find pieces of greter vlue thn itself to ttck.

108 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How Pinned pieces cn move (lthough you my not wnt them to!) ecept when they re pinned to the king. Eposing the king to cpture is illegl, so pinned pieces in cses involving the king re relly niled down. In Figure -0, the blck knight on c is ttcked by the white bishop on b but isn t pinned. In Figure -0b, however, when blck moves its d pwn to d, the white bishop pins the knight to the king, so the knight cn t move. Figure -0: The blck knight becomes pinned when the d-pwn moves. b You cn brek pin in four wys: Cpture the pinning piece. You ren t relly in much of pin if you cn tke the pinning piece wy, so cpturing the pinning piece isn t often n option. Attck the pinning piece nd force it to cpture or retret. This ttck is clled putting the question to the pinning piece. Plce less vluble piece or pwn in the pth between the pinned piece nd the more vluble one. This move is clled interposing. Remove the more vluble piece from the pinning pth. This strtegy is ppropritely clled running wy. One very powerful type of pin cn occur whenever the queen nd king re lined up on rnk, file, or digonl. When this positioning occurs, bishop or rook my be ble to pin the queen to the king. Be creful whenever your king nd queen re on line together, nd be lert for the chnce to pin when your opponent s re.

109 Chpter : Tctics nd Combintions in Hnd-to-Hnd Combt 9 The Nimzo-Indin One of the chess openings populrized by Aron Nimzowitsch still bers portion of his nme. (And just to confuse you, his nme is spelled in vrious wys; you my lso see it s Aron Nimzowitsch or Aron Nimzovich.) The Nimzo-Indin belongs to clss of openings tht re referred to s Indin Defenses (see Chpter ). These openings re usully chrcterized by the development of bishop on the flnk, clled finchetto. In the Nimzo-Indin, the plyer often finchettoes the queen s bishop. The plyer uses the king s bishop to estblish n erly pin. Here re the opening moves of the Nimzo-Indin:. d Nf,. c e,. Nc Bb (see the following figures). The white knight is pinned by the blck bishop. (continued)

110 90 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How (continued) Blck estblishes pin on the third move. The knight on c is pinned to the white king nd cn t move. Chess msters hve tried ll sorts of strtegies in this position, but it hs proven to be one of the most effective defenses in ll of chess. Blck is redy to cstle nd cn then sfely counterttck white s setup. (If you don t understnd cstling, see Chpter 0 for n eplntion of this specil move.) The pin proves to be more thn just minor nnoynce for white. Sometimes the pin is mightier thn the sword! Forcing your opponent to move it or lose it: The skewer The pin s cousin is the skewer, becuse it lso eploits the positioning of two enemy pieces long rnk, file, or digonl. The skewer is n ttck on piece tht must move or be lost. In this cse, the more vluble piece is ttcked first. After the thretened piece moves, it eposes second piece to cpture. The bishop is the idel skewer, nd the king nd queen re its frequent trgets. Cn you find n opportunity for the skewer in Figure -? It s white s move. (With blck queen to white bishop, blck hs n overwhelming mteril dvntge, but white cn even the score by mking use of the skewer.) Figure -: The blck king nd queen re on the sme digonl. The net figure shows the skewer in ction. In Figure -, white moves the bishop to b (. Bb+) in order to put the blck king in check. Figure -b shows tht the blck king ws forced to move out of check (....Kg). And now the white bishop cn simply cpture the blck queen!

111 Chpter : Tctics nd Combintions in Hnd-to-Hnd Combt 9 Figure -: The white bishop skewers the blck king nd queen, nd the king must move. b The skewer cn lso tke plce in nother wy, when the ttcking piece is between the two defenders. This type of skewer is illustrted in Figure -. In this cse, the bishop ttcks the two enemy pieces on either end of the digonl. Think of shish kebb if blck decides to move its king, then the white bishop tkes the queen. If blck decides to tke the white bishop with its queen, blck loses its queen to the white king. In ny cse, blck hs let chnce to win slip wy nd now must ccept drw no one cn win! Figure -: The white bishop skewers the blck king nd queen. The white bishop thretens both the blck king nd the blck queen. In prctice, the skewer doesn t occur s often s the fork or pin, but the move is so powerful tht when it does occur, it usully decides the gme. So be lert for the possibility of skewer t ny time, especilly when the king nd queen re eposed long rnk, file, or digonl.

112 9 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How Steling the show: Discovered nd double ttcks A discovered ttck is the movement of piece or pwn resulting in n ttck by piece tht you didn t move. When you move piece nd epose n ttck by second sttionry piece, the moving piece is free to crete some mischief of its own. If the moving piece lso ttcks piece of vlue, the sitution is clled double ttck. The victim of double ttck cn usully defend ginst one thret or the other, but not both. A fmous discovered ttck occurred in the gme Legll St Brie Pris, 0. The term Legll s mte refers to the type of mting pttern seen in tht gme, which I depict in the following figures. In Figure -, the blck bishop on g is pinning the white knight on f to the queen the knight cn t move without subjecting the queen to cpture. However, if the knight move results in forced checkmte, who cres bout the queen? Figure -: The knight on f is pinned to its queen by the blck bishop on g. Figure - shows tht the white knight cptures the blck pwn on e (. Ne). Now, the bishop on c nd the knight on e re both ttcking the blck pwn on f. The smrt thing for blck to do is cpture the knight.

113 Chpter : Tctics nd Combintions in Hnd-to-Hnd Combt 9 However, the knight move hs lso eposed n ttck on the blck bishop by the white queen. If blck cptures the knight (....de), then white cptures the bishop (. Qg) nd pockets the cptured e-pwn. In the ctul gme, Legll s opponent couldn t resist cpturing white s queen with the bishop (....Bd), s shown in Figure -b, nd ws checkmted quickly. Figure -: A double ttck on f. b Legll brought home the bcon by cpturing the blck pwn on f with his white bishop (. Bf+); see Figure -. The blck king is now in check, nd his only escpe is to move to e (....Ke), which he does in Figure -b. Figure -: Blck s king is forced to move. b

114 9 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How In Figure -, the white knight on c moves to d (. Nd#), checking the king nd cutting off its escpe squre on f. The result is checkmte! Figure -: By moving to d, the white knight secures checkmte. When you find yourself surprised by double ttck nd you will be surprised the best course of ction is to reduce your losses. In the Legll St Brie Pris gme, blck found himself in checkmte, but he could ve kept his loss to single pwn. Alwys choose the lesser of two evils. Deling out the discovered nd double check The term discovered check refers to the movement of piece or pwn tht produces check by different, unmoved piece. A double check occurs when the moving piece lso checks the king. The gme Réti-Trtkower Vienn, 90, is perhps the most fmous emple of double check. I should point out tht it wsn t regulr tournment gme but rther quick one, or wht chess plyers refer to s blitz gme. The finish is mzing nevertheless. At one point in the gme, the bord looked like the one in Figure -.

115 Chpter : Tctics nd Combintions in Hnd-to-Hnd Combt 9 Figure -: The bord t one point in the Réti- Trtkower Vienn, 90 gme. From this strting point, white delivers checkmte in three moves. The first move is queen scrifice (. Qd+), s shown in Figure -9, which must ve come s rude shock to Sviely Trtkower. Becuse check cn t be ignored, blck must cpture the queen (....Kd), s Figure -9b shows. Figure -9: White scrifices its queen. b

116 9 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How The bishop then moves from d to g (. Bg++) nd checks the blck king (see Figure -0). This move lso discovers check from the rook on d, creting double check tht sels blck s fte. White will deliver checkmte on d no mtter wht blck does. If blck s king moves to c (....Kc), then the bishop moves to d (. Bd#). If, on the other hnd, the blck king moves to e (....Ke), then the rook moves to d (. Rd#). In either cse, the result is checkmte. This type of checkmte is now known s Réti s mte. Figure -0: Réti s mte. One of the importnt spects of the double-check tctic is tht the king must move you hve no other wy to escpe double check. If the king hs nowhere to go, checkmte! Discovered nd double checks re very powerful tctics. As with most tctics, it s better to give thn receive. Be lert for your chnces to use them, nd be especilly lert to your opponent s chnces. Combining Moves to Speed Your Progress If you combine tcticl threts when you initite sequence of moves with specific gol in mind, you re mking combintion. By combining threts, you force your opponent to choose mong bd moves. Combintions often involve scrifice (see Chpter ), but the ide is to derive some tngible benefit fter the forced sequence is complete. This benefit cn be nything from smll improvement in position to checkmte. Although ny phse of chess gme cn hve combintion, the technique is most frequently found in the middlegme (see Chpter ). Combintions consist of tctics, including mting ptterns (see Chpter for more on mting ptterns), so you cn t spot one unless you cn see the underlying tctics tht mke it work (nd the only wy you ll notice them in gme

117 Chpter : Tctics nd Combintions in Hnd-to-Hnd Combt 9 is to get relly fmilir with them, so red the preceding section nd Chpter over nd over until you hve them down pt). Certin themes of combintions re documented in chess literture; these themes my occur in your own gmes, but they my go unnoticed unless you re trined to look for them (nd if you re not, you my sit there scrtching your hed when you lose). Combintions hppen to you when you ssume something to be true tht isn t. A rook my seem to be gurding pwn, but it relly isn t if it lso hs to gurd queen. A piece my seem to be sfe, but it relly isn t if your opponent cn deflect it to more dngerous squre. Things ren t lwys the wy they seem in chess, nd combintions revel deeper truths. All the moves in type of combintion won t be the sme every time. Your opponent is going to mke choice clled vrition bout how to rect to your combintion moves. (Tht s fine, s long s your opponent s countermoves don t work!) If your combintion produces your desired result, it s considered sound, but if one of your opponent s responses mkes your combintion go wry, then the combintion is considered unsound. Combintions re relly the only wy for weker plyer to defet stronger one. This triumph cn hppen when the stronger plyer is lulled to sleep nd is epecting certin sequence of moves, only to be surprised when combintion initites different sequence thn he or she epected. So if you re the underdog, use the combintive themes in this section to pull the rug out from under the enemy. Scrificing piece to cler pth You ll undoubtedly fce times when you wnt to ply certin move but cn t becuse one of your own pieces is in the wy; this scenrio frequently hppens when you wnt to employ combintion. The solution my be to scrifice tht piece, clled mking clernce scrifice (becuse you re clering pth for nother piece; see Chpter for more on scrifices) you do this in order to set up ny of the bsic tctics or mting ptterns. Some plyers don t even consider mking such scrifices, becuse surrendering their own mteril is counterintuitive. But you need to remember the importnce of surprise in the gme of chess. If you re willing to consider nd be on the lookout for clernce scrifices when your opponent isn t, you stnd good chnce of ctching him or her off-gurd nd gining significnt dvntge (or even victory). One emple of clernce scrifice combintion is Dmino s mte (see Chpter for more on Dmino s mte including queen nd pwn). In tht cse, white scrificed both rooks to get them out of the wy so tht the queen could deliver checkmte. Figure - shows the strting position for different clernce scrifice combintion tht occurred in the Krpov-Chom gme

118 9 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How in 9. The key to this combintion is spotting the mting pttern (see Chpter ) of the rook nd queen. If the white queen could move to the squre g, she d put the blck king in checkmte but how cn she get there? Figure -: The strting position for the clernce scrifice in the Krpov- Chom, 9 gme. Krpov (white) wnted to ply his queen, on c, to h in order to check the blck king nd eventully put blck in checkmte (by ultimtely getting his queen to g). However, his knight on g ws in the queen s wy. His solution ws to move the knight to f (. Nf), s illustrted in Figure -, in order to cler the wy for the queen, even though blck s e-pwn could then cpture the knight. Figure -: White clers pth for the queen by scrificing the knight.

119 Chpter : Tctics nd Combintions in Hnd-to-Hnd Combt 99 The blck pwn on e cn cpture the knight (....ef), s indicted in Figure -. When the white queen moves down the digonl to h (. Qh+), however, she ttcks the blck king long the h-file, s shown in Figure -b. Figure -: A blck pwn cptures the knight, nd the white queen delivers check. b The king cn escpe the check by moving to g (....Kg), s Figure - shows, but the queen isn t through yet. Figure -b shows her net ttck, simple move to g (. Qg+) to reinstte check. Figure -: The blck king tries to escpe check, but the white queen is in hot pursuit. b Blck cn gin escpe the check by moving bck to h (....Kh), s shown in Figure -, but checkmte is unvoidble. The queen simply moves stright hed to g (. Qg#) nd nnounces checkmte with cry of victory (see Figure -b).

120 00 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How Figure -: The blck king hs nowhere to hide, nd the white queen gets her soughtfter victory. b Going bck to blck s potentil cpture of the white knight with pwn, s the sitution stnds in Figure -, blck didn t necessrily hve to cpture the knight. Insted, he could ve enforced different vrition of white s combintion with different move. All the possible vritions, however, would ve ended in blck being checkmted. Blck could instill new thret by performing clernce scrifice with the rook, moving it to h, nd the blck knight on f would be forced to cpture the rook becuse blck cn t ignore check (. Rh+ Nh). The queen would then move to g nd deliver checkmte (. Qg#). Becuse no blck move cn prevent both the thret of the two clernce scrifices, nd therefore ll the vritions led to victory for white, Krpov s clernce scrifice combintion is considered sound. Luring your opponent with decoy A decoy is used to entice your opponent s piece onto squre or line (mening file, rnk, or digonl) with ftl consequences. The decoy piece scrifices itself for the greter good; the enticed piece my win victory by cpturing the decoy but will be doomed in the end. Decoy opportunities cn hppen t ny time, but like most combintions, they most frequently occur in the middlegme. The objective is usully to win mteril, but if the combintion results in checkmte, ll the better! The position in Figure - is set up for white to use decoy to win mteril (see Chpter for more on mteril). Although the mteril is even, the blck king nd queen re on the sme rnk, which often spells trouble. Whenever the king nd queen re lined up on the sme rnk, file, or digonl, look for

121 Chpter : Tctics nd Combintions in Hnd-to-Hnd Combt 0 tctic, such s pin or skewer, to eploit the position. If strightforwrd tctic isn t vilble, combintion, where you generlly scrifice piece to llow for tctic, my be. Figure -: Hving the king nd queen on the sme rnk, s blck does, spells t-r-o-u-b-l-e. White eploits the positioning of blck s king nd queen by moving the rook to e to use it s decoy (. Re+), in efforts to lure the queen from her perch to her impending doom, s shown in Figure -. Blck hs no rel choice but to ccept the decoy nd cpture the rook with the queen (....Qe), s demonstrted in Figure -b if the king moves out of check, the white rook will simply cpture the queen. Figure -: The white rook forces the blck queen to cpture him. b

122 0 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How Blck is now set up for fork (see the fork tctic discussion erlier in this chpter), where the white knight moves to position where he thretens both blck s king nd queen, c (. Nc+); see Figure -. The knight will cpture the blck queen on white s net turn, becuse blck must respond to the check by moving the king. Figure -: The white knight moves to fork the blck king nd queen. Deflecting your opponent s piece off key squre The combintion involving deflection is similr to the decoy. Insted of luring your opponent s piece to plce where it meets its end, however, deflection scrifice cuses n opponent s piece to bndon key squre, rnk, file, or digonl. You re then free to use this key squre, rnk, file, or digonl to your dvntge. At first glnce, the position in Figure -9 ppers to be certin drw (where neither side is cpble of winning). Mteril is even, nd no bck rnk mte possibilities eist (see Chpter for list of piece vlues nd Chpter for more on the bck rnk mte). However, the blck rook is defending the blck queen, nd if white cn entice the rook to move off of the d-file, then blck will lose its queen. The white rook cn deflect the blck rook from the defense of the queen by moving to e nd putting the blck king in check (. Re+); see Figure -9b.

123 Chpter : Tctics nd Combintions in Hnd-to-Hnd Combt 0 Figure -9: The white rook scrifices itself in order to deflect the blck rook from key squre. b If blck s rook cptures white s (....Re), s shown in Figure -0, then the blck queen is left undefended. White cn then cpture her with its own queen (. Qd), s shown in Figure -0b, leving white with cler mteril gin. Figure -0: Blck cptures the white rook, nd white scores the blck queen. b Blck cn choose not to tke the offered rook, but tht vrition is lso bd. If the blck king simply moves out of check (....Kh), s in Figure -, then the white rook cptures blck s rook (. Re), s in Figure -b. The white rook nd queen then protect one nother, even though the blck queen is between them the blck queen cn t cpture either piece without being cptured in return. Becuse both vritions re bd for blck, the decoy combintion is sound for white.

124 0 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How Figure -: If blck doesn t cpture the white rook, his queen still suffers. b Destroying the gurd Sometimes single piece is gurding ginst disster, nd eliminting tht piece my trigger chess poclypse. If you re the opponent, it my well be worth significnt mteril scrifice in order to eliminte the key defender, or s chess plyers sy, destroy the gurd. In Figure -, the blck rook on d is gurding ginst bck rnk mte (see Chpter for more on the bck rnk mte). The rook is ll tht stnds between blck nd disster. The white queen on g is ttcking the blck rook, which the blck knight on c is defending. However, becuse the knight moves in n L shpe, it cn t gurd the bck rnk if it tkes the rook s plce. Figure -: The blck rook, which stnds gurd ginst bck rnk mte, feels the white queen s fury.

125 Chpter : Tctics nd Combintions in Hnd-to-Hnd Combt 0 In Figure -, the white queen scrifices herself by moving to d (. Qd) in order to destroy the gurd (the rook). The blck knight then replces the rook by cpturing the queen (....Nd), s shown in Figure -b, but is unble to perform the rook s gurd duty. Figure -: The knight cn t defend the bck rnk. b Even though white lost queen for rook, the chnce to deliver bck rnk checkmte by moving the white rook to e (. Re+), s shown in Figure -, mkes the scrifice in mteril worthwhile. Figure -: Checkmte! The white rook delivers the bck rnk mte. When your opponent hs piece performing criticl function s blck s rook ws look for wy to eliminte it. Don t be frid to consider ny possibility, even the loss of your queen.

126 0 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How Overloding one piece to mke nother piece vulnerble Sometimes piece or pwn hs too much on its hnds to do everything sked of it nd must choose which responsibility to fulfill. In this cse, the piece is sid to be overloded. When your opponent s piece is overloded, it s just sking for trouble nd for you to put combintion into ction to eploit tht piece. If one piece hs two criticl tsks to perform (defending two different pieces, perhps), you my be ble to cuse it to choose one t the epense of the other. In Figure -, the blck rook on d is overloded: It s chrged with defending the blck queen on d (which is under ttck from the white queen on ) nd the blck pwn on f (which is under ttck by the white bishop nd rook). Figure -: The blck rook on d is overloded. If white cptures the blck queen with its own queen (. Qd), s shown in Figure -, then the rook is forced to bndon its defense of the pwn on f. The rook must cpture the white queen (....Rd), s in Figure -b, to restore mteril blnce.

127 Chpter : Tctics nd Combintions in Hnd-to-Hnd Combt 0 Figure -: The white queen hs diverted the blck rook s ttention from the f pwn. b With the blck rook now on d, no one is left to gurd the f pwn, nd white is free to cpture it. Either the white rook on f or the bishop on b cn do the dirty work (. Rf or. Bf+), s Figure - shows; whtever the cse, the pwn is no more. Figure -: White cn cpture the blck pwn with either the bishop or the rook.

128 0 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How

129 Chpter Scrifices: When It s Better to Give thn to Receive In This Chpter Giving up guy from the get-go: The gmbit Betrying the enemy king: The clssic bishop scrifice Getting bck piece shortly fter scrifice Thinking hed: Scrificing for delyed reprtion If you were single king or queen working two jobs just to send your little pwns to college, you d undoubtedly consider yourself to be mking significnt scrifice. On the chessbord, however, scrifice (rel or otherwise) is simply n intentionl loss of vluble piece. (An unintentionl loss of something of vlue is clled, techniclly, blunder.) Sometimes, however, you my think you re mking scrifice, but you relly ren t. For emple, if you win your opponent s queen t the cost of your knight, it my seem like plin old scrifice. However, tht ssumption isn t quite correct. You my feel s though you re scrificing the knight, but relly you re simply trding it for piece of higher vlue. One of the odd things bout chess is tht every move involves both n dvntge nd disdvntge. You must give up something, whether it be mteril or spce, to get something, such s led in development (see Chpter for more on these elements of chess). So, in the brodest terms, every move in chess gme involves some scrifice. Although speking of scrifice in ny one of the elements in chess is techniclly correct, the most common scrifice by fr is tht of mteril. Specific nd plnned scrifices of certin pieces, t the right time, cn help plyers gin n dvntge. Knights my imple themselves on spers so tht other pieces cn infiltrte behind enemy lines, pwns my throw themselves under

130 0 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How the cvlry s hooves to slow n enemy dvnce, or the queen my tke n rrow ment for the king ll so tht other pieces on the bord my somedy be better off (tht is, on the winning side). The gretest thrill is to scrifice the queen, becuse she s the most powerful piece of ll. Chess plyers tend towrd flir for the drmtic, nd if ny chess plyer cn give up queen nd still bet you, well, just epect gret del of tesing. No true chess ficiondo cn deny tht scrifices rnk mong the most drmtic events in chess gme. Scrifices introduce n imblnce mong positions nd often ct s the proverbil bolt from the blue, just s combintions do (see Chpter for more on combintions, which often involve scrifices). If your opponent mkes scrifice tht you hven t considered, tht move cn be quite unnerving. The best thing to do in this sitution is to tke few moments to compose yourself nd then clmly try to figure out wht s going on nd how best to proceed. The rule of thumb is tht the only wy to refute scrifice is to ccept it! If you don t know wht to do, tke the mteril. In this chpter, I discuss the intentionl scrifice of pwn or piece, either temporry or permnent, which plyer performs in the hope of cpitlizing on some other dvntge nd ultimtely winning the gme. Scrificing for n Edge in Development: The Gmbit In trying to mke chess seem difficult nd mysterious, chess plyers hve long clled common type of scrifice by different term entirely. We refer to scrifices tht occur in the opening phse of the gme s gmbits. Gmbits lmost lwys involve the scrifice of mteril for positionl dvntge. In other words, you trde piece (or more often just pwn) for gin in development (the element of time; see Chpter for detils). The resoning is simple: If you cn get more pieces out into ttcking formtion much more quickly thn your opponent cn, you cn conceivbly win bck the scrificed mteril nd then some while your opponent is scrmbling to ctch up. Gmbits re very populr, but you should lwys keep in mind tht they cn be very dngerous. If you don t secure some compensting dvntge, you ll be stuck with long-term mteril deficit. One of the oldest gmbits in chess is the King s Gmbit, where white s f-pwn is the object of scrifice. A plyer enters into this type of move by using the common double king pwn opening (. e e), where both white nd blck dvnce the king s pwn two squres (see Figure -).

131 Chpter : Scrifices: When It s Better to Give thn to Receive Figure -: The King s Gmbit begins with double king pwn move. White s net move is to dvnce its king s bishop pwn by two squres (. f), where the white pwn thretens nd is itself thretened by the blck e-pwn (s shown in Figure -). Blck cn ccept the gmbit nd win mteril by cpturing the offered f-pwn (....ef); see Figure -b. White cn t immeditely recpture the pwn, mening tht it cn t get even by cpturing the blck pwn tht just took its pwn. Figure -: The white king s bishop puts its life out on the line... nd then loses it. b White ws willing to gmbit pwn in the hopes of securing n dvntge in spce by controlling the center (if blck s e-pwn cptures white s f-pwn, it no longer contests the d squre). Is the element of mteril (white will

132 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How A certin mount of risk is involved in plying gmbit, but the term didn t derive from the word gmbling. It comes from the Itlin word gmbett, which ws wrestling term for tripping Is gmbit gmble? up your opponent by the heels. The gmbit ws first used in its chess sense by Ruy Lopez, Spnish priest nd renowned chess plyer, in. hve one less pwn) more importnt thn the element of spce (white will hve more control of the center)? In chess, this type of question hs no definitive nswer tht s why you ply the gmes nd see how the situtions ply out. As with most gmbits, mny chess plyers hve differences of opinion bout the effectiveness of the King s Gmbit. Some plyers like it, nd some don t. The King s Gmbit is rrely plyed t the highest levels of chess, so tht tells you tht the best plyers don t think it s the best opening choice. However, this gmbit is still dngerous t lower levels, where single mistke by blck cn give white the upper hnd. Giving Up Bishop One of the erliest recorded scrifices ppers in Giocchino Greco s infmous chess hndbook of 9. This move, clled clssic bishop scrifice, hs been used prominently ever since then, nd I dvise the serious chess student to become intimtely wre of this type of scrifice. Nerly every eperienced plyer knows this scrifice, becuse it occurs in prctice reltively often. By tht, I men the scrificil theme occurs in severl stndrd opening vritions. A bishop scrifice is especilly powerful if plyer uses the move to epose the enemy king to ttck. Sometimes this scrifice cn led directly to checkmte, s in the following emple, but often the move just wins bck the mteril with interest. In Greco s clssic bishop scrifice, one plyer scrifices bishop to epose the enemy king to brutl ttck by the queen on d nd knight on f. The white bishop on d hs ccess to the blck king vi the blck pwn on h, nd the white queen on d, long with her knight on f, is prepred to quickly enter the fry. Figure - shows the bsic setup for the clssic bishop scrifice.

133 Chpter : Scrifices: When It s Better to Give thn to Receive Figure -: The bsic setup for the clssic bishop scrifice. To initite the scrifice, the white bishop cptures the pwn on h (. Bh+), putting the enemy king in check (see Figure -). Of course, the blck king cn escpe the check by moving right one squre to h, but if he doesn t cpture the bishop, then he ll hve lost pwn for nothing (see the king s cpture in Figure -b). Figure -: The white bishop becomes mrtyr in order to bring out the blck king. b White is now behind in mteril, hving trded bishop for pwn, or three points for one. (Consult Chpter for the reltive vlue of pieces.) However, this loss in mteril is meningless if white cn deliver checkmte. Net, the knight from f jumps into the ren (. Ng+), putting the blck king in check (see Figure -). The blck bishop on e cn cpture the mruding

134 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How knight on g, but if he does, his fte is seled. White could cpture the bishop with the pwn on h, nd the white rook on h would check the blck king. The white queen would then join the ttck on the net move by moving to the h-file, nd the lights would go out for the blck king. Jumping bck to the sitution t hnd, blck voids this fte by moving its king bck to g (....Kg), s shown in Figure -b. Figure -: The white knight checks the blck king, so the king gets the heck out of the wy. b Even though blck sidestepped one scenrio ending in checkmte, he s still foiled once gin by the relentless dvnce of the white queen to h (. Qh), s shown in Figure -. Checkmte is unvoidble no mtter wht blck does, becuse white will move the queen to h. For emple, if blck moves the f-pwn forwrd to f (....f) then the white queen s net move to h (. Qh#) would be checkmte. Figure -: The blck king senses the smell of deth s the white queen hunts him down.

135 Chpter : Scrifices: When It s Better to Give thn to Receive Immedite Grtifiction: The Temporry Scrifice Chess plyers cll scrifices tht led directly to the win of more mteril pseudo-scrifices or, more commonly, temporry scrifices. This type of scrifice involves n initil loss of mteril but is followed by its immedite, or ner immedite, recovery. The following emple demonstrtes temporry scrifice in prctice. The position is pretty similr to the one in Figure - in the Giving Up Bishop section, but in this cse, white merely wins mteril nd doesn t press on to checkmte (see Figure - for the setup, which hs few subtle differences from the one in the clssic bishop scrifice section). Figure -: The stge is set for temporry scrifice. As in the clssic bishop scrifice, white scrifices its light-squred bishop by cpturing the pwn on h (. Bh+), putting the blck king in check (see Figure -). The blck king then must cpture the bishop (....Kh) or else suffer the uncompensted loss of pwn (see Figure -b). White then brings out the queen to h (. Qh+); in doing so, the queen checks the blck king nd simultneously ttcks the unprotected knight on d (see Figure -9). The blck king is forced to retret to g (....Kg) on the bck rnk (see Figure -9b).

136 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How Figure -: The white bishop sels his own fte. b The blck king s retret enbles the white queen to cpture the knight on d (. Qd), s shown in Figure -0. White thus wins knight nd pwn in echnge for temporrily scrificing the bishop. Figure -9: The white queen thretens two blck pieces, so the blck king hides. b

137 Chpter : Scrifices: When It s Better to Give thn to Receive Figure -0: The white queen cptures the blck knight. A Strtegic Move for the Ptient: The Permnent Scrifice A permnent scrifice is one where the mteril isn t immeditely recovered. Usully, the gol in mking this type of scrifice is strtegic one. One side gives up mteril in order to secure lsting dvntge in nother re, such s spce or development (see Chpter ). These types of scrifices cn t be clculted but re product of intuition nd imgintion nd re wht elevte chess ply to rtistry. In the clssic emple of permnent scrifice, white trdes pwn to disrupt blck s development. In this cse, white isn t simply trding pwn for quick led in development, s it my do with gmbit, but rther for lsting dvntge bsed on blck s difficulty in getting its pieces coordinted. The following emple gives you n ide of how such scrifice my work. Check out the strting position (which is from vrition of the Cro-Khn Defense) in Figure -.

138 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How Figure -: The bord right before white mkes permnent scrifice. To initite the scrifice, white dvnces its pwn on e to e (. e) nd eposes it to cpture (see Figure -). The blck pwn on f then tkes out the white pwn (....fe); see Figure -b. Figure -: A white pwn tkes one for the tem. b In response to its scrifice, white doesn t try to regin the pwn. White simply continues to develop its pieces by moving out the kingside knight to f (. Nf); see Figure -. But hs the white pwn s vlor gone unnoticed? By no mens. Blck s position is now disorgnized thnks to white s scrifice,

139 Chpter : Scrifices: When It s Better to Give thn to Receive 9 nd getting its pieces out to good squres is now going to be difficult. In prticulr, blck hs doubled e-pwns the pwn on e cn t move until the one on e does (see Chpter for more on doubled pwns). So none of blck s pieces cn move onto or through the e squre until both e-pwns re moved. White my need to mke mny dditionl moves to tke dvntge of the scrmbling on blck s end. It s not cler when, or even if, the lost pwn will ever be recovered, which is why the scrifice is clled permnent one. Figure -: White ignores the pwn cpture nd focuses on development. The king of scrifice, Mikhil Tl A grndmster from Rig, Ltvi, Mikhil Tl (9 9) becme world chess chmpion in 90. Tl ws widely populr for his brillint scrificil ply. Describing the detils of his brillincy would tke wy more pge spce thn this book llows, so I recommend tht you check out The Mgic of Mikhil Tl by Joe Gllgher, published by Everymn Chess, to see wht I men. Tl ws so tken with chess tht he supposedly kept sneking out of the hospitl fter hving kidney removed, just to ply in the locl chess club. He ws lso fmous for his intimidting stre. Combined with his bility to seemingly summon scrifices out of the ir in positions where no one else would even consider them, this stre gve Tl n lmost mysticl ur. One grndmster even went so fr s to wer sunglsses during gme to void Tl s evil eye.

140 0 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How

141 Chpter Mstering Mting Ptterns In This Chpter Tking dvntge of king trpped on the bck rnk Delivering checkmte with the queen nd pwn Riding to victory: The queen nd knight Covering ll territory: A bishop nd rook To my knowledge, Dr. Ruth hs never seriously studied mting ptterns in chess, but I think tht everyone interested in the gme should engge most seriously in such study. In cse you re wondering, procretion isn t involved; in chess, mting mens to combine the pieces powers to end up with checkmte, the position tht signls victory (mte, in turn, is short for checkmte). One of the best wys to become fmilir with the powers of ech piece on the chessbord is to try to checkmte lone king with ech of them in turn. You quickly discover tht even with the help of the king, neither the knight nor the bishop cn ccomplish checkmte without the id of nother piece, but the rook nd the queen cn (s long s the king helps them, of course). Some mtes occur frequently or re otherwise well known in chess literture, nd these re generlly referred to s mting ptterns. Most strong plyers hve committed slew of mting ptterns to memory. Memorizing such ptterns mkes clculting moves much esier, so I highly recommend tht every chess plyer become fmilir with t lest some of the ptterns described in this chpter. These ptterns occur gin nd gin in chess, nd nothing is quite like the feeling of seeing one pop up in one of your own gmes. Or, on the other hnd, if you know pttern, you cn figure out wht moves to ply in order to get to it. You re either ecsttic to spot wy to checkmte your foe or downcst when you relize tht you re the one cught in the net. For more informtion on mting nd mting ptterns, I recommend The Art of Attck by Vldimir Vukovic. Most of wht I know bout the subject I lerned from tht book.

142 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How Bewre the scholr s mte Beginners re frequently seduced by the power of the queen nd move her erly nd often. This tendency is unfortuntely reinforced in their minds when they lern of the scholr s mte (mte is shorthnd for checkmte). The scholr s mte is one of the shortest mtes possible, but you cn esily defend ginst it. First, both plyers dvnce the pwns in front of their kings (. e e). Net, they both develop their bishops to centrlized squre (. Bc Bc). See the following two figures for the illustrtion. Third, white brings out its queen to ttck severl blck pwns (. Qh), nd blck s knight (....Nc) defends the pwn in the center of the bord which is the wrong pwn to defend! Observe the suspenseful scenrio in the following two figures.

143 Chpter : Mstering Mting Ptterns White delivers checkmte (. Qf#)! Blck s king is trpped, with nowhere to move nd no one to help him. See the following figure. The blck king cn't simply cpture the ttcking white queen becuse this bishop supports her. The scholr s mte isn t dngerous strtegy. Here s just one ide tht prevents white from eecuting its pln. By moving the knight out before the bishop, blck not only tkes wy the queen move, but lso thretens the dvnced white pwn (see the following figure). White would be frustrted on the second move! The white queen would be cptured (by the blck knight) if plced here.

144 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How Bewre the Unprotected Bck Rnk: Bck Rnk Mtes The first mting pttern nd by fr the most common is the bck rnk mte, which involves n unprotected bck rnk nd trpped king on tht rnk. After the king cstles (see Chpter 9), he s often under the protection of three pwns positioned directly in front of him. Sometimes, however, these protectors become turncots the pwns protect their king but lso trp him (see Figure -). The difference in the two sides positions in Figure - is tht the white rook protects the white bck rnk but the blck rook isn t protecting its own bck rnk. Figure -: The blck king is trpped on the bck rnk with no one to protect him. White tkes dvntge of the unprotected bck rnk by moving its rook to d nd checkmting the blck king (. Rd#); see Figure -. Figure -: The white rook checkmtes blck with ese. The blck king is trpped!

145 Chpter : Mstering Mting Ptterns If the turn to move hd been blck s, blck could ve voided the checkmte by moving ny of the pwns forwrd nd giving its king some room to move. Pir the Hevy nd the Light: Queen nd Pwn Mtes The queen cn t deliver checkmte without help but cn do so with the id of even single pwn. Mny chess gmes hve been decided by vrition of this theme. First I show you the simplest form, which I ve set up for you in Figure -, nd then I eplin more complicted but common version. Figure -: The blck king hs nowhere to flee. Of course, white is queen hed in this scenrio nd should win in ny cse, but the point is to concentrte forces on the cluster round the blck king. The position in Figure - illustrtes typicl queen nd pwn mting pttern. The blck king cn t escpe nd cn t void white s thret to deliver checkmte. Becuse it s white s turn, the queen moves to g nd puts blck in check (. Qg#); see Figure -. Blck hs no open squres to move to, nd becuse the white pwn on f is protecting the queen, the blck king cn t cpture the queen checkmte! The pttern in Figures - nd - lso occurs where the dvnced white pwn is on h nd the queen is on f. The queen cn still deliver checkmte on g. Now for the more complicted version: In, Portuguese pothecry nmed Dmino published study of the queen nd pwn mting pttern. The study concludes with clssic queen nd pwn mte nd is known s Dmino s mte.

146 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How Figure -: The white queen secures checkmte. The mting pttern is essentilly the sme s in the first emple the king is trpped behind combintion of white nd blck pwns (see Figure -). Figure -: Dmino s mte begins with king trpped behind some pwns. After white recognizes the mting pttern, finding the rther shocking rook scrifice (where the rook scrifices his life for the greter good; see Chpter ) is esy. In Figure -, white scrifices the rook on h by moving it to h (. Rh+) nd putting the enemy king in check. Becuse the blck king hs no other legl move, he s forced to cpture the rook (....Kh) in order to escpe the check; see Figure -b.

147 Chpter : Mstering Mting Ptterns Figure -: White scrifices rook. b The ide behind this prticulr rook scrifice is tht the rook cn t deliver checkmte from h, but the queen cn. (The pwn on g would protect queen on h. The trick is figuring out how to get her there.) This ide leds white to consider how best to get the queen into position without giving blck ny time to redy countermove. The concept of clering the rooks out of the wy to enble the queen to deliver checkmte is now chess stndrd. Chess plyers now cll such moves clernce scrifices (see Chpter for more on the combintion involving the clernce scrifice). In Figure -, white checks the king by moving the rook on f to h (. Rh+). Blck hs only one move in order to escpe the check nd moves bck to g (....Kg), where it ws before the rook cpture (see Figure -b). Figure -: White gin checks the blck king with rook. b

148 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How Now white performs nother rook scrifice by moving the rook to h (. Rh+), s in Figure -, to cler the pth for the queen long the first rnk; see Figure -. Blck must cpture the rook (....Kh), just s before; see Figure -b. Figure -: White performs rook scrifice number two. b Now the white queen cn move to the h-file (. Qh+) nd put the blck king in check, s Figure -9 shows. In response, blck must move bck to where it cme from, g (....Kg); see Figure -9b. Figure -9: The white queen tkes her turn t giving check. b After ll this shuffling round, wht hs white ccomplished? For strters, white hs lost two rooks! However, in this cse, mteril doesn t mtter.

149 Chpter : Mstering Mting Ptterns 9 White s net move is to dvnce the queen to h (. Qh#), which is under the protection of the pwn on g, nd declre checkmte see Figure -0. Figure -0: White delivers checkmte. Queen nd pwn mtes occur infrequently t the higher levels of chess competitions becuse both sides know them so well. At lower-level competitions, however, these queen nd pwn mting ptterns my not be well known t ll. Therefore, Dmino s mte cn be n importnt wepon to hve in your rsenl s you begin your chess dventures! Mount Her Royl Highness: Queen nd Knight Mtes The queen nd knight re especilly powerful in mting combintions. This cpbility hs something to do with the fct tht the knight hs powers tht the queen doesn t, nd the two pieces re perfect complements so they join forces in severl wys to produce mting ptterns. Figure - shows the beginning of common mting pttern with queen nd knight. The knight nd queen re both ttcking h, nd the thret is checkmte on white s net move of the queen to h (. Qh#). Notice tht moving either pwn wouldn t help blck, becuse the queen s move to h would still be checkmte. Blck s only chnce to escpe checkmte is to move the suffocting rook wy to c (....Rc), s shown in Figure -b.

150 0 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How Figure -: The white queen nd knight re redy to checkmte blck. b The rook retret only prolongs the gony, however, s white still delivers check by moving the queen to h (. Qh+), s shown in Figure -. The blck king is forced to move to f (....Kf) to escpe check; see Figure -b. Note tht the role of the knight is primrily to support the queen s incursion into the blck king s position by defending h. Figure -: The white queen puts the blck king in check, nd ll the king cn do is try to run. b The blck king is stuck on the eighth rnk, so the white queen now delivers checkmte by moving to h (. Qh#); see Figure -.

151 Chpter : Mstering Mting Ptterns Figure -: The white queen delivers checkmte. The queen nd knight cn combine to deliver checkmte in other wys s well. One combintion in prticulr is known s the smothered mte, where one poor king s own pieces help trp him. The smothered mte is bit rrer in prctice thn the other queen nd knight mtes but is still worth knowing. If you get chnce to deliver checkmte in this wy, consider yourself to be etremely cool. In Figure -, the white queen on c is putting the blck king on g in check, so the king must move. If the blck king moves one squre to the left, net to the rook, white s queen could deliver checkmte t once by moving the queen to f, directly in front of the blck king. Note how in tht event, the knight (on g) would once gin be supporting the queen. So blck tries to escpe the thret by moving the king into the corner on squre h (....Kh), s Figure -b shows. Figure -: The white queen puts blck in check, so the blck king hides in the corner. b

152 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How The white knight jumps to f (. Nf+), s shown in Figure -, putting the blck king in check nd forcing him bck to where he strted (....Kg); see Figure -b. Figure -: The white knight gives check, nd the blck king is bck t squre one. b The knight then moves to h (. Nh++), delivering double check. (Double check occurs if the king is ttcked by two pieces t once, in this cse, the white queen nd knight see Figure -.) This type of check is very powerful, becuse it forces the king to move. Blck hs no wy to block both checks or cpture both checking pieces. The king finds himself forced bck into the corner (....Kh), s shown in Figure -b. Figure -: The white knight delivers double check with the queen. b Now white s net move my seem quite bizrre if you don t know the smothered mte pttern the white queen scrifices herself by moving to g

153 Chpter : Mstering Mting Ptterns (. Qg+), s shown in Figure -. In doing so, however, the queen llows the knight to eventully deliver checkmte. The white knight gurds the queen on g, so the blck king cn t cpture her. The piece tht blck does use to cpture the queen the knight or the rook doesn t mtter, becuse checkmte follows in either cse. In this emple, blck tkes the queen with the rook (....Rg); see Figure -b. Figure -: The white queen scrifices herself so her knight cn eventully stel the show. b The white knight then trots to f (. Nf#), declring checkmte, s shown in Figure -. Figure -: In honor of the former queen, the white knight boldly gives checkmte.

154 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How Crete Stemroller with the Bishop nd Rook In ddition to the queen nd knight, the other two powerful pieces the rook nd bishop mke gret mting combo. The two pieces complement one nother becuse the rook controls files nd rnks while the bishop controls digonls. Morphy s mte, nmed fter Pul Morphy, is n emple of the bishop nd rook working well together in mting pttern. Morphy ws one of the gretest ttcking plyers of ll time. He plyed some of the most beutiful gmes in chess history nd introduced chess mvens to more thn one mting pttern. (See more on him in the sidebr, Pul Morphy: The pride nd sorrow of chess. ) The strting position for this mting pttern is shown in Figure -9. Don t worry bout the piece count in this emple; just concentrte on the mting pttern of the bishop nd rook. Figure -9: Morphy s mte. From the strting position, white mkes surprising move to inevitbly produce checkmte. By cpturing the blck bishop on f with the queen (. Qf), s shown in Figure -0, white forces the blck pwn on g to cpture the queen (....gf); see Figure -0b. Otherwise, the white queen could tke tht pwn, which is protecting the blck king, on the net move. (Note how the bishop on b is providing support long tht long digonl.)

155 Chpter : Mstering Mting Ptterns Figure -0: The white queen scrifices herself to drw the blck king s pwn wy. b This move by blck cretes line to the blck king long the now open g-file. The rook on heds for g (. Rg+) to put the king in check (see Figure -), forcing the blck king into the corner (....Kh); see Figure -b. Figure -: The white rook checks the blck king, who s forced to skedddle. b With the rook gurding the g-file, white then delivers checkmte by cpturing the blck pwn on f with the bishop (. Bf#), leving no chnce of escpe for the blck king see Figure -.

156 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How Figure -: The rook nd bishop tg tem to deliver checkmte. Pul Morphy: The pride nd sorrow of chess Born in New Orlens, Pul Morphy ( ) hd truly meteoric chess creer. At young ge, he burst upon the interntionl scene nd defeted ll comers in scintillting fshion. His gmes were models of rpid development nd ttck. Morphy ws gifted in other fields s well. He erned his lw degree before the ge of but ws too young to prctice he believed tht he ws simply mrking time plying chess until he becme old enough to prctice lw. In regrd to his tlents, his memory ws so gret tht he could recite much of the Civil Code of Louisin verbtim. Sdly, however, Morphy s descent from the top ws s brupt s his rise. At the height of his powers nd fme, he bndoned the gme nd grew incresingly withdrwn. He ws sid to hve suffered from persecution comple nd died lonely deth. Myths hve been built up surrounding the chess gret to ccount for his behvior, including unrequited love nd bitterness t being snubbed by n elder chmpion. Unfortuntely, the truth is more likely prosic, if sd, cse of mentl illness.

157 Chpter Building Pttern Recognition In This Chpter Knowing why nd how to look hed Anlyzing your pwn regiment Prepring in dvnce for the endgme One of the gret myths surrounding the gme of chess is tht you must be humn clculting mchine to ply the gme. A certin mount of clcultion is involved in ny chess gme, of course, but chess plyers primrily rely on pttern recognition (the bility to spot similr configurtions of pieces nd pwns) nd on intuition to choose their moves. They rrely tell you this fct, becuse most of the time the process is subconscious. If you sk them why they plyed this move insted of tht one, they often reply, I just knew wht the right move ws or something eqully unenlightening. If you re unfmilir with chess, ll positions on the chessbord probbly pper eqully chotic to you. If, however, you ve seen scores nd scores of gmes, the significnce of mny reltive positions mong chess pieces is understndble t glnce. Some chess ficiondos hve likened this building up of store of recognizble ptterns to sort of chess vocbulry. The words of ny non-ntive lnguge seem unfmilir to you t first eposure, but fter you build your vocbulry, you understnd mny words, terms, nd concepts in the lnguge without ny conscious thought t ll. Tht generl ide is pretty much the sme in chess. In this chpter, I eplin how chess is ll bout pttern recognition. As you become fmilir with such tctics s the pin or the fork (see Chpter ), you re ctully lerning to recognize pttern. As you study mting ptterns (Chpter ), you build up store of knowledge tht cn help you during ply. You suddenly foresee possible moves much erlier in the gme, nd you ply tht much better. More importntly, if you cn remember the ins nd outs of few ptterns of pwn structures, your ply in the opening nd erly middlegme becomes much more coherent nd pointed. Finlly, by developing your technique in the endgme, you dd the lst piece to the puzzle of plying well-rounded gme of chess.

158 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How Reserchers hve conducted eperiments to demonstrte the notion of chess s lnguge, using smpling of people of widely different chess strengths. The scientists involved in these eperiments eposed plyers to severl different chess setups consisting of both rndom positions nd ctul gmelike positions. Ech eposure lsted for only few seconds t time. The reserchers then sked the subjects to reconstruct the vrious positions s the plyers Pvlov s plyers remembered them. The stronger plyers scored much better in reconstructing the ctul gmelike positions thn did the weker plyers, but this dvntge on the prt of the better plyers virtully disppered when they ttempted to reconstruct the rndom positions. The conclusion? If you tke wy plyer s knowledge bse bout chess by removing ny resemblnce to ctul gme positions, you lso tke wy tht plyer s pprent superiority in recll. Anlyzing Chess Positions nd Looking Ahed Strong plyers cn quickly evlute mny types of positions becuse they ve seen similr positions before. Of course, most positions in chess hve their own quirks or involve other vribles tht require specific clcultions to truly understnd them, but chess plyers strt from bse of common knowledge bout the gme nd work out the vritions from there. You cn, therefore, zero in on reltively few moves to study seriously, which gretly reduces the mount of ctul clcultion. Processing nd nlyzing chess positions does seem to be one of those leftbrin right-brin things. People who re good t sptil reltionships seem ble to bsorb the ptterns in chess bit esier thn those who ren t so good in this re. Sptilly oriented plyers build up their chess vocbulries more rpidly nd become fluent in the lnguge of chess much erlier thn do their nonsptilly oriented brethren. True pttern recognition skills, however, come mostly from eperience with the gme. After you see enough different positions on the chessbord, you begin to just know wht kinds of moves you should consider, lmost without conscious thought, nd you don t bother looking t ll the lterntives. Almost every chess mster hs herd this question: How mny moves cn you see hed? One mster nswered, Only one. The best one. This sttement contins t lest kernel of truth. I lwys nswer, It depends. If you wnt to know whether I clculte ll the possibilities in ny given position, however, the nswer is definite no. If you wnt to know how mny moves hed I cn see in ny one prticulr sequence, the nswer is tht in some cses, I cn see quite fr, nd in other cses, I cn see only very few moves hed. If the position is of forcing nture, which mens tht my opponent s

159 Chpter : Building Pttern Recognition 9 Alender Kotov (9 ), former Soviet chmpion, wrote very fmous book clled Think Like Grndmster. (Well, the book is fmilir to most chess plyers, t lest.) In the English trnsltion, Kotov introduces plyers to the concepts of the tree of nlysis nd cndidte moves. You cn t climb the tree of nlysis, but you cn understnd its roots. You cn meet ech move tht your opponent mkes with one of severl replies, nd your opponent my in turn respond to ech reply with ny of severl other moves. The lterntive moves vilble to you nd your opponent brnch out nd quickly msk the forest for ll the trees. Kotov tught tht in order to reduce the bushiness of the tree nd to better enble plyers to see frther hed in their moves (s well s The tree of nlysis nticipte n opponent s moves), you first need to settle on which moves re the cndidte moves. Cndidte moves re those moves tht you intend to emine closely bsed on your intuition. First you look round nd use your intuition to figure out which moves re the importnt ones, nd only then do you begin to clculte concrete vritions. You must, ccording to Kotov, emine ech cndidte before mking your finl selection. Cndidte moves re chosen by combintion of intuition nd judgment. The choices you mke in determining these moves get better with eperience. The clcultion of concrete vritions is more like work, but it, too, gets better with prctice. The more you prctice these spects of your gme (s well s ll others), the better you get s chess plyer. moves re highly predictble, nd I recognize the pttern, then I cn clculte bout dozen moves hed, sometimes more. The more ptterns tht I recognize, the frther hed I cn clculte my moves. Picking Up on Pwn Formtions The esiest ptterns to recognize, besides mting ptterns (hed bck to Chpter ), re pwn formtions, which re often referred to s the pwn structure. When I spek of pwn formtions, I men the positioning of the white pwns in reltionship to the blck pwns, nd vice vers. Most msters cn come cross gme in progress nd mke n educted guess s to how tht gme begn simply by looking t the current pwn structure. They cn do this becuse pwns re reltively immobile, nd it s difficult to rdiclly lter their positioning from one phse of the gme to the net. By virtue of their reltively fied nture, the pwns tell you where to put your pieces, where to ttck, nd where to gurd ginst ttck. Becuse the pwns cn t be s esily repositioned s the pieces, much of the middlegme s strtegy, where the bulk of the bttle occurs, revolves round pwn formtions, nd

160 0 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How the mny slightly differing endings tht rise from these formtions re tied together by common threds so understnding pwn formtions is pretty drned importnt to your gme. I lerned bout pwn structures from book by the gret Americn chmpion Ruben Fine (9 9) clled The Ides Behind the Chess Openings. A more modern book tht dels with this topic is Pwn Structure Chess by Andy Soltis nd is vilble through ny of the mil-order houses listed in Appendi B. Studying the pwn formtions common to few opening systems gives you the knowledge of generl strtegy tht guides you in the selection of specific moves t every turn. Becuse lerning every opening in chess is impossible, most plyers concentrte on one or two openings to use when plying white nd then couple more when plying blck. If you fmilirize yourself with the formtions, you cn usully choose good moves if not lwys the very best moves. (I cover the bsics on pwn formtions here, but I go into more detil with more dvnced formtions in Chpter 9.) The French Defense nd the pwn chin The pwn formtion tht I understnd best rises from n opening clled the French Defense. The French Defense, or simply the French, gined its modern nme in, when Pris tem used the opening to defet London tem in correspondence mtch. Figure - shows the strting position for the French Defense. White (the English) opens the gme by moving out the king s pwn on e two squres to e (. e). Blck (the French) responds by moving out its king s pwn on e one squre to e (....e). The ide behind the French Defense is to strike bck t white s center pwn in order to contest white s control of the center. The first move provides support for the intended second move. After white dvnces the other center pwn on d two squres to d (. d), blck follows suit, moving the d pwn to d (....d); see Figure -b. Blck hs now estblished pwn chin, which is the wy chess plyers refer to pwns tht re linked together, on the squres f, e, nd d. Now mny lterntives re vilble to white, but one vrition in prticulr provides the best opportunity to discuss pwn formtions. By dvncing the pwn on e to e (. e), white butts heds with blck nd cretes pwn chin on squres d nd e, s shown in Figure -. Pwn chins occur in mny gmes, nd the bility to correctly mnge such chins is one of the keys to plying chess well. Aron Nimzowitsch, gret epert in the French Defense, tught chess plyers to ttck pwn chin t its bse. If the bse is destroyed, the entire chin is wekened.

161 Chpter : Building Pttern Recognition Figure -: In the French Defense opening, white occupies two center squres to blck s one. b Armed with Nimzowitsch s insight, you cn esily predict the most usul response by blck, n dvnce of the pwn on c (....c) to ttck the white pwn on d, the bse of the chin see Figure -b. Figure -: White cretes pwn chin, nd blck pwn moves in to ttck the bse. b Attcking n dvnced pwn chin ggressively, erly nd often, is vitl. If you don t ttck the chin this wy, then your opponent gins n dvntge in spce the e pwn is dvnced nd uses tht dvntge to mount n ttck. Then you re too crmped, mening your pieces don t hve enough mneuvering room, to meet the ttck unless you first go bout chipping wy t the chin. White s net move is esy to understnd if you think in terms of the strength of pwn chins (see Figure -). When the white pwn on c moves out to c (. c), white estblishes n even longer pwn chin, the bse of which lies deep in white territory nd thus is very difficult to ttck. Blck s strtegy is

162 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How to now move the knight on b out to c (....Nc), with the intent of continuing to ttck the center pwn on d nd trying to brek the chin prt, s shown in Figure -b. Figure -: White etends the pwn chin, nd blck knight ttempts to brek it prt. b White knows ectly wht blck is trying to ccomplish nd brings up reinforcements, in the form of its own knight (. Nf), to protect the thretened center pwn on d (see Figure -). Blck s net move my seem strnge unless you understnd the strtegy involved. Once gin, the gol is to ttck vulnerble point in the chin, the very sme point tht the blck pwn nd blck knight re ttcking nd tht the white pwn nd white knight re defending. The strtegy in the French Defense revolves round the ttck nd defense of this single point. To continue the ttck, the blck queen on d moves to b (....Qb), position tht further supports the ttck on this point (see Figure -b). The queen ttcks this strtegic point by throwing her weight behind the blck pwn. Figure -: The white knight responds to blck s ttck, so the blck queen emerges in fury. b

163 Chpter : Building Pttern Recognition At this point, white s options re mny, but they ll revolve round the ttck nd defense of the pwn chin. If white secures the chin, then this success will led to white dvntge in spce, becuse the chin is so dvnced (see Chpter for discussion of spce). As result of this spce dvntge, white s pieces will hve more options thn blck s, nd unless blck is very resourceful white my be ble to mke threts tht blck will be unble to defend ginst. Blck, on the other hnd, will continue to try to undermine the pwn chin. If the pwn chin is wekened for emple, if the bse is esily ttcked then white s pieces will be forced to defend it. These defending pieces my then become pssive (doing little else but gurd duty). Pssive pieces generlly become less powerful thn ctive ones, nd if blck is successful in mking white s pieces tke up pssive positions, it will soon be blck s turn to become ggressive nd lunch n ttck. This bck-nd-forth tug-of-wr over key points is wht fills chess gme with tension. Whoever chieves the short-term gol of securing (or undermining) the pwn chin will then be ble to turn his or her ttention to long-term gol, such s winning mteril. After the French Defense: Typicl pwn formtions From the erly opening on, wide vriety of options re open to both plyers regrding pwn ply. The plyers cn choose to echnge pwns, ttck pwns with pieces or with other pwns, or protect pwns with pieces or other pwns. Regrdless of these choices, however, the resulting pwn formtions lwys boil down to mngeble size. After you become fmilir with these formtions, the best thing for you to do is to tke look t some mster gmes tht include them. You my begin to pprecite some moves the msters mke tht previously my hve mystified you. Soon you hve hndle on how to ply these formtions no mtter wht choices your opponent mkes, nd no move ny opponent cn mke will ever frek you out! The first of the typicl pwn formtions tht stem from the French Defense opening nd tht I wnt you to consider in this section is the most bsic one. In this section, I use the figures to show you only the pwns to best drw ttention to the formtions themselves (see Figure -). Of course, the pieces re still n importnt prt of the strtegy, but I ve tken them out of the pictures just to help you see these formtions clerly.

164 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How Figure -: The typicl pwn structure following the French Defense opening. In the bsic position in Figure -, ply revolves round the ttck nd defense of the pwn on d. Sometimes, white bndons the point by cpturing the blck pwn on c with the d pwn (. dc) to whip up speedy ttck. Blck then cptures the white pwn on c with piece (which, for the ske of these pwn illustrtions, is still invisible). The resulting pwn formtion is shown in Figure -. Blck could then begin n ttck on the dvnced pwn on e, which is suddenly shorn of its protector, forcing white to find new wy to defend it. Figure -: The white pwn chin is broken. This pwn hs lost its protector! The white pwn tht ws here cptured the blck pwn... but ws cptured in turn by blck piece! White will need to either use piece to defend the dvnced e-pwn (nd remember, pieces don t like gurd duty they d rther be off ttcking something) or bring up nother pwn, f, to serve s defender. If white tkes the ltter course, the resulting formtion my look like the one shown in Figure -. Blck my then strike t the hed of the pwn chin by moving the f-pwn to f, creting structure tht looks like the one shown in Figure -b.

165 Chpter : Building Pttern Recognition Figure -: White estblishes new chin. b The pwns my or my not cpture one nother, but two different types of formtions could result if they did. If the white pwn cptures the blck pwn (ef), nd blck piece cptures the white pwn on f on blck s net turn, then the structure will look like the one in Figure - (but remember, the pieces on this series of bords re still invisible). Figure -: The white pwn cptured the blck pwn nd then ws cptured by blck piece. The white pwn moved to cpture the blck pwn nd ws cptured by blck piece. If, on the other hnd, white doesn t choose to cpture the blck pwn nd mkes some other move insted (which I hven t shown for the ske of keeping the focus on the pwn formtion only), nother sitution is possible. The blck pwn cn cpture the white pwn (fe), nd white cn cpture bck (or s chess plyers sy, recpture). The structure would look like the one in Figure -9.

166 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How Figure -9: The white pwn on e hs recptured the blck pwn. This white pwn hs cptured the blck pwn tht just cptured the dvnced white pwn. Of course, white cn employ whole different strtegy, going ll the wy bck to Figure -. White doesn t hve to bndon the chin with the cpture of the blck pwn on c. If white plys in this mnner, blck my echnge pwns (blck cptures pwn with pwn, cd, nd white lso cptures pwn with pwn, cd). The bse of the chin would then be on d. The formtion could then look like the one shown in Figure -0. Figure -0: After the blck pwn cptures white pwn, the c pwn cptures tht blck pwn. After the blck pwn cptures white pwn, this white pwn cptures it.

167 Eyeing the Endgme Ptterns Chpter : Building Pttern Recognition Certin types of endings will be won, lost, stlemted, or drwn depending both on how they objectively should ply out nd on your bility to recognize certin endgme ptterns s they pper. You cn try to figure out which endgme ptterns work nd which don t right t the chessbord s you ply... or you cn lern bout these ptterns beforehnd in the privcy of your own home. (I recommend the ltter.) After you dd number of these ptterns to your repertoire, epect to notice big jump in your plying strength. Endgme ptterns re n importnt, but often neglected, re of chess n re tht ll plyers need to understnd. Ineperienced plyers, however, my simply think tht they cn worry bout the end of the gme when nd if they get there. Such thinking is flwed for mny resons, primrily becuse of the enormous difficulty involved in inventing (or more precisely, reinventing) the correct line of ply s you rech tht portion of the gme which you re likely to need to do if you ve neglected to study your endgmes. And, of course, most plyers find etremely helpful the bility to determine whether certin endgme pttern is likely to end in win, drw, or loss before going into it. Mny of the decisions you mke in your middlegme re likely to depend on your knowledge of these ptterns. (For emple, should I trde queens nd go into the ending, or keep the queens on the bord nd go for n ttck?) The good news, however, is tht you don t hve to study ll the vrious endgme ptterns tht re vilble especilly if ll you wnt is to enjoy plying chess. If, however, your gol is to become chess mster, you need to mster the endgme. Note: Endgme ptterns re not to be confused with mting ptterns mting ptterns cn occur in either the middlegme or the endgme. An outstnding introduction to endgme ptterns is Chess Endings: Essentil Knowledge by Yuri Averbkh, published by Everymn Chess. The endgme pttern known s Lucen s position ws first recorded in the oldest surviving book on chess, written in 9 by Luis Lucen. This pttern, with its two methods of ply, is only one of mny such endgme ptterns you

168 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How cn use to strengthen your gme. Building your chess vocbulry with this nd other endgme ptterns, however, requires gret del of study. And s is true of study in ny other field, mstering the subject mtter tkes work. Figure - shows the strting lineup for Lucen s position. Figure -: Lucen s position. In this endgme pttern, white is trying to queen its pwn on d (which mens dvncing the pwn to the lst rnk nd converting it to new queen; see Chpter 0 for this specil move known s pwn promotion), nd blck is trying to prevent tht from hppening. If blck cn keep the pwn from queening, then the gme ends in drw, becuse tht is the only decisive dvntge either side hs. If white cn force the blck rook on c to scrifice itself to prevent the pwn from queening, white cn then use the king nd rook to force checkmte, using mting pttern described in Chpter. Lucen demonstrted two methods to induce win for white in this position. The first method is probbly the esiest, but you relly need to know both methods becuse peculir rrngement of pieces sometimes forces you to use one insted of the other. As such, I eplin both methods in the following two sections. Trnsferring the rook The first ide is for white to trnsfer the rook on f to the eighth rnk, specificlly to c in two steps in order to support the dvnce of the d pwn to d. The first step in the trnsfer is shown in Figure -, when the white rook slides left to (. R). Blck responds by bringing the king on g closer to the pwn, to f (....Kf); see Figure -b.

169 Chpter : Building Pttern Recognition 9 Figure -: The white rook heds for the eighth rnk, nd the blck king pproches the pwn. b White now trnsfers the rook on to the eighth rnk (. R); see Figure -. Blck mrks time with the rook becuse it hs nothing better to do, moving it down to c (....Rc); see Figure -b. Notice tht if blck uses its king to ttck the pwn by moving him to e, then the blck king ctully serves s shield for white s king. The white king could then move in front of the blck king to e, llowing the pwn to queen on the net move (note tht the blck king would block the blck rook from checking the white king). Figure -: White secures position on the eighth rnk, nd blck mrks time. b White ttcks the blck rook by moving the rook on to c (. Rc), s shown in Figure -, forcing the blck rook to move off the c-file. The blck rook, therefore, hs nothing better to do thn ttck the white pwn, so he moves to d (....Rd); see Figure -b. This strtegy cretes n escpe route for the white king, becuse white is now in control of the c-file.

170 0 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How Figure -: The white rook forces the blck rook to move. b The white king moves to c (. Kc), which the blck rook no longer ttcks, nd in turn clers the wy for the dvnce of the d pwn to the lst rnk, s shown in Figure -. Blck must now check the king to prevent the pwn from queening, so the d rook moves to c (....Rc+); see Figure -b. If, insted, the blck king pproched the pwn gin (....Ke), white could win by checking the king with the rook, supported by the pwn. This would force the king to retret nywhere, llow the pwn to queen, nd force blck to give up the rook for the pwn, leving white with rook nd king versus rook. The mte with king nd rook versus king is demonstrted in Chpter. Figure -: The white king gets out of the pwn s wy, nd blck checks the white king. b The white king pproches the blck rook by moving to b nd out of check (. Kb), s shown in Figure -. Blck cn continue checking the king with the rook but only until the king dvnces fr enough to ttck the rook. At tht point, blck must surrender the rook for the pwn nd eventully get checkmted.

171 Chpter : Building Pttern Recognition Figure -: The white king mrches towrd the blck rook, but blck s defet is inevitble. Building bridge The second winning method using Lucen s position is often clled building bridge. In this method, white uses the rook to shield the king from checks by the blck rook. The strting pttern for building bridge is the Lucen position (refer to Figure -). From there, the first step is for white to move the rook to the fourth rnk (. Rf), s shown in Figure -. (The reson for this move becomes cler by the end of this emple.) Becuse the blck rook hs nothing better to do, it cn only mrk time in one of severl wys (in this cse,....rc), none of which ffect the ultimte outcome (see Figure -b). Figure -: The white rook tkes stock on the fourth rnk, nd blck mrks time. b

172 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How White s king now comes out from under the cover of the pwn (. Ke), s Figure - shows. The best defense vilble to blck is to constntly hrss the white king, so blck then checks the white king by moving the rook to the e-file (Re+); see Figure -b. Figure -: The white king rers his hed, nd blck puts him in check. b The king moves onto the sme file s the pwn (. Kd), s shown in Figure -9. Blck checks the king gin (....Rd+); see Figure -9b. Figure -9: The white king nd blck rook continue to ply ct nd mouse. b White moves the king wy (. Ke) nd still protects the pwn (see Figure -0). Blck checks the king gin (....Re+), s Figure -0b shows.

173 Chpter : Building Pttern Recognition Figure -0: The white king protects his pwn, but blck won t let him go. b White dvnces the king towrd the blck rook (. Kd), gin moving out of check (see Figure -). Blck gives check one lst time (....Rd+); see Figure -b. Figure -: You guessed it: The white king moves, nd the blck rook follows. b White then builds the bridge, which is phrse coined by Aron Nimzowitsch, by covering the king with the rook (. Rd); see Figure -. Now the reson why white moved the rook to the fourth rnk bck in Figure - is finlly cler: The rook cn now shield the king from further checks.

174 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How Figure -: The white rook completes the bridge, leving the pwn free to queen.

175 Chpter 9 Recognizing Pwn Formtions In This Chpter Understnding why pwn formtions mtter Setting up the most common ones Identifying the strengths nd weknesses of certin formtions When you first strt to ply chess, it my seem s though the pwns re just in the wy of the rel pieces. You might only move them becuse you hve to in order to get the big guys (nd gl) involved. You my lso be thinking tht those pesky pwns move bout the bord rther stuffily fter ll, they re only llowed to move forwrd nd often only one squre t time. They my be in the wy nd slow, but they still hve huge influence on the gme. (See more bout their influence nd structure in Chpter.) In this chpter, you eplore severl tried-nd-true pwn formtions tht you cn use to your dvntge. After you understnd where the pieces ought to go to complement these different pwn formtions, you re well on your wy to plying good gme of chess. Some pwn formtions re specific to n opening or defense, but they cn theoreticlly occur for either white or blck. Eploring the Powers of Pwn Formtions A pwn formtion, which is group of pwns working together, cn mke big difference in the wy gme plys out. Eperienced plyers cn often look t gme in progress nd correctly identify the gme s opening moves. They cn do so becuse some openings regulrly produce the sme types of pwn formtions. In lrge prt, these formtions determine wht the optiml piece plcement should be in the gme, providing, in effect, guide for subsequent ply. Didn t know tht pwns hd such power? The good news is tht you don t hve to figure out where the pwns go ll by yourself. Some specific formtions stnd the test of time. The bd news is tht you cn t lwys choose the formtion you wnt. Your opponent hs some sy in the mtter, too, becuse how he or she plys ffects the choices you hve. For tht reson, you should t lest be somewht fmilir with multiple types of pwn formtions.

176 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How Seeing how pwn formtions cn ffect gme Becuse pwns re more sttionry thn the rest of the chess pieces they cn t bck up, nd they normlly sty in the sme plce for while recovering from mistken pwn move is difficult. So moving them is importnt. When you know where the pwns go to crete formtions, you hve good ide of where the other pieces should go to complement them. You lso hve insight into which pieces you wnt to keep nd which ones you wnt to get rid of. Figure 9- shows typicl position in the dvnced vrition of the French Defense (see Chpter for the bsics on tht opening) fter the opening pwn moves (. e e. d d; flip to Chpter if you need help deciphering the nottion in this chpter). The chin of blck pwns on light squres gretly restricts the mobility of the blck light-squre bishop, which mkes tht piece less vluble. These pwns block blck s light-squre bishop. Figure 9-: The bishop is hemmed in. You cn lredy see why the pwn formtion is importnt. A piece s power is bsed on its mobility, nd white s light-squre bishop is much more mobile thn blck s, which is hemmed in behind its own pwns. Blck should try to trde the two bishops, eliminting both, to free up some mobility, but white should try to void such n echnge. Why give up strong piece for weker one?

177 Chpter 9: Recognizing Pwn Formtions Beginners sometimes check their opponents s soon s possible, but doing so is often mistke. For emple, white cn give check by moving its lightsqure bishop to b (. Bb+), s demonstrted in Figure 9-, but tht move is wek. Figure 9-b shows why. If the blck bishop moves out (....Bd), white hs to either retret, which is wste of time, or llow the bishops to be trded. With white s center pwns on drk squres, white should try to keep the light-squre bishop on the bord. White s light-squre bishop s mobility is unimpeded by the pwns, nd it cn gurd squres tht the pwns cn t. The mobility of blck s light-squre bishop is severely limited nd gurds the sme squres s blck s pwns on light squres. White s bishop is reltively strong, nd blck s is reltively wek. You should try to keep your strong pieces nd seek to trde your wek ones. Figure 9-: Checking n opponent too soon in gme is foolish. b Using your pwns to your dvntge Recognizing pwn formtions goes long wy towrd identifying the best course of ction to tke in ny given gme. Understnding the strengths nd weknesses of prticulr formtions guides you s to where to plce your pieces. It lso helps you identify the pproprite pln to ccentute strengths in your position nd minimize weknesses. Pwns my not be s powerful s the other pieces on the bord, but they re big vribles in ny chess eqution. One of the dvntges of moving first is tht estblishing pwn formtion, such s the Nimzo-Botvinnik or Closed English (see those sections lter in this chpter), is esier. Prt of the struggle in gme of chess is over which pwn formtion will rise. Some people like closed pwn formtions, such s the Stonewll, but others prefer open formtions, where the pieces hve free reign. The gme cn turn into rel contest of wills if one plyer is trying to keep the formtion closed nd the other is trying to open it up.

178 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How The key to understnding ny kind of pwn formtion is to evlute its strengths nd weknesses. Some formtions cuse certin pieces to become more vluble thn others, s you cn see if you refer to Figure 9-b. Mny different types of pwn formtions eist, nd they my chnge during the course of gme. A closed formtion my suddenly open, for emple, if enough pwn echnges tke plce. No mtter wht the pwn formtion is, you cn lern something from it. The formtion my tell you which pieces to keep nd which ones to get rid of. It my dictte whether you should ttck on one side of the bord or the other. Just remember tht pwn formtions offer lot of informtion, nd it pys to listen crefully to wht they hve to sy. Getting the Bishop Involved: The Finchetto Finchetto (pronounced fyn-ket-toe) is n Itlin word tht mens on the flnk. In chess terms, the word pplies to prticulr pwn nd bishop formtion nd is common feture of mny openings. The finchetto pwn formtion would be wek without the presence of the bishop, becuse the pwns control squres of one color only, not both. In Figure 9-, the light squres round blck s queenside pwns, nd b, re undefended nd wek; so re the light squres round white s kingside pwns, such s h. The bishop thus comes in to gurd the squres tht the pwns don t, creting blck queenside finchetto nd white kingside finchetto, s shown in Figure 9-b. Note: In order to clerly depict the formtion, I ve stripped the pieces tht re unessentil to this formtion from the figures. Figure 9-: The pwns prepre for finchettoes, nd the bishops complete the finchettoes. b

179 Chpter 9: Recognizing Pwn Formtions 9 Looking t finchetto strengths In chess history, the finchetto took while to ctch on. Clssicl theory considered it importnt to centrlize pieces, nd obviously, the finchetto bishop is developed on the flnk. The finchetto becme populr in the 0th century, when plyers lerned tht occuption nd control of the center weren t necessrily one nd the sme. Another mim ws to minimize pwn moves round your king, so cstling behind finchetto formtion didn t seem sfe. (See Chpter 0 for the scoop on cstling.) However, it turns out tht the finchetto is tough nut to crck, becuse ll the squres re covered either by the pwns or the bishop. Attcking isn t esy when your opponent s lineup doesn t hve wekness. Another strength of the finchetto formtion is tht the bishop is plced on the longest digonl possible. This plcement potentilly mimizes its mobility. Lstly, this digonl cuts through the center of the bord, so the bishop relly is centrlized in mnner of speking, but from sfe distnce. Wtching out for finchetto weknesses If you cn mnge to eliminte the finchetto bishop, the surrounding squres will be wekened (refer to Figure 9-). You my be ble to mneuver your pieces onto those wekened squres, in which cse your opponent will hve difficult time driving them wy. Figure 9- illustrtes one wy you my ccomplish this position. In Figure 9-, the white queen supports the white bishop s impending invsion to h. After the bishop moves to h (. Bh), it cn cpture blck s bishop on g (. Bg). Even though blck cn restore mteril blnce by recpturing the bishop with the king (....Kg), the drk squres on blck s kingside will hve lost their primry defender. Figure 9-: One wy to mneuver round the finchetto. b

180 0 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How Vrying the Sicilin: The Drgon The Drgon, which is the nme of vrition of the Sicilin Defense (see Chpter for more on tht opening), fetures kingside finchetto (see the previous section). It ws nmed fter constelltion of strs nd rises fter the following opening moves:. e c,. Nf d,. d cd,. Nd Nf, nd. Nc g. By looking t just the Drgon s pwn formtion (see Figure 9-), you cn mke n educted guess s to where some of blck s pieces belong. White s d-pwn hs been eliminted, so it cn t be used in the fight to control the d nd e squres. Blck will use pwns nd pieces to control those squres. Blck lso wnts to use the long digonl ( h) to ttck deep into white s position. As such, blck s drk-squre bishop would be idelly posted long this digonl. Figure 9-: The Drgon s pwn formtion. Blck usully cstles behind the Drgon formtion, nd the knights move to their optiml squres, c nd f, s illustrted in Figure 9-. The Drgon ws once very populr, but vriety of ttcking systems for white hve been developed over the yers, nd most of its fngs hve been pulled. It s still plyble, but its glory dys my be over. Clwing your wy cross the bord: The Drgon s pros Blck s drk-squre bishop is one of the strengths of the Drgon formtion. White s d-pwn hs lredy been eliminted (refer to Figure 9-), so the bishop usully hs cler pth ll the wy from blck s kingside to white s queenside. Becuse blck s c-pwn is gone, it is nturl for blck to move t

181 Chpter 9: Recognizing Pwn Formtions lest one rook onto the c-file. The combined pressure from the bishop on the long digonl nd rook on the c-file cn force white into defensive posture. The Drgon is t its best when blck is ttcking ggressively nd white hs been reduced to pssive defense. Figure 9-: The Drgon formtion llows the knights to gurd the center squres. Getting pst the Drgon s drwbcks One drwbck of this formtion is tht you cn t lwys ply it. If white doesn t llow the d-pwn to be cptured by blck s c-pwn, then blck won t hve the Drgon formtion. It my hve something close, but these seemingly trivil differences re ctully quite importnt, becuse they my men you should put your pieces on entirely different squres. If blck does get the Drgon formtion, white will try to cpture blck s drksqure bishop. The elimintion of tht bishop seriously wekens the Drgon formtion. White lso hs n edge in spce (see Chpter for more on tht element), which cn be used to develop n ttck in the center or on the kingside. The Drgon is often considered double-edged, becuse both sides re trying to be s ggressive s possible. Blck ttcks primrily on the queenside, nd white ttcks in the center nd on the kingside. Eercising Your Pwns Fleibility: The Scheveningen The Scheveningen, which is nmed fter the Dutch city, is different vrition of the Sicilin Defense (see Chpter ). This opening fetures very

182 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How fleible pwn formtion, which mens tht you hve multiple wys of positioning your pieces tht re eqully effective nd multiple wys of responding to vrious white mneuvers. Mny of the world s best plyers employ the Scheveningen becuse it hs proven to be resilient in withstnding the vrious ttcks tht white hs dremt up over the yers. It rises from the following moves:. e c,. Nf e,. d cd,. Nd Nf, nd. Nc d. With the Scheveningen, blck usully ends up with n etr center pwn nd ctive ply on the queenside. White retins sptil dvntge nd opportunities for ttck in the center nd on the kingside. Figure 9- shows the Scheveningen pwn formtion, while Figure 9-b shows typicl piece configurtion. Figure 9-: The Scheveningen formtion, nked nd with friends. b Note tht in Figure 9-b, the bishop on e is developed in more clssicl mnner in the Scheveningen thn in the Drgon, where it is developed on the flnk. From here, it cn help protect the blck d-pwn. Menwhile, white retins n dvntge in spce, becuse its center pwn (e) is on the fourth rnk, while blck s center pwns re on only their third. Gining dvntge with the Scheveningen Similr to the Drgon, the Scheveningen is defense ginst king pwn opening. Achieving the Scheveningen pwn formtion my not be possible unless white coopertes. Obviously,. e isn t mndtory move.

183 Chpter 9: Recognizing Pwn Formtions The Scheveningen seeks to estblish sfe hven for the blck king. The kingside minor pieces re well posted defensively, remining close by the king but lso being vilble for ction in the center. The blck d- nd e-pwns re positioned to prevent white s pieces from penetrting into blck territory. With strongly defended kingside cstle, blck is free to initite ction on the queenside. Blck often dvnces the remining queenside pwns, prtly to drive wy white pieces nd prtly to cquire more spce. Blck cn choose to develop the light-squre bishop on either the d or b squre, while blck s mjor pieces will grvitte towrds the hlf-open c-file. Looking t the downside to the Scheveningen Aside from the fct tht white my not llow you to set up the formtion, the only rel drwbck to the Scheveningen is tht it cedes white sptil dvntge. White often seeks to cpitlize on this dvntge by ttcking in the center nd on the kingside. A typicl move ginst this formtion is for white to dvnce its f pwn to f. Blck then hs to gurd ginst further pwn dvnces, which would threten to brek down the kingside defenses. Building the Stonewll The ide behind the Stonewll is to keep the center blocked nd lunch n ttck on the wing. Its firly rigid pwn formtion my leve little operting room for the pieces. Either side my try to erect the Stonewll, s white hs done in Figure 9-. Note tht the pwns on d nd f re well protected nd re used to prevent ny ttempted centrl dvnce by blck. Figure 9-b illustrtes how little choice white hs bout where to plce its pieces, so trnsferring the queenside pieces to the kingside will be difficult. The squre e is white s only centrl invsion point. The Stonewll is more populr with ineperienced plyers, becuse they cn be firly certin tht they re moving their pieces to the proper squres. More eperienced plyers prefer to hve more fleibility thn this formtion llows.

184 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How Figure 9-: A white Stonewll formtion. b Relying on the Stonewll s strengths The Stonewll formtion usully results in closed center, which mkes mneuvering pieces from one side of the bord to the other quite difficult. If you cn lunch n ttck on one side of the bord, then the defender my hve tough time bringing up reinforcements. Becuse the f-pwn hs lredy been dvnced in the Stonewll (refer to Figure 9-), white should ttck on the kingside. You generlly try to ttck where you hve n dvntge in spce. Coping with the Stonewll s weknesses The min drwbck to the Stonewll formtion, besides its rigidity, is the wekness of the e squre (from white s perspective) with ll of white s center pwns on drk squres, the light squres re wekened. Notice tht no white pwn cn ever gurd e. Therefore, tht squre my become hven for blck s pieces. Allowing your opponent such nice perch in your own territory is seldom good ide. This drwbck is one reson why strong plyers rrely ply the Stonewll. Creting Megfortress t the Center: The Double Stonewll A Double Stonewll pwn formtion limits the options for both plyers. This lineup is one of the few where blck cn get wy with mirroring white s

185 Chpter 9: Recognizing Pwn Formtions moves. The position is so closed tht the dvntge of the first move is virtully meningless (for more on the first-move dvntge, see Chpter ). Figure 9-9 shows the Double Stonewll pwn formtion. You cn see tht the center pwns, d nd d, re locked. It is unlikely tht ny further center pwn dvnces will tke plce, nd currently no possibility of center pwn echnges eists so this pwn formtion will be difficult to chnge. The drk squre e is the only possible centrl point of invsion for white s pieces, nd e is the only centrl point of invsion for blck s pieces. When pwn formtion is fied in this mnner, you hve very few decisions to mke bout where to put the pieces. Figure 9-9b illustrtes how similr the white nd blck piece plcement cn be. Everything tht I sy in the preceding section bout the Stonewll goes double here. You rrely see this formtion in the gmes of msters, but you ll see it t lower levels. Figure 9-9: The Double Stonewll pwn formtion; blck cn mimic white. b Knowing the Double Stonewll s benefits The best chrcteristic of the Double Stonewll is tht it mkes complicted gme much simpler. You lock the center nd then try to ttck on the kingside. Your options re so drsticlly reduced tht lerning how to ply these positions is firly esy. This ide is comfort to some beginners, becuse it reduces the number of choices they hve to mke. However, most plyers find tht hving choices is more of bonus thn burden. The Double Stonewll is just not very interesting.

186 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How Deling with the Double Stonewll s downflls The min wekness in the Double Stonewll is the infleibility of the pwn formtion, becuse you hve no chnce to dvnce or echnge pwns in the center. By mking the center virtul no-mn s lnd, ply is limited to the wings, which leves little room to mneuver in nd few options for either side. Mtching Color to Center Squres: The Closed English In the Closed English formtion, white tries to control the light squres in the center with combintion of pieces nd pwns. Unless blck tries to chllenge white s control over the light squres, the center my remin closed for quite some time. White usully epnds on the queenside, nd blck on the kingside. A typicl Closed English pwn formtion is illustrted in Figure 9-0. Note tht white would be willing to trde the c-pwn for blck s d- pwn. Otherwise, white uses the c-pwn to ttck the light squre in blck s center. For common piece plcement fter the opening moves. c e,. Nc Nc,. g g,. Bg Bg, nd. d d, see Figure 9-0b. Notice how white s c- nd d-pwns, knight, nd bishop ll ttck the light squres in the center (d nd e). Blck lso uses both pwns nd pieces to control the drk center squres. Both plyers control hlf the center nd concede the other hlf. Plyers who re uncomfortble with the opening moves of pwn to e or d often ply pwn to c, which is clled the English Opening. Although the move to c isn t s populr s the ones to e nd d, it s still considered minstrem. In other words, you ll see it t ll levels of ply. Eyeing the Closed English benefits White hs nturl dvntge on the queenside due to the dvnced c-pwn. Also notice the uninterrupted pth of the white finchetto bishop (on g) ll the wy from the kingside to blck s queenside. White will cstle kingside nd dvnce pwns on the queenside in order to grb even more spce. The finchetto formtion in Figures 9-0 nd 9-0b, creted by the f-, g-, nd h-pwns, tells you where white s light-squre bishop belongs (g).

187 Chpter 9: Recognizing Pwn Formtions Figure 9-0: A populr Closed English pwn formtion. b Coming to terms with the Closed English pitflls In Figure 9-0b, blck s pwn on e secures n edge in spce on the kingside. While white is grbbing spce on the queenside, blck will be doing the sme on the kingside. This hustle cn be little dicey, becuse the kings re usully cstled on the kingside. If you re uncomfortble llowing your opponent more spce on the side of the bord your king is on, the Closed English my not be the best choice. Winging It with the Nimzo-Botvinnik The Nimzo-Botvinnik formtion is chrcterized by pwns on c nd e s well s kingside finchetto, s shown in Figure 9-. White piles up pressure on the light center squres, creting strong, closed center, nd prepres for n ttck on either wing. A typicl piece plcement ssocited with this pwn formtion fter the opening moves. c c,. Nc Nc,. g g,. Bg Bg, nd. e is illustrted in Figure 9-b. This formtion comes bout most frequently from the English Opening (see the preceding section). It s very solid setup tht lso retins good mount of fleibility.

188 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How Figure 9-: In the Nimzo- Botvinnik, two pwns gurd the center, nd finchetto mrks wing. b In Figure 9-b, the knight is developed e so tht it doesn t interfere with the finchetto bishop or the possible dvnce of white s f-pwn nd so it s ble to tke the other white knight s plce, should tht piece move or be cptured. Discovering the dvntges One big dvntge of the Nimzo-Botvinnik formtion is tht white hs secure hold on the light squres in the center nd cn epnd on either wing. White cn choose to dvnce on the queenside or the kingside, so this pwn formtion provides little more fleibility thn the Closed English (see the preceding section for tht lineup). Weeding out the weknesses The primry wekness of this formtion is the lck of control over the d squre. If blck tries to estblish s firm grip on the drk center squres s white hs on the light ones, white my hve to contest it. Also, with so mny of white s pwns on light squres, ctivting white s light-squre bishop my be difficult.

189 Chpter 0 Mking Specil Moves In This Chpter Cpturing pssing pwn Promoting pwn to higher rnk Cstling to move your rook more quickly If you ply enough chess, you eventully run into someone who plys by different set of rules thn the officil ones. Such plyers my hve lerned chess from someone who knew most of the rules nd fudged on few others. Unfortuntely, unless you lug rule book round with you, convincing these people tht you do know the correct rules my be difficult. In this chpter, I del with the moves tht re most often confused in one wy or nother. Knowing these specil moves my not help you void the occsionl disgreement, but you cn t lest rgue with n ir of uthority nd for some chess buffs, tht s lmost s good s winning. And knowing ll the options vilble to you in the gme lwys pys off... sooner or lter. Cpturing Pwn t Your Side: En Pssnt French for in pssing, en pssnt is specil method of cpturing vilble only to pwn on its fifth rnk. Such pwn cn cpture nother pwn if the ltter ttempts to pss by the first one on n djcent squre. The cpturing pwn moves digonlly one squre forwrd nd cptures the pwn s if it hd moved only one squre forwrd. Multiple en pssnt cptures cn occur in gme, but you hve to mke ech cpture immeditely. Only t the end of pwn s first move, nd only if it moves forwrd two squres, cn you cpture it en pssnt it s now or never.

190 0 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How The en pssnt cpture The following emple illustrtes n en pssnt cpture. In Figure 0-, the white pwn on d is on its strting squre nd is redy to move. Note: To mke the en pssnt cpture crystl cler, I left the other pwns nd pieces off the bord in rel ply, of course, those pieces would be there. Figure 0-: The pwns re nerly ripe for n en pssnt cpture. White moves the pwn forwrd two squres (. d); see Figure 0-. For one move nd one move only blck cn leglly cpture white s pwn (....ed), just s though the pwn hd moved forwrd only one squre; in mking the en pssnt cpture, blck s pwn tkes the position tht the white pwn would ve occupied by moving single squre (see Figure 0-b). Figure 0-: The brve white pwn moves forwrd two squres, nd blck cptures it en pssnt. b

191 Chpter 0: Mking Specil Moves Of course, if your opponent doesn t know bout the en pssnt cpture, this ploy comes s quite shock. Even worse, if you eplin tht you simply cptured en pssnt, you my be ccused of plying by French rules. Clmly eplin tht chess is n interntionl gme nd tht the en pssnt rule ws dopted in the th century. You my lso dd tht the rule ws universlly ccepted by the lte 9th century. If you re plying csul gme just for fun, however, the sporting thing to do is to llow your opponent to tke bck his or her move. But if the mtch is tournment gme, you must insist on your rights. The fct tht you know this rule nd your opponent doesn t isn t your fult! The en pssnt detils to keep in mind En pssnt comes with few detils you wnt to note. They include the following: The cptured pwn must move two squres for en pssnt to be vlid. If you don t cpture right wy, you lose the right to do so. You ren t required to cpture en pssnt; in fct, sometimes this cpture isn t the best move on the bord. For emple, if different move would plce your opponent in checkmte, then you definitely wnt to forgo the en pssnt cpture. Boosting Your Pwns Powers: Promotion Time After pwn reches the end of the bord, you cn promote tht pwn to ny piece of your choosing, ecept the king (ech color cn hve only one king). In essence, fter its promotion, the pwn is echnged for tht other piece (you tke the pwn off of the bord nd put the other piece bck on in its stid) not bd for lowly pwn. Almost lwys, plyers mke the pwn into queen, becuse the queen is the most powerful piece on the bord (hed bck to Chpter for more on the pieces nd their powers). Only in odd, problem positions do plyers promote pwn to nything other thn queen (when queen would produce stlemte, for emple) this condition is known s n underpromotion. Theoreticlly, you cn hve nine queens t one time the eight promoted pwns nd the originl queen. Quite hrem for the king! (This scenrio, however, is quite unlikely.)

192 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How In the following emple, white is pwn hed of blck but cn t checkmte the blck king with only the pwn nd king. (Wonder why? Chpter hs ll you need to know bout checkmting.) White moves the pwn to the eighth rnk in order to promote it (see Figure 0-). In this cse, promoting the pwn to queen mkes sense, especilly becuse the newly promoted queen immeditely delivers checkmte (see Figure 0-b). Promoting the pwn to rook will lso deliver checkmte in this prticulr emple, however, so either choice is eqully powerful here. Underpromoting to knight or bishop would be folly, becuse these pieces cn t checkmte the king by themselves. Figure 0-: White promotes its pwn to queen nd immeditely delivers checkmte. b c d e b f g h Plyers often cll the squre on which plyer cn promote pwn the queening squre, becuse in ll likelihood, the pwn becomes queen fter reching tht squre. It s importnt to control the queening squre so tht, should your opponent s pwn rech tht squre, you cn cpture the new queen right wy. Gurding Your King nd Putting Rook in Motion: Cstling Cstling is move tht sfegurds the king nd ctivtes rook t the sme time. It s lso the only time in chess when you cn move two pieces t once. You my cstle on the kingside (right) or on the queenside (left), but the rule is the sme: The king moves two squres to the right or left, nd the rook

193 Chpter 0: Mking Specil Moves The fmous chess techer George Koltnowski ws fond of telling the following story: He ws teching the rules of the gme to brnd-new student, nd the student ws eger to ply gme right wy. George esily set up mting net ( sitution where checkmte is eventully unvoidble), in which the student s king couldn t escpe checkmte. While George ws setting up the checkmte, the student ws busy pushing pwn towrd the queening squre. George sw tht the pwn could queen, but he didn t mind becuse he ws going to deliver checkmte on the very net move. The three-king circus George ws stunned when the student pushed the pwn to the queening squre nd promoted it to king! Seems tht George hd told the student tht the pwn could be promoted to ny other piece nd forgot to mention the restriction involving kings. The student mde him stick to his own rule! This cse my be the only one involving more thn two kings on chessbord. With sly wink, George lwys ended the story by sying he plyed move tht checkmted both kings simultneously! slides round the king nd occupies the squre djcent to the king, ending up on the king s opposite side. Check out the strting position of the king nd rooks in Figure 0- (note tht I didn t include the other pieces on the bord in order to mke the cstling move esier to see). Figure 0-: The strting lineup of the white king nd rooks.

194 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How White cn cstle kingside (see Figure 0-) or queenside (see Figure 0-b). Figure 0-: White hs two options: cstling kingside or queenside. b In both cses, the king moves two squres to the side nd the rook slides round to the other side of the king. The correct method of cstling involves touching the king first. Techniclly, if you touch the rook first, you must move tht piece nd only it. Avoid fights nd lwys cstle by moving the king first! (For more on chess etiquette, flip to Chpter.) Now tht you know wht cstling looks like, you need to be wre tht this move isn t lwys legl. Mny complint hs been mde regrding this techniclity! When you cn t cstle You cn t cstle in ny of the following situtions: If nother piece is between the king nd rook. If the king hs lredy moved. If the rook hs lredy moved (however, you my be ble to cstle by using the other rook). When in check. If the king must pss through squre controlled by the opponent. You cn t cstle through check.

195 Chpter 0: Mking Specil Moves Even chmpions cn forget Even the best plyers get confused sometimes. Viktor Korchnoi (9 ) ws leding contender for the world chmpionship title for nerly two decdes beginning in the 90s. But during one tournment gme, he moved his king, lter on moved the king bck to its originl squre, nd still lter cstled! Neither he nor his opponent noticed the illegl move! When you cn cstle You cn cstle even if ny of the following re true: The rook is under ttck. The rook (but not the king) must pss though squre controlled by the opponent.

196 Prt II: Gining Chess Know-How

197 Prt III Gme Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forwrd

198 In this prt... In this prt, I help you get your gme going. From choosing strtegy tht works to diving hedfirst into the opening of the gme, everything you need to know to get strted is in these chpters. I lso discuss the middlegme, where combt is t its most fierce, nd the endgme, so you cn mke sure you finish winner.

199 Chpter Selecting Your Strtegy: The Principles of Ply In This Chpter Centrlizing your gme Trding your pieces with your opponent s Attcking even when outnumbered Tking control of the most wnted squres Preventing your opponent s pwns from moving forwrd Sometime fter I first strted plying tournment chess, friend of mine occsionlly wlked up to me during his own tournment gme nd lmented, I ve got the position I wnted, but I just cn t do nything! Everyone who s ever plyed chess hs felt this wy t one time or nother during gme. The question is wht do you do if you cn t pin nd win, use fork, or find mting pttern? The nswer becomes clerer s you develop your knowledge of positionl ply. Even if no specific tctics (see Chpter ) re currently vilble to you, you cn lwys develop strtegy. In fct, tctics don t simply mterilize out of thin ir, especilly if you re engged t higher levels of ply. Tctics spring from well-developed pln strtegy. And in relity, the long-rnge plnning efforts re wht set up these tcticl skirmishes so tht one side hs more opportunity for success thn the other. The gret ttcking mster Rudolf Spielmnn ( 9) ws sid to hve climed tht he could mke scrifices just s well s Alender Alekhine (who ws world chmpion t the time) could but just couldn t rech the sme positions! Entire volumes hve been written bout plnning in chess. (One of the best guides, by the wy, ws written by former world chmpion M Euwe nd is clled Judgment nd Plnning in Chess Rndom House published it.) This chpter, therefore, cn serve only s n introduction to the topic. But I hope

200 0 Prt III: Gme Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forwrd tht the chpter, brief s it must be, impresses one thing onto the chess-plying nodes of your brin: Employing even little bit of strtegy is better thn hving no strtegy t ll up your sleeve or, s we chess enthusists often sy, even bd pln is better thn no pln t ll. As you continue to progress, you ll find tht chess hs even deeper subtleties thn you d ever imgined. This endless process of discovery is t the hert of the gme s ppel. Aiming for the Center Not ll squres on the chessbord were creted equl. The four centrl squres, d, e, d, nd e, re the most importnt in chess (see Figure -). The squres net to them re the net most importnt, nd so on. Logiclly, therefore, the plyer who controls the center of the bord controls the gme. Figure -: The center squres of the chessbord. Pieces generlly increse in power s they come into contct with the center. Rooks, queens, nd bishops cn control squres from distnce, but pwns nd knights must move closer to the ction in order to be effective. Bringing pieces to ber on the center is clled centrliztion. The struggle for the center is the primry theme behind most gmes openings. I could use just bout ny opening sequence to demonstrte this concept, but in this cse, I drw your ttention to n opening known s the Queen s Gmbit (see Chpter for more bout gmbits). In the Queen s Gmbit, both sides open by dvncing the pwns in front of their queens (. d d; see Chpter for help deciphering the nottion in this chpter), s shown in Figures - nd -b.

201 Chpter : Selecting Your Strtegy: The Principles of Ply Figure -: The double queen pwn opening. b White dvnces the queen s bishop pwn (. c) to ttck the blck center pwn, move known s the Queen s Gmbit (see Figure -). Blck cn ccept the Queen s Gmbit nd cpture the pwn, but doing so mens bndoning the center, becuse white would then be ble to ply the e pwn to e. If blck cptures the pwn, the opening is clled the Queen s Gmbit ccepted. This results in perfectly plyble positions, but the Queen s Gmbit declined, when blck doesn t cpture the pwn, is the more usul choice, becuse it llows blck to retin foothold in the center. In the Queen s Gmbit declined, blck uses nother pwn to support the queen s pwn nd mintin blck s shre of the center (....e); see Figure -b. Figure -: The Queen s Gmbit... declined. b White chooses to develop knight towrd the center (. Nc), s shown in Figure -. Notice how the knight is now lso ttcking the blck center pwn. Blck, in turn, lso develops knight towrd the center in defense of the ttcked pwn (....Nf); see Figure -b.

202 Prt III: Gme Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forwrd Figure -: Both white nd blck get their knights in on the ction. b White develops nother piece, this time moving the queen s bishop out to ttck blck s knight (. Bg), s Figure - shows. The bishop now pins the blck knight to its current position (see Chpter for info on pinning); otherwise, the blck queen would be eposed to ttck by the forging bishop. Becuse the move by white ttcks the center pwn s defender (the blck knight), it indirectly influences the center. In Figure -b, blck breks the pin by developing the king s bishop (....Be), which now defends the queen. This move enbles the knight to gin concentrte solely on defending the queen s pwn, lthough slight difference in position is lredy evident: The white bishop is still ttcking, nd the blck bishop is now defending. These positions men tht the white bishop is more ggressively posted nd cn still influence the center by cpturing the knight but the blck bishop hs no such option. Figure -: The white bishop moves out to ttck, so the blck bishop steps in to defend. b

203 Chpter : Selecting Your Strtegy: The Principles of Ply In the net series of figures, the two sides move with n eye towrd controlling the center. White dvnces pwn (. e), pving the wy to centrlize the king s bishop see Figure -. Blck develops the remining knight in support of the one under ttck (....Nd), s shown in Figure -b. If white now chooses to cpture the blck knight with the queen s bishop, the other blck knight cn in turn cpture the bishop nd still defend the queen s pwn so white would ccomplish nothing by echnging pieces. Figure -: The white pwn mkes wy for the bishop, but the blck knight defends its twin. b White develops the remining knight towrd the center (. Nf); see Figure -. Blck responds by cstling ( ), s shown in Figure -b. Cstling sfegurds the blck king nd prepres the wy for the rook to move towrd the center. (For detils on cstling, jump bck to Chpter 0, where I eplin some specil chess moves.) Figure -: White develops the lst lonely knight, nd the blck king nd rook cstle. b

204 Prt III: Gme Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forwrd White develops the king s bishop (. Bd) nd prepres to cstle the king with the king s rook see Figure -. Blck dvnces the queen s bishop pwn to support the center pwn once more (....c); see Figure -b. Figure -: White prepres to cstle, while blck lods up the support for its center pwn. b The plcement of pieces on the bord now reflects clssic position in the Queen s Gmbit declined. Blck hs stked out foothold in the center nd hs developed severl pieces with the im of mintining this hold on the center. White hs developed pieces more ggressively by ttcking the blck center. This inititive (white ttcking, nd blck defending ginst white s ttck) comes from hving the first move nd from mking ech move n ggressive one. White enjoys greter control of the center thn blck does becuse of the better rrngement of the white pieces. (In chess terms, these pieces re more centrlized thn blck s.) This centrliztion hs lredy left its mrk on the position. Notice how white s light-squre bishop hs much more freedom thn blck s light-squre bishop. This dditionl freedom of movement is positionl dvntge. A positionl dvntge isn t the sme s mteril dvntge or n dvntge in pwn structure. (See Chpter for discussion of chess elements.) This type of dvntge provides plyer with more subtle edge thn other dvntges nd could evporte quickly s result of inect ply. White cn t force the win of mteril or ruin blck s pwn structure nd must now think in terms of forming strtegic pln tht cn mintin nd even increse the positionl dvntge. White normlly continues by cstling nd then by centrlizing the queen nd rooks. Blck wnts to centrlize these pieces, too, but is going to hve more difficult time doing so becuse of the crmped position of its pieces. White would then try to crete wekness, such s bckwrds pwn (see Chpter ), in the blck position nd eploit tht wekness.

205 Chpter : Selecting Your Strtegy: The Principles of Ply An odd custom in chess refers to certin trde of pieces s The Echnge. (Notice tht old hnds t the gme lwys cpitlize The when referring to this mneuver.) The Echnge occurs whenever one side trdes knight or bishop for rook. In cse you re wondering, this echnge is considered odd, becuse chess plyers usully spek of echnging pieces of equl vlue (see Chpter for tble of piece vlues). You her people sy things such s, I ll be oky if I cn force the echnge of queens. The rook, however, is worth fr more thn either the bishop or knight nd represents mteril gin or loss for one side or the other side, depending on who cptures the other plyer s rook. The Echnge Nevertheless, this seeming uneven echnge occurs so often in chess tht plyers routinely cll this trde The Echnge, even if the term doesn t seem to mke sense. You my her plyers sy, I lost (or won) The Echnge. All eperienced chess plyers know wht tht sttement mens. If you intentionlly give up rook for bishop or knight, for whtever reson, you re justified in sying, I scrificed The Echnge, or s eperienced plyers more typiclly phrse it, I sc d The Echnge. Echnging Pieces If one plyer cptures piece nd the other plyer then cptures the piece tht first ttcked, the pieces re sid to hve been echnged. Knowing ectly when to echnge nd when not to echnge pieces is often difficult, even for sesoned veterns. Positionl understnding (the strtegic knowledge in chess s opposed to the tcticl knowledge) gives you the bility to determine whether n echnge is dvntgeous to you. Just remember not to echnge pieces just becuse you cn. Echnge only if you hve good reson. As your positionl sense develops, you come to better understnd tht you shouldn t echnge bishops for knights unless you hve good reson to do so (such s winning mteril, time, or key squre). Two bishops together cn cover the entire bord, but one lone cn cover only hlf the bord. Bishops my lso become more powerful s the endgme pproches becuse they cn cover more of reltively cler bord thn knight cn. Yet, in mny mster gmes, one plyer does, in fct, trde bishop for knight. Why this seeming contrdiction? Although echnging bishop for knight for no reson is mistke, mny vlid resons ctully my eist for mking the echnge:

206 Prt III: Gme Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forwrd It wins mteril or cripples the pwn structure t the sme time (see Chpter ). The knight is occupying key squre, nd removing the piece is necessry. The echnge results in led in development in your fvor (mening gin in time). Generlly, the crmped side seeks echnges, nd the freer side seeks to void them. Echnges ese the burden of defense, becuse such echnges leve fewer ttcking pieces on the bord nd decrese the likelihood of defending pieces tripping over one nother. Doing More with Less: The Minority Attck One prticulr strtegy tht plyers often use in the Queen s Gmbit declined is so common nd so effective s to deserve nme ll to itself the minority ttck. (Refer to the Aiming for the Center section for more on the Queen s Gmbit declined.) The minority ttck derives its nme from pwn dvnce on one side of the bord. Two pwns dvnce to ttck three pwns. The ide is to echnge two for two nd leve the opponent s remining pwn unsupported nd wek. Then pieces re used to ttck the pwn nd force the other side to use pieces in its defense. In this wy, one side is constntly ggressive, nd the other is pssive. In theory, the ttcker must eventully be ble to outmneuver the defender. The minority ttck my result from position such s the one shown in Figure -9. The dvnce of the white pwns hs creted dilemm for blck. If blck cptures the white pwns, the remining blck queenside pwn is isolted nd wek. If blck lets white s pwn cpture one of its pwns, blck is left with bckwrd pwn (fter. bc bc) tht white cn then ttck (see Figure -0). See Chpter for more on bckwrds pwns. The minority ttck is n emple of strtegy in ction. White doesn t try to immeditely ttck the well-defended blck king but rther sets its sight on the intermedite gol of provoking pwn wekness.

207 Chpter : Selecting Your Strtegy: The Principles of Ply Figure -9: The minority ttck. These two white pwns re dvncing to ttck three enemy pwns. Figure -0: Blck is left with bckwrd pwn. After n echnge of pwns, blck is left with bckwrds pwn gurded by bishop who would rther be doing more importnt things. You my think tht creting pwn wekness is rther wimpy gol, but becuse blck doesn t wnt to lose the pwn (which would cuse deficiency in mteril, n element I eplin in Chpter ), blck my become pssive in its defense. At tht time, tcticl opportunities my pper for the ggressor, s if by mgic. The successful implementtion of strtegy lmost lwys results in fvorble tctics. This ide is lesson in life s well s in chess: Postpone immedite grtifiction. The beginner my ttempt brutl ttck ginst his opponent s pieces to ttempt n erly checkmte. A mster, however, postpones this immedite grtifiction (becuse eperience shows tht such n immedite course rrely works) nd insted puts in the necessry time nd effort to set up checkmte for lter.

208 Prt III: Gme Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forwrd Good knight versus bd bishop A well-eecuted strtegy my result in only very subtle dvntge. One wy of eploiting positionl dvntge, for emple, my be to enter n ending with the better (more ggressive) minor piece or with the superior (more ggressive) king position. The clssic emple of superior piece ending is tht of the good knight versus the bd bishop. (I like this ending becuse it s counterintuitive.) Bishops nd knights re generlly considered equl in vlue through most of the gme, but bishops re quite often more powerful thn knights in the endgme. This dvntge comes becuse bishops my effortlessly rom the bord from side to side, while knights must furiously hop round here nd there to ccomplish the sme thing. Chess msters cn often sense if one or the other piece is better suited to prticulr endgme. Although msters my prefer the bishop, ll things being even (which, of course, they never re), cses my eist where the sme plyers would opt for the knight if given the choice. If, for emple, the bishop is constrined from moving freely by pwns on the sme colored squres, tht piece my hve less mobility thn the knight. The knight, ble to hop from white squres to blck nd bck gin with ese, tunts the poor bishop who remins in chins. The good knight in such cse cn lmost lwys outply the bd bishop nd force the win of mteril. Often the plyer with the bd bishop runs out of good moves nd is forced to ply bd one (s chess doesn t llow plyer to pss but requires move every turn). If compelled to mke move when ll moves re bd, the plyer fces wht chess plyers cll the Germn word Zugzwng. (There we go showing off our worldliness gin.) Eperienced chess plyers derive peculir joy from putting their opponents in Zugzwng. The sitution is one of the few times you cn be hppy tht it isn t your turn to move! Controlling Key Squres to Lock Up n Advntge Sometimes the positionl struggle in chess revolves round wht chess plyers cll key squre (generlly n outpost for further invsion). The ttcker desires control of this squre, nd the defender disputes tht control. The control nd eventul occuption of the squre by the ttcking side generlly leds to superior plcement of the ttcking pieces. The defender drifts into pssivity by merely gurding ginst the opponent s threts. Eventully the defender my not be ble to successfully counter the ttcker s mneuvers. Chess plyers often refer to key squre s strtegic outpost. Knights love to occupy these outposts. Mny gmes hve been won by creting n outpost in enemy territory nd then sinking knight onto tht squre!

209 Chpter : Selecting Your Strtegy: The Principles of Ply 9 One importnt point to remember is tht you should lmost lwys use pieces rther thn pwns to occupy key squres. Generlly, the pwn isn t mobile enough to eploit its dvntgeous position. The pwn structure depicted in the following emple my rise out of the Sicilin Defense (see Chpter ) nd is chrcterized by fight for the key squre, which is mrked by n X in Figure -. Blck hs bckwrd pwn nd wnts to dvnce nd echnge the pwn for white pwn. White wnts to plce piece on tht squre nd block blck s potentil pwn dvnce. Figure -: X mrks the key squre. Now I dd knight on d for white (see Figure -) in order to show how piece my be used to occupy nd secure key squre. Notice how the knight dds to white s control of the key squre. If blck cn t dispute the point with piece of equl vlue to the knight, white moves the knight to the key squre, nd tht piece becomes bone in blck s throt for the rest of the gme. Figure -: Controlling key squre with piece.

210 90 Prt III: Gme Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forwrd In Figure -, blck now hs bishop in ply, but the bishop is on the wrong-colored squre. Blck s bishop, therefore, cn never contest the key squre nd cn t support the dvnce of blck s bckwrds pwn. The pwn will sty in the bishop s wy for the foreseeble future. If blck hd lightsqure bishop, however, blck could move tht bishop into position to fight for the key squre (see Figure -b). Figure -: An unhelpful bishop nd superhero bishop. b Now, if white occupies the key squre with the knight, blck cn simply cpture the knight with the bishop. White then cptures the bishop (ed), nd the vlue of the key squre drops becuse of the pwn s restricted mobility (see Figure -). Figure -: The white pwn occupies the key squre, nd the squre s vlue plummets.

211 Chpter : Selecting Your Strtegy: The Principles of Ply 9 If you dd both sides queens to the eqution, however, you cn see tht this setup, too, my chnge mtters (see Figure -). As long s white cn keep piece on the key squre, the bckwrds blck pwn will be wekness. Now white cn move the knight to the key squre, nd should blck cpture the knight with its bishop, white cn recpture tht squre with the queen insted of the pwn (. Nd Bd,. Qd). By keeping control of the key squre, white thus preserves slight dvntge in position. Figure -: Pieces, not pwns, belong on key squres. Holding Bck the Pwns: The Blockde If you know even little bit bout chess, you know tht pwns re vluble little soldiers. One strtegy you cn employ is to restrin pwn dvnces, which you cn do well by blocking them with pieces. (This move is clled blockde.) Contrry to wht you my first think, these pieces ren t wsting time keeping lowly pwn in check, becuse such blockding pieces often find themselves well posted for future ttcks nd unssilble from enemy counterttcks. Figure - shows pssed pwn on d. As described in Chpter, n isolted pwn (which my or my not be pssed) my be wek becuse tht pwn lcks the support of its peers. Therefore, the strtegiclly correct wy of combting n isolted pwn is to blockde it. According to conventionl wisdom since Nimzowitsch ( 9), simply controlling the squre in front of the pwn isn t enough; rther, you must occupy tht squre. This is the difference between merely restrining pwn s dvnce (by controlling the squre with pieces) nd blockding the

212 9 Prt III: Gme Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forwrd pwn (physiclly preventing it from moving). The knight is the idel blockder, becuse tht piece retins its powers even while doing gurd duty nd cn t esily be driven off. The correct move (. Nd), in which white moves the knight to occupy the squre in front of the blck pwn, is now esy to understnd (see Figure -). Figure -: A pssed pwn. Notice how the mobility of the knight on d is unimpired. The pwn s mobility, on the other hnd, hs been brought to screeching hlt. If you cn impir your opponent s mobility without reducing your own, your chnces of eventully outmneuvering your opponent increse. Figure -: The blck pwn on d cn t dvnce it s in jil nd not merely under police wtch!

213 Chpter Coming on Strong in the Opening In This Chpter Getting your pieces to ll the best plces Putting the pressure on your opponent Setting out on good foot Steling fmous moves In chess, quicker isn t necessrily better. If you re trying to checkmte your opponent s fst s possible, you re lmost certin to mke inferior moves in the opening phse of the gme. If you rech for the brss ring too erly in the gme, you re bound to fll off your knight... er, horse. Rther, if you use your opening moves to rpidly deploy your pieces to good squres, your ultimte gol of checkmte eventully comes within your grsp. At the highest levels of chess, knowing tons of opening vritions is etremely importnt. Entire volumes re vilble describing even some of the most obscure chess openings. Rest ssured, however, tht for the vst mjority of chess plyers, such intense knowledge isn t t ll necessry to compete nd to compete well. Insted of simply memorizing the opening moves or suggestions of msters (which is referred to s opening theory), you need to understnd some generl principles of opening ply, which I describe nd nme for you in this chpter. After you grsp these principles, you cn ply resonbly well in this phse of the gme. If you strt out in one opening but then find yourself in nother, you ve trnsposed into the second opening. Mny opening systems offer such possibilities, nd trnsposing from one opening to nother is subtle nunce tht you often find t the higher levels of ply. Good chess plyers my try to fool you into plying n inferior vrition of one opening by trnsposing into it from nother. Trnsposing isn t ll tht importnt, however, for recretionl plyers. Certinly, on occsion, you re still going to mke mistkes or get cught in inferior positions, which chess plyers cll trps, but mking errors is how

214 9 Prt III: Gme Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forwrd you gin eperience in the gme. No one ttins mster sttus in chess without getting few bloody noses. You mke fr more progress by lerning why you got the worst of prticulr opening thn by spending hours of study time beforehnd hoping to void tht fte. Developing Your Pieces The first lesson you must lern on the rod to improving your gme is to get your priorities stright. Not only should you not try to checkmte your opponent in the opening, but lso you shouldn t even try to win mteril (see Chpter for more on mteril). Sve both objectives for lter in the gme. The primry objective of the opening is the rpid deployment of your pieces to their optiml posts. You shouldn t put piece on good squre, however, if tht piece cn esily be driven wy by your opponent s pieces, so getting your pieces not only on good squres, but lso on sfe squres, is criticl to your opening gme. (For detils on controlling key squres, see Chpter.) The rpid mobiliztion of pieces is clled development. Development isn t considered complete until the knights, bishops, queens, nd rooks re moved off their originl squres. Normlly, getting the knights, bishops, nd queen off the bck rnk is importnt s well. Rooks my be effective in fighting from their strting rnk, but the other pieces usully increse in power only s they move towrd the center. Controlling the center As I describe in Chpter, control of the center nd centrliztion of your pieces re criticl objectives in chess gme. The pieces generlly increse in power s they re centrlized. In the opening phse, you wnt to mimize the power of the pieces in miniml mount of time. Moving one piece three times to position it on the best squre doesn t help much if, in the mentime, your other pieces lnguish on their originl squres. So the key is focusing on not just one piece, but them ll. Wtching your opponent Just s importnt s developing quickly is preventing your opponent s development. Some otherwise strnge-looking moves cn be eplined only in this wy. If you wste two moves to force your opponent to wste three, well, those moves weren t wsted fter ll!

215 Chpter : Coming on Strong in the Opening 9 Don t get so cught up in your plns tht you forget bout your opponent s moves. Just s you re, your opponent is trying to interfere with your development while developing his or her own pieces t your epense. Following bsic principles As you become fmilir with the gme, you begin to pick up on few bsic principles of opening ply not only from your own eperiences, but lso from those of other plyers. Mny such principles re just guidelines don t think you re bound by them. If, for emple, your opponent slips up nd gives you the opportunity to deliver checkmte, do so! Don t worry tht such move develops your queen too erly! Plce the pieces where they cn develop their gretest power, nd do so s efficiently s possible. If other pieces remin undeveloped, don t move n lredy developed piece unless you hve strong reson for doing so. Avoid putting pieces on squres where they cn be driven off by moves tht lso contribute to the development of enemy pieces nd pwns. Keep pwn moves in the opening gme to minimum; they serve only s n id to the development of your pieces nd s mens of fighting for the center. Attcking Your Opponent s Pieces After you discover wht it mens to develop your pieces, the question tht nturlly follows is Wht s the big del bout led in development? How cn you trnslte led in development into more permnent dvntge, such s mteril edge or superior pwn structure? The simple nswer is ttck! If you hve led in development nd fil to ttck, you re lmost certinly going to see your dvntge slip through your fingers. If you enjoy led in development, then open up the gme. You wnt open files nd digonls leding to your opponent s vulnerble points. You wnt to use these open lines to move your pieces to incresingly more ggressive loctions. Idelly, you wnt to combine your development with strong threts

216 9 Prt III: Gme Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forwrd to your opponent, such s n ttck on n undefended piece. If you cn develop piece nd simultneously threten n enemy piece (or pieces!), your opponent my lose dditionl time scurrying to defend ginst your ttck. Your pieces become incresingly thretening, nd the defender s, incresingly pssive. Then comes the time to try to win mteril or ply for checkmte. The plyer who s hed in development seeks to open up lines of ttck; the plyer who s behind in development seeks to keep those lines closed. If you cn combine superior development with open lines of ttck, you quickly find tht whtever tctics you employ seem to lwys work out in your fvor. On the other hnd, if those lines remin closed, you soon find tht your dvntge in development isn t nerly so gret n sset nd tht your work is relly cut out for you in winning the gme. Getting Ahed with Your Opening Moves In this section, you emine some lterntive first moves; see whether you cn understnd why these moves re good or not so good from the twin perspectives of development nd control of the center. Tking note of good opening moves Consider the most common first move in ll of chessdom. By dvncing the pwn in front of the white king two squres (. e; see Chpter for info on chess nottion), white occupies one centrl squre nd ttcks nother. The ttcked squre is indicted by n X in Figure -. (The pwn could, of course, ttck the other squre to its right, but I m tlking bout centrl squres here.) Figure -: Advncing the pwn in front of the king.

217 Chpter : Coming on Strong in the Opening 9 From the perspective of control of the center, this move is obviously useful one. Is the move lso useful, however, in iding the development of your pieces? Yes bsolutely. Notice how the pwn s dvnce opens line for the bishop s development. (The bishop s line of development is indicted by Xs in Figure -.) The bishop, however, isn t the only piece tht now enjoys n open line. Wht bout the queen? The queen lso hs line open for its development (see Figure -b). So white s opening move proves useful not only for controlling the center but lso for developing pieces. No wonder this prticulr opening move is so populr. Figure -: The king s pwn move opens two lines of development. b The net emple looks t the second most populr opening move in chess: moving the queen s pwn forwrd two squres (. d); see Figure -. By moving this pwn, white ccomplishes pretty much the sme thing s in the preceding emple. Notice how the pwn occupies one centrl squre nd ttcks nother, which is mrked with n X. In terms of controlling the center, the moves in these two emples re pretty interchngeble. Figure -: The queen s pwn steps forwrd.

218 9 Prt III: Gme Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forwrd In terms of development, these moves re lso very similr. With the move of the queen s pwn, digonl pth opens up for bishop, just s in the first emple (see Figure -). But this time, the queen doesn t hve n open digonl only couple of squres long the file (see Figure -b). The initil dvnce of the queen s pwn, therefore, doesn t do quite s much for development s does the initil dvnce of the king s pwn. Figure -: A pth clers for the bishop but not for the queen. b Resorting to the not-s-good opening moves If you keep going with opening possibilities for white, you see tht no other move ccomplishes quite s much s the first two choices in the preceding section. The move shown in the net emple dvncing the queen s bishop pwn forwrd two squres (. c) is firly populr t ll levels of tournment ply. The pwn ttcks centrl squre (mrked by X) without occupying one (see Figure -). Although this move opens up digonl for the queen (see Figure -b), it doesn t help the bishops in ny wy; eperienced chess plyers, therefore, don t consider the move quite s strong n opening s the two choices in the preceding section. And the following emple is even weker. In the setup shown in Figure -, the king s bishop pwn lso ttcks centrl squre (mrked by X ), but no other piece is helped by this dvnce. In fct, the king s sfety is clled into question becuse digonl is now open tht blck my use s pth to ttck the king.

219 Chpter : Coming on Strong in the Opening 99 Figure -: Advncing the queen s bishop pwn. b Figure -: The king s bishop pwn steps into the limelight. This pwn hs jeoprdized its king's sfety! Slvging wek opening move Pwn moves tht re frther from the center of the bord re generlly very wek. However, one eception is the finchetto (see Chpter ), which occurs whenever you develop the bishop on either flnk. This move my seem strnge becuse t first glnce, the single-squre dvnce by the knight pwn does little in terms of controlling the center (see Figure -). But this move is lmost invribly followed by the development of the bishop to the squre formerly occupied by the pwn (. g nd. Bg, for emple). The Xs in Figure -b show tht the bishop is now ttcking the key centrl squres from sfe distnce. This move cn open firly effective ttck but generlly isn t s difficult to counter s the two moves emined in the erlier section Tking note of good opening moves.

220 00 Prt III: Gme Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forwrd Figure -: The knight pwn dvnces nd the bishop develops. b Eploring Common Opening Moves Listing every chess opening ever used is impossible, but I cn t lest drw your ttention to some of the more common ones. If you hope to impress nyone with your lofty knowledge of the gme, you should be ble to identify the following openings by nme. And if you go to chess club, you ll find this vocbulry very useful in terms of speking to others. For emple, you cn sy to your fellow chess lover, I sw tht you plyed Sicilin in your lst gme. Cn you show me how it went? Needless to sy, being ble to spek to others bout chess is importnt. If you simply follow the bsic opening principles described in this chpter, you re likely to ply decent gme. But if you don t know the French Defense from the Spnish gme, people my question your chess heritge. It s impossible for me to give enough guidnce to ply the following openings even pssbly well in this mount of spce. The point of this chpter, then, is to give you the bsic principles of opening ply. I don t recommend memorizing rems of vritions, becuse tht would do more hrm thn good. If you retin the bsic principles, you ll do well. If you try to remember too mny specific sequences from this book, your lerning my suffer. The hrd prt bout mny of the openings nmes is tht they re not lwys universlly recognized. The Internet didn t eist 0 yers go, nd locl customs previled regrding nming conventions. Some becme universlly known bsed on widely red publiction or two, nd some re still known by multiple nmes, depending upon wht prt of the world you re in or from. For emple, in the United Sttes, chess plyers cll the following opening sequence the Ruy Lopez, fter the plyer who populrized it. But in other prts of the world, the sme opening is known more commonly s the Spnish gme, fter the country where it becme populr.

221 Chpter : Coming on Strong in the Opening 0 Double king pwn openings All double king pwn openings begin, nturlly, with the dvnce of both kings pwns two squres (. e e), s Figure - shows. Severl populr openings begin in this mnner. Figure -: Double king pwn moves. Ruy Lopez (the Spnish gme) The Ruy Lopez begins with the mutul dvnce of the kings pwns (refer to Figure -). White s net move of knight to f (. Nf) ttcks blck s e-pwn. Blck s response, moving knight to c (....Nc), defends it.(see Figure -9). White s net move of the king s bishop to b (. Bb) defines the gme s Ruy Lopez (see Figure -9b). With the Ruy Lopez opening, this squre is contested. Figure -9: The second move of the Ruy Lopez opening, followed by the defining moment. b

222 0 Prt III: Gme Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forwrd I ve lwys liked the logic of this opening. After the pwns move, the white knight comes out to ttck the blck pwn. The blck knight comes out to defend it. The white bishop comes out to ttck the knight tht defends the pwn. Further ply is chrcterized by the struggle round the control over the pwn (or more precisely, the squre the pwn occupies): White wnts to cpture it sfely. Blck wnts to mintin it, nd white wishes to wrestle it wy. The Scotch If, fter the sme opening sequence shown in Figure -, white dvnces the queen s pwn two squres (. d) insted of moving the bishop, the opening is clled the Scotch (see Figure -0). The nme dtes bck to correspondence mtch begun in between the London nd Edinburgh chess clubs. Curiously, the London tem used the opening first, but the Scots liked it so much tht they begn using it, too. The Scots won the mtch, nd to the victors go the spoils nd the opening nme. Figure -0: In the Scotch, the queen s pwn dvnces two squres. With the Scotch opening, immedite pressure is plced on this pwn. The ide behind the Scotch is similr to tht of the Ruy Lopez: to put pressure on the dvnced blck center pwn. Moving the d-pwn to d is more direct but often leds to more erly echnges of pieces nd pwns, which ends up reducing white s ttcking chnces. Most plyers tody prefer the Ruy Lopez. Petroff s Defense If, s shown in Figure -, blck moves out the king s knight on the second turn (....Nf) rther thn the queen s knight, s in Figure -9 the opening becomes Petroff s Defense, nmed fter gret Russin plyer of the 9th century.

223 Chpter : Coming on Strong in the Opening 0 The ide of this defense is different from the preceding two openings. Insted of defending the ttcked pwn, blck produces counterttck ginst white s dvnced center pwn. Figure -: Petroff s Defense: The king s knight steps forwrd on the second turn. With Petroff's Defense, the blck knight hs plced this pwn under ttck. Petroff s problem Petroff s Defense hs well-known trp. It comes bout very logiclly, so flling into it is very esy. For the strting position, refer to Figure -. The net logicl move by white is to cpture the eposed blck pwn (. Ne); see Figure -. Logiclly, one would epect blck to crry out the sme ide tht is, to cpture the eposed white pwn (....Ne); see Figure -b. Figure -: Blck nd white cpture ech other s eposed pwns. b

224 0 Prt III: Gme Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forwrd The problem is tht the blck king s file hs been opened. This opening llows white to mke thret tht blck cn t simply copy. In Figure -, white ttcks the blck knight with the queen (. Qe). Blck my choose to move the knight wy (....Nf), s shown in Figure -b. Figure -: The white queen goes fter the blck knight, nd the knight hops wy. b If blck does move the knight wy, white wins the blck queen with discovered check (. Nc), s shown in Figure -: The movement of the white knight lets the white queen check the blck king nd the blck queen is the victim of the white knight becuse blck cn t escpe check nd protect its queen in one move! (See Chpter for detils on check.) Also, blck cn t mintin equlity by copying the white queen move tht ws mde in Figure -. Figure -: Discovered check does blck in.

225 Chpter : Coming on Strong in the Opening 0 Why cn t blck just copy wht white does? If you set the bord s it ws in Figure -, you see tht if blck simply copies the white queen s move (....Qe), s shown in Figure -, then white cptures the blck knight (. Qe), simultneously protecting the white knight; see Figure -b. No mtter how hrd blck squirms from tht point on, white will hve mteril dvntge. Figure -: If the blck queen moves, its knight bites the dust. b Petroff s solution Strting bck t the position in Figure -, blck cn crry out the bsic ide in nother wy by ttcking the white knight with the queen s pwn (....d); see Figure -. Figure -: The blck queen s pwn puts the pressure on the white knight.

226 0 Prt III: Gme Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forwrd Blck cn force the white knight to retret (. Nf), s Figure - shows, nd cn then cpture the white pwn (....Ne); see Figure -b. Figure -: The blck knight trmples the white pwn. b If white tries the sme pin s before (. Qe), shown in Figure -, blck simply nswers by bringing out the queen (....Qe), thus breking the pin; see Figure -b. (Flip bck to Chpter for more on the pin tctic.) The gme is then even. Just remember to ttck the knight before cpturing the pwn, nd you should do fine with this defense. Figure -: Blck s queen rors in response to white s pin. b Philidor s Defense If blck defends the ttcked king s pwn with the queen s pwn on the second turn (....d) insted of using the queen s knight, s shown in Figure -9, then the opening vrition is clled Philidor s Defense (for more bout

227 Chpter : Coming on Strong in the Opening 0 Frnçois-André Dnicn Philidor, see Chpter 9). In this opening, choosing to defend the ttcked pwn with pwn is solid defensive strtegy but pssive one. Note one of the primry drwbcks: Blck hs locked in the blck drk-squre bishop behind the pwn chin. Tody, most plyers prefer n ctive defense to pssive one; therefore, Phildor s Defense is rrely employed t the highest levels. Figure -9: Pwn romnce: The queen s pwn defends the king s pwn. With Philidor's Defense, blck protects this pwn with nother pwn. Different strokes: Other blck replies Now look t some other replies to white s first move of the king s pwn two squres (. e). These re the replies other thn blck king s pwn move two squres (....e). The French Defense I describe the French Defense (. e e) in more detil in Chpter, but the bsic ide is to fight for the light-colored center squres. The defense is very solid but hs drwbck similr to Philidor s Defense; in this instnce, however, the blck light-squred bishop is the one who gets trpped behind the pwn chin (see Figure -0). The Sicilin Defense The Sicilin Defense (....c) is very populr t ll levels. In it, white center pwn is eventully trded for blck wing (side) pwn, s shown in Figure -, which leds to n imblnce (blck would hve two center pwns to white s one but white would hve compensting dvntges in spce nd time (see Chpter for detils on these elements). The imblnce produces tension becuse it s hrder to judge whether blck s dvntge outweighs the other, or vice vers.

228 0 Prt III: Gme Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forwrd With the French Defense, this bishop is trpped. Figure -0: The blck lightsqured bishop hs nowhere to go. With the Sicilin Defense, white nd blck lose these pwns. Figure -: An immedite imblnce. The Cro-Knn Defense The Cro-Knn Defense (. e c) is lso very populr but is considered less eciting thn the Sicilin, becuse in it, white center pwn is usully trded for blck center pwn erly on in the gme. (Figure - shows the development of the Cro-Knn.) Blck intends to ply pwn to d (....d) in order to chllenge white s pwn on e. This trde leds to roughly blnced gme solid, but reltively lcking in tension.

229 Chpter : Coming on Strong in the Opening 09 With the Cro-Knn Defense, blck moves this pwn first in order to support n dvnce of its pwn on the d-file. Figure -: White nd blck fight over d. Alekhine s Defense Alekhine s Defense (....Nf) is nmed fter the former world chess chmpion Alender Alekhine (see Chpter 9). The defense is risky nd provoctive, so I don t recommend it for beginners. It s risky becuse it llows white the opportunity to estblish big dvntge in spce, nd it s provoctive becuse it dres white to dvnce the e-pwn nother squre (. e); see Figure -. From there, the pwn will ttck the blck knight nd force it to move once gin. Blck figures tht the white center pwn will turn out to be overetended nd subject to lter ttck. If blck s strtegy is successful, then white s center pwn formtion (whichever one white chooses to set up) will crumble. If it s unsuccessful, blck will end up crmped nd pssive. Figure -: An immedite provoction. With Alekhine's Defense, blck dres this pwn to overetend itself.

230 0 Prt III: Gme Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forwrd Ldies first: The double queen pwn opening The other most common first move for white is to dvnce the queen s pwn two squres (. d). If blck responds the sme wy (....d), s shown in Figure -, then you hve double queen pwn gme. For right now, just concentrte on identifying openings by their nmes. Don t worry bout the dvnced strtegies behind them. Figure -: Double queen pwn moves. The Queen s Gmbit The most usul opening tht begins with double queen pwn moves is the Queen s Gmbit (. d d. c); see Figure -. The Queen s Gmbit, which is the offer of the c-pwn for cpture, cn be ccepted or declined, nd I cover both lterntives in Chpter, in the section on iming for the center. Figure -: The Queen s Gmbit.

231 Chpter : Coming on Strong in the Opening With the Queen s Gmbit opening in Figure -, the center blck pwn must decide whether to ccept or decline the gmbit. Figure - shows you the ccepted version (....dc), nd Figure -b illustrtes the declined version (....e) (tht is, blck refuses to tke the white pwn on the c-file nd insted defends the d-pwn with the e-pwn). Figure -: The Queen s Gmbit, ccepted nd rejected. b The Slv The Slv (. d d. c c) ws populrized by the Russin grndmster Mikhil Ivnovich Chigorin in the lte 9th century. The opening is still prime wepon tody, even in the highest levels of competition. In it, blck defends the d-pwn with the c-pwn without blocking its light-squre bishop (see Figure -). Figure -: The Slv opening.

232 Prt III: Gme Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forwrd Cowboys nd Indin Defenses The other most common reply to white s first move of the queen s pwn is to move out the king s knight (....Nf), s shown in Figure -. This move leds to wht is usully referred to s the Indin Defenses, both of which re considered very relible tody. This nming convention comes from the precursor to chess, chturng, which originted in Indi during or before the seventh century AD. A gme of chturng commonly opened with the development of bishop on the wing. (In chess, this wing development is clled finchetto, which I describe in Chpter 9.) Blck mkes the knight move first in order to prevent white from estblishing center pwn duo (see Chpter ) by dvncing the king s pwn two squres. This move is followed by finchetto on either wing. You re better off plying openings tht re bit esier, such s the double queen pwn gme, when you re strting out, grduting to the Indin Defenses fter you gin more eperience. Figure -: The precursor to the Indin Defenses. By moving its knight first, blck prevents this pwn from dvncing two squres. The King s Indin In the King s Indin, the bishop is finchettoed on the kingside (see Figure -9). Blck usully cstles quickly (see Chpter 9 for more on cstling) nd only then strts to ttck white s center pwns with his own. This is n etremely populr wy to combt the queen s pwn opening but is lso very complicted one.

233 Chpter : Coming on Strong in the Opening With the King's Indin, blck develops this bishop nd prepres to cstle. Figure -9: The King s Indin. The Queen s Indin In the Queen s Indin, the bishop is finchettoed on the queenside (see Figure -0). The strtegy is firly similr to the King s Indin. Blck tries to ttck the white center only fter cstling. The bishops ttck the center from the sfety of their finchettoed positions, which helps blck ccomplish this counterttck. With the Queen's Indin, blck develops this bishop first to prepre for n eventul cstling to the queenside ll before ttcking the center. Figure -0: The Queen s Indin.

234 Prt III: Gme Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forwrd Although most of the nmes given to chess openings mke good del of sense becuse they re nmed fter person or plce, some opening nmes hve fr less mundne origins. Be forewrned tht these nmes re fr from universlly recognized, but most plyers know wht you men if you refer to ny of these three openings: The Drgon The Orngutn The Hedgehog Less fmilir but still generlly understood re these openings: The Vulture The Rt The Kngroo Weird opening nmes One chess opening is even clled the Woozle, but don t sk me why. In the United Sttes, chess plyers cll nother opening the Fried Liver Attck so you see, just bout nything goes! To get credit for new opening system, you must ply tht opening in mjor tournment or publish your nlysis to bck up your clim. Don t try too hrd, however, becuse coming up with something no one hs tried before is very, very hrd these dys. A good source of weird opening nmes is the book Unorthodo Openings by Joel Benjmin nd Eric Schiller (published by Collier Books).

235 Chpter Mking Hedwy during the Middlegme In This Chpter Creting pln with some guiding points nd cretivity Knowing when to ttck nd how to get the most out of it The opening phse of chess gme is the plce for reserchers with glsses nd pocket protectors (no offense), but the middlegme is the province of swshbucklers, md dogs, nd Englishmen. Openings nd endings my involve some tctics, but middlegmes re replete with tctics glore. (Need quick refresher on tctics? Flip bck to Chpter.) Don t forget, however, tht good tctics come from good plns. So in this chpter, I provide some detils to help you in your tcticl plnning. When You Rech the Middlegme... The middlegme commences fter the pieces re developed nd the opening phse of the gme ends. You don t hve n rsenl of theory for use in the middlegme s you do in the openings nd endings. The bsence of ny vst repository of stndrdized middlegme theory mens tht you re usully on your own during this phse of ply but it lso mens tht this prt of the gme is where your own personl cretivity cn shine through the most. The middlegme is etremely difficult to ply well. Quite often, plyers who re otherwise quite good t the gme find themselves unble to nvigte these murky wters dequtely. They my know the opening principles nd understnd where to put their pieces initilly, but fter those moves, they re t loss s to wht to do net. But be of good cheer especilly if you find yourself mong the rnks of the middlegme-chllenged for the middlegme, too, hs its own governing principles to guide your cretive ply. If you bone up on your tctics nd stick to these principles, you cn ply this phse of the gme quite well indeed.

236 Prt III: Gme Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forwrd I could sy mny more things bout the middlegme. The best techer, however, is eperience. You cn gin gret del of eperience by plying over the gmes of the msters, but you find no better wy to lern how to nvigte successful middlegme thn simply to ply severl yourself. My best dvice is to red the rest of this chpter, where you discover how to formulte pln for your gme nd gther some tips for the rod on ttcking your opponent in the most effective wy possible through this ggressive phse of the chess bttle. After you ve tucked the fundmentls under your ht, scrounge up n opponent, ply n opening of your choosing (refer to Chpter ), nd prctice formulting nd implementing your middlegme strtegies. Formulting Middlegme Pln Chess isn t gme tht you cn esily reduce to the simple sum of its prts. You my understnd ech element in isoltion but still struggle to put the totl pckge together or come to the correct understnding of ny given position. Nevertheless, in the middlegme, you must be ble to judge position (the rrngement of the pieces on the bord) correctly or t lest dequtely before you cn hope to formulte the correct pln. If you cn t pln well in chess, you end up imlessly shuffling pieces bout, hoping for glring error from your opponent. Plyers who fll into this nonplnner ctegory re referred to in chess circles s woodpushers. The morl? Don t be woodpusher. Consider the governing principles in the following sections. Evlute the position To formulte pln, you must first evlute the position on the bord, nd to be successful, the pln must correspond to the demnds of the position. If your pieces nd pwns re poised to ttck on the kingside, for emple, then tht is where you must ttck. Every position must be judged on its own merits. The rules of chess hve so mny eceptions tht blind dherence to ny formul is doomed to filure. Some plyers wil tht no justice is to be found in chess becuse they cn be doing everything right ccording to the generl guiding principles nd still lose. The more mture mong us refer to the equlizing injustice of chess, by which we men tht the eception tht spoils your pln tody my be the eception tht spoils your opponent s pln tomorrow.

237 Chpter : Mking Hedwy during the Middlegme In his book Modern Chess Strtegy (published by Dover), Ludek Pchmn puts forth the following fctors to consider in evluting ny certin position: The mteril reltionship tht is, the mteril equlity or the mteril superiority of either side The power of the individul pieces The qulity of the individul pwns tht is, the pwn structure (see Chpter ) The position of the pwns tht is, the pwn formtion (see Chpter ) King sfety The coopertion mong the pieces nd pwns The elements of piece mobility nd king sfety tke priority in the middlegme. The rpid mobiliztion of your forces enbles you to ttck your opponent, nd if you cn induce wekness in the enemy king s position, you my be ble to win mteril or ply directly for checkmte. Even if your opponent sfegurds the king, you still my be ble to force some other sort of concession, which is usully enough to pve the rod to victory. Pieces cn move round quite quickly nd chnge the nture of the gme. Plns my need to be dopted or dropped if this type of chnge occurs. You cn t stick to pln tht your opponent hs thwrted but must redjust yourself to the new position insted. This sort of thing my occur mny times in single gme. Tke dvntge of the pwn structure The pwns re less mobile thn the pieces, so you cn more redily fi the plcement of pwns. The conclusion, therefore, is tht the essentil chrcteristic of the pwn formtion (mobile, locked, nd so on see Chpter for more on pwn formtions) nd structure (doubled, isolted, nd so on, see Chpter for more on pwn structures) during the middlegme is your most trustworthy guide to the fesibility nd your doption of ny prticulr pln. I cn think of no better illustrtion of the ide of the preeminence of pwn structure thn the emple shown in the following series of figures. This emple comes from composition written by W. E. Rudolph in 9 nd published in the French chess journl L Strtégie. (Positions tht re constructed by n individul re clled compositions to distinguish them from positions tht hppen to occur in ctul ply.) I first encountered the composition in the clssic work Pwn Power in Chess, by Hns Kmoch (published by Dover).

238 Prt III: Gme Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forwrd In Figure -, blck is wy hed in mteril but the position is inevitbly drw! Becuse they re scenrios creted by n individul, compositions begin with declrtion of whose turn it is to move nd wht the desired outcome is. In this cse, white gets to move nd cn force drw despite blck s mteril dvntge. The pwn formtion is the key to finding the proper pln. White cn lock it up tight. Figure -: Blck is hed in mteril, but white hs the right pln. White first moves the light-squre bishop up from the first rnk to check blck s king (. B+; see Chpter for the scoop on chess nottion), s shown in Figure -. Blck hs no choice ecept to cpture the checking bishop with the king (....Kb); see Figure -b. Otherwise, white hs perpetul check on the blck king (the bishop checks from the fourth rnk, then from the third, then from the fourth, nd so on, becuse the blck king cn only toggle bck nd forth between b nd c). Figure -: The white bishop scrifices himself to the blck king. b

239 Chpter : Mking Hedwy during the Middlegme 9 Wht follows net is s musing s it is instructive. On ech turn, white dvnces pwn to check the king. White must crry out the pln in precisely the right order, or blck will open n escpe vlve for its king. However, if white fithfully crries out the pln, blck hs no choice but to go long for the ride, becuse the blck king only hs one legl move on ech turn. White delivers check by moving the b pwn to b (. b+), s Figure - shows, nd the blck king must move to the only vilble squre, b (....Kb); see Figure -b. Figure -: The lowly white pwn puts blck in check, forcing blck to flee. b White uses the ect sme ide in Figure -. The pwn on c moves to c (. c+) nd gin checks the hrssed blck king, who hs only one sfe squre to which he cn move, c (....Kc); see Figure -b. Figure -: Another white pwn steps in, mking the blck king bck off gin. b

240 0 Prt III: Gme Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forwrd For third time, white uses pwn to check the blck king (. d+), moving the d pwn to d (see Figure -), nd the blck king moves to the only squre vilble to him, d (....Kd); see Figure -b. Figure -: A third white pwn pushes bck the blck king. b One lst time, white gives check with pwn (. e+) by moving the e pwn to e (see Figure -). Now, the blck king finlly hs some choice s to where to move, but this new freedom doesn t mtter nymore. Blck cn tke the bishop (....Kd), s shown in Figure -b, or not but blck cn never brek through the fortress of pwns covering the bord, despite being two rooks nd bishop to the dvntge! Figure -: White cretes fortress of pwns, blocking the blck king nd ll the other blck pieces. b

241 Chpter : Mking Hedwy during the Middlegme White sels the position with finl pwn move from f to f (. f); see Figure -. Neither side cn cross the neutrl zone stked out by the reverse pwn wedges, so the gme ends in drw! As you cn see, sometimes mteril dvntge just doesn t mtter. Figure -: White hs effectively seled blck s pwn structure, forcing drw. Look for wys to use minority ttck In rel gme of chess, the pwns ren t quite s dominnt s in the preceding section, but they do influence the plcement of the pieces nd the selection of plns. In Chpter, I emine the ins nd outs of the pln clled the minority ttck, which is more typicl emple of the pwn s influence on the middlegme. The minority ttck is n dvnce of one or more pwns on wing, where the opponent holds the mjority. The following emple shows this pln in prctice. The position shown in Figure - occurred in gme between Vsily Smyslov, who plyed white, nd Yuri Averbkh in the gret Zurich tournment of 9. In the gme, Smyslov wnted to use the minority ttck by dvncing his queenside pwns nd echnging them for blck s, but Averbkh, by moving his -file pwn forwrd to (....), didn t llow it (see Figure -b). By grbbing more spce on the queenside before white could, blck prevented white s originl pln nd forced him to come up with different one. From this point on, blck must then respond to the new pln nd to the net one, nd the net one, if need be. If white mkes mistke, however, the inititive my pss to blck, nd then it would be white s turn to try nd thwrt blck s plns.

242 Prt III: Gme Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forwrd Figure -: White hopes to use the minority ttck, but blck thwrts the pln. b Any time you don t know wht to do in chess gme, just tell yourself to mke pln you cn chieve mny fine victories if you simply evlute position nd ttempt to come up with the pproprite pln for tht position. Think to yourself something like the following: I m going to dvnce my pwns nd weken my opponent s pwns nd then ttck them with my pieces. Decide which move helps you best crry out tht pln nd mke tht move. After every move (your own nd tht of your opponent), reevlute the pln in light of the chnged sitution. Perhps the originl pln is still pproprite, but mybe n even better ide occurs to you. Try not to switch imlessly bck nd forth between plns; rther, hve specific reson to either stick with the pln or chnge to new one. If the new ide seems bout the sme s the old one, stick with the old one. Attcking during the Middlegme Old hnds t chess hve sying: If you hve temporry dvntge, you must ttck. Otherwise, the dvntge usully slips through your fingers. Attcking is fundmentl prt of the gme, but you must not ttck too soon, or your effort will peter out ineffectully. You first must build up your position to the point tht lunching n ttck is wrrnted you need to secure your position nd weken your opponent s. You hve no hrd nd fst rules to consider for deciding when to lunch n ttck. This mbiguity rises the level of decision mking involved in ttcks into n rt form. The gret geniuses of the gme seem to hve n intuitive sense of when to commence n ttck nd how to punish premture one lunched by their opponents. Over time, you figure out when ttcks work nd when they don t nd why. Remember tht everyone fers strong ttcker. No one wnts to end up on the wrong side of brillint win!

243 Chpter : Mking Hedwy during the Middlegme Attck types to wtch out for nd defend ginst Although most gmes of chess go their own individul route, they lmost lwys hve one thing in common. Attcks cn feture different moves by different pieces, but you cn generlly sort them into similr ctegories. Vldimir Vukovic (9 9) wrote tremendous book on this subject clled, quite nturlly, The Art of Attck in Chess. In the book, he dopts the following clssifiction system for ttcks: The min ction isn t in fct n ttck on the king, but such n ttck is possible in the position. A plyer s ction relly does contin direct thret to the opponent s king, but his opponent cn stve off this thret t certin price for emple, by giving up mteril or spoiling his position. The ttcker crries out n uncompromising mting ttck; considerble mount of mteril my be invested in the ttck s long s mte is certin in the end. A lengthy course in ttck is beyond the scope of this book, but you still cn mke considerble progress in your ttcking bility by reding the chpters on strtegy (Chpter ) nd tctics (Chpter ). By successfully implementing strtegic concepts, you soon find tht you cn build sound foundtion for n ttck ginst your opponent s king nd cn then employ the specific tctics necessry to deliver checkmte. Principles to keep in mind You cn mke few generliztions bout the middlegme s long s you understnd tht every position is unique nd tht eceptions re lurking like fles just witing to bite you in the nkle. The following re few of the generliztions: Attck if you control the center. If you ttck without controlling the center, you re eposed to counterttck in the center, nd your forces my be split. Meet flnk ttck with ction in the center. If your opponent ttcks on either side of the bord, your ttck in the center divides your opponent s forces nd conquers them. Be prepred to develop quickly to ny re. Your rpid deployment of pieces to one re of the bord my be decisive if your opponent cn t respond s rpidly.

244 Prt III: Gme Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forwrd Plce queens in front of bishops nd behind rooks during n ttck. The bishop isn t powerful enough to led n ttck, nd the queen is too powerful to risk if the rook cn do the dirty work in her plce. Don t plce your knights on the sides of the bord. Knights control too few squres from the side of the bord, nd their ttcking power is severely reduced. Attck in the cse of opposite-colored bishops. Becuse the bishops on opposite-colored squres (clled opposite-colored bishops in the chess world) cn t be echnged for one nother or control the sme squres, the ttcker hs wht sometimes mounts to n etr piece. Echnge pieces to help your defense. You hve fewer pieces to trip over one nother if you echnge some of them, nd the ttcker hs fewer pieces with which to threten you. Put the rooks on open files (nd the sme file). Putting the rooks on n open file nd then on the sme file (which is clled doubling) whenever possible is helpful. Other pieces cn zigzg their wy into enemy territory. The rook requires n open file in order to invde successfully. Two rooks cting together cn control more territory thn one lone. Put rooks on your seventh rnk. Rooks on plyer s seventh rnk cn usully ttck opponent s pwns tht hve remined on their originl squres; sometimes the rooks cn trp the opponent s king to the bck rnk. Advnce pwns to open lines. The opening is the time to develop your pieces, not to wste time with ecessive pwn moves. Conversely, in the middlegme the pieces re lredy developed; it my then be pproprite to mke dditionl pwn moves in order to open lines or crete weknesses in your opponent s position. Alwys gurd ginst counterttck. Never leve your king eposed! Chess plyers very often spoil promising positions in their zel to ttck becuse they forget to first tke few smll precutions. Sometimes it s proper to tke move or two to sfegurd your own king s position nd only then initite or resume your more ggressive pursuits. Use knights in closed positions nd bishops in open ones. Bishops need open lines in order to profit from their long-rnge ttcking bilities. Knights re more effective in skirmishes t close qurters, nd closed positions re more pt to produce tht sort of skirmish. Attck where you control more spce. If you do so, you hve more room to mneuver your pieces, nd your opponent hs less. You then hve more squres to choose from when posting your pieces, nd you my be ble to swiftly shift your pieces from one point of ttck to nother while the defender struggles to meet your threts.

245 Chpter Eiting with Style in the Endgme In This Chpter Knowing why the endgme is so drn importnt Lying out generl rodmp for phse three Ending with the mighty nd the lowly: King nd pwn endings Scrmbling to void drw: Rook endings Letting the minor guys duke it out: Knight nd bishop endings Why should I worry bout the endgme? friend once sked me. I never get to one. He ment tht he either won or lost gme well before the endgme entered into the picture. My response: The reson he never got to n endgme ws becuse he didn t know nything bout one. My point? Good endgme knowledge informs your opening nd middlegme knowledge. In other words, you won t understnd why certin opening moves re good or bd unless you understnd the consequences they ll hve in the endgme. You lso won t be ble to formulte good pln in the middlegme if you cn t evlute the pln s impliction for the endgme. In this chpter, I describe generl endgme strtegies nd present some specific emples of winning techniques. By definition, the endgme hs significnt reduction of mteril, so mting ttcks re normlly out of the question. Whtever mteril remins is of prmount importnce, nd the only wy to increse it is through one or more pwn promotions (see Chpter 0 for more on pwn promotions). Putting the Endgme into Perspective Just s middlegme plnning flows logiclly from the opening, the endgme logiclly develops from the middlegme. The endgme rrives fter the plyers lose mjority of pieces nd cler much of the bord. Attcks become more difficult to eecute with this reduction in mteril, nd the emphsis of ply shifts wy from tctics to strtegy (in terms of this book, from Chpter to Chpter ). The importnce of individul pieces my undergo

246 Prt III: Gme Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forwrd mrked chnge in vlue, nd the roles of the pwns nd the kings become more prominent. Endgmes re deceptively comple. Becuse so few pieces remin on the bord, the nturl tendency is to conclude tht endgmes re esier thn middlegmes or openings. In fct, this phse is eqully complicted; the difference is tht it s esier to study thn the erlier two phses. The openings nd middlegmes hve too mny possible vritions to mke heds or tils of them. The endings, however, re clerer in tht n ide my be proved or disproved to win. You cn find mssive mount of documenttion on the endgme in chess. Eperienced plyers know of mny positions or types of positions tht led to wins, losses, or drws. By studying the individul pieces in vrious endgme positions, you cn then begin to understnd them in combintion with others. This strtegy helps you to understnd middlegme positions nd even openings. So you cn see, the rod to chess mstery begins with the endgme. In mny cses, you cn nticipte the endgme s erly s in the opening, where one side plys for n dvntge in pwn structure tht the plyer cn eploit only in the endgme. Unfortuntely, no shortcuts re vilble to help you mster endgme positions; you must study them, if you intend to become chess mster. If you d rther just ply thn study, however, you ll quickly find tht lerning just few bsic positions nd few common themes is usully sufficient. In this wy, you come to understnd good del bout mny endgme positions nd cn figure out others s you ply. The Generl Winning Endgme Strtegy All endings re different, but the following methodology cn serve you well s guide to devise the correct endgme pln. Advnce your king. The king comes out of hiding in the endgme nd becomes criticl fctor. Advnce the king towrd pssed pwns or towrd pwns tht re wek nd vulnerble to ttck. Otherwise, generlly dvnce the king towrd the center. Try to crete pssed pwn. It s reltively esier to promote pssed pwn (see Chpter for more on pssed pwns). Push your pssed pwns nd try to promote them. As the gret grndmster nd writer Aron Nimzowitsch once sid, pssed pwns hve lust to epnd. Don t go overbord, however. Advnce the pssed pwn only if doing so is sfe. Advncing pwn into the enemy s teeth, where its cpture is certin, is essentilly pointless.

247 Chpter : Eiting with Style in the Endgme Blockde your opponent s pssed pwns. You wnt to prevent them from dvncing towrd their queening squres (the squres directly in front of the pwns on the opposite end rnk, where the pwns get promoted see Chpter 9). Offer to echnge pieces. Generlly speking, the more mteril tht s still on the bord, the more complicted the ending. Don t echnge from winning ending into drwn ending, of course, but sty lert to the possibility of echnging down into simpler yet still winning end. Know your pieces. Steer the gme into the type of ending where your pieces re more suitble to winning thn re those of your opponent. If your pwns re still sitting on the sme-colored squres s your bishop, for emple, try not to go into the ending in the first plce! You probbly hve better chnces of securing n dvntge in the middlegme. Further, if you hve more pwns thn your opponent, echnge pieces, not pwns. A pwn dvntge increses s the number of pieces diminishes. But if you hve fewer pwns thn your opponent, echnge pwns, not pieces. A pwn disdvntge decreses s the number of pwns diminish. Also keep in mind tht protected pssed pwns re very strong, s re outside pssed pwns. Outside, protected pssed pwns re usully decisive (see Chpter for more on these types of pssed pwns). Know the bsics. If you cn study only little bit of chess, study the endgme. Lern the bsic winning nd drwing techniques for the vrious endings, nd you should find yourself plying the openings nd middlegmes much better, too! Pwn nd King Endings The most bsic type of ending is the king nd pwn versus king ending. Sometimes the gme boils down to rce for the queening squre between the pwn nd the enemy king. In tht cse, if the lone king cn t prevent the pwn from ttining its promotion to queen, then tht king will end up checkmted. If the king cn prevent the pwn s promotion, then the gme ends up drw. You hve two esy wys to determine whether the king cn prevent pwn from promoting: Count the squres between the pwn nd the queening squre nd between the king nd tht squre. Use the pwn squre method. This method, which chess plyers lso cll the rule of the squre or the pwn qudrnt, works best if you hve lot of squres to count, nd I describe it lter in this section.

248 Prt III: Gme Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forwrd This first emple detils the counting method. Here s the question t hnd: With white s turn to move in Figure -, cn the blck king prevent the white pwn from reching the queening squre? (Don t worry bout missing white king the importnt prt is to concentrte on the rce of the pwn nd the blck king to the queening squre, h.) If you simply count the squres, you cn see tht the white pwn cn queen before the blck king cn stop its dvnce to the lst rnk. The white pwn needs four moves to queen, which mens tht the blck king hs only three moves in which to control the queening squre. The blck king needs four, so blck s king is one squre short of controlling the queening squre, nd his doom is seled. Figure -: Counting the squres in the pths to the nerest queening squre. You cn lso determine blck s inbility to stop the white pwn from queening by pplying the principle of the pwn squre. The ide behind the pwn squre is to crete n imginry squre shpe, which you strt by etending line from the pwn to the queening squre. Becuse ll sides of squre re of equl length, you cn then crete mentl picture of the other sides of the squre, s shown in Figure -, where the Xs mrk the boundries of the pwn squre. The rule goes s follows: If the king is outside the pwn squre, nd it is your move, then the pwn cn queen. If the king is on or inside the squre, however, it cn stop the pwn from queening. So in this cse, s the previous counting squres method shows, the white pwn is in the cler, nd blck is goner. Sometimes, simply stopping the strightforwrd mrch of the pwn isn t enough for the blck king. In some positions, the pwn cn queen with the ssistnce of its own king. Knowing ectly when king nd pwn cn defet lone king nd when they cn t is crucil to the understnding of endgmes. Tht s where the opposition comes in....

249 Chpter : Eiting with Style in the Endgme 9 Figure -: The pwn squre. When the kings fce off: Opposition If you think tht opposition refers to your opponent, think gin. This term refers to fundmentl nd frequently occurring sitution in king nd pwn endings. If you need to study nd become completely fmilir with one single concept in the endgme, lern the opposition. Mny nunces to the opposition re beyond the scope of this chpter, but this tctic is described in more detil in mny works on the endgme. Opposition occurs when the two kings fce one nother, s shown in Figure -, nd one must mke wy for the other, becuse it s illegl for one king to ttck the other. The king tht moved lst is sid to hve the opposition, becuse the other king must give ground. Figure -: The opposition.

250 0 Prt III: Gme Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forwrd Quite often, the opposition determines whether gme is won, lost, or ends in drw. Often, however, s in the emple shown in Figure -, you must know which side moves net to correctly evlute the position. Here s the essence of the opposition: If the kings fce one nother nd re seprted by n odd number of squres, then the plyer who moved lst hs the opposition. (This sitution is one of the few times in chess when you d like to sy, I pss! ) Figure -: The white king nd blck king re in fce-off. Suppose tht it s white s turn to move in Figure -. A king move by white would be useless (the king cn only retret, not dvnce), so white hs no better option thn to dvnce the pwn (. d+), s shown in Figure -. Now blck moves the king to occupy the queening squre (....Kd); see Figure -b. Figure -: White moves its pwn, nd blck prevents it from queening. b

251 Chpter : Eiting with Style in the Endgme White must now either let the blck king cpture its pwn or give stlemte by moving into protective position behind the pwn (. Kd), s shown in Figure -. Remember tht stlemte is drw. Figure -: White protects the pwn, inducing stlemte. If, on the other hnd, blck moves net in the originl position shown bck in Figure -, then white cn eventully queen the pwn nd win the gme. Blck cn t dvnce its king towrd the white king, nd the best chnce blck hs now is to cover the queening squre (....Kd), s shown in Figure -. Otherwise, the dvnce of the pwn would cut off blck from this key squre, nd white would then queen the pwn on the net turn. Figure -: Blck occupies the queening squre.

252 Prt III: Gme Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forwrd White cn now dvnce the pwn in sfety (. d), becuse the king is protecting it, s shown in Figure -. Blck must move wy to the only squre in which the king isn t in check (....Kc); see Figure -b. Figure -: The white pwn dvnces, nd the blck king must retret. b This move enbles white to dvnce the king (. Ke) nd control the queening squre, s Figure -9 shows. Blck s only vilble moves re wy from the queening squre which only prolongs blck s gony. The white pwn cn then dvnce to the lst rnk nd get promoted to queen; checkmte soon follows. Figure -9: Protected by its king, the white pwn will soon become queen.

253 Chpter : Eiting with Style in the Endgme Endings with king nd rook s pwn versus king lwys end in drws if the weker side cn get to the queening squre. This outcome is inevitble becuse the stronger side cn t pproch the queening squre with its king nd cn t dvnce its pwn without giving stlemte (the blck king hs no escpe route off to the side in the cse of the rook s pwn). When ech side hs more thn one pwn Endings with king nd pwns versus king nd pwns cn be deceptively complicted. You do hve few guidelines to follow, however. Use one pwn to restrin two Sometimes, trying to count the number of pwn moves necessry to determine whether sitution is win or drw (cn pwn queen?) cn be confusing. When trying to limit the number of your opponent s strong pwns, then, see if you cn restrin two for the price of one. Consider, for emple, the position shown in Figure -0. Figure -0: Which white pwn cn restrin two blck pwns? Hitting on the correct first move for white dvncing the pwn on b two squres (. b) is simple mtter (see Figure -). White cn restrin two blck pwns by blocking the pth of the pwn on b nd by thretening to cpture blck s -pwn should it move to.

254 Prt III: Gme Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forwrd Figure -: One white pwn cn thwrt the dvnce of two! Advnce n unopposed pwn If you re fced with choice of which pwn to dvnce, dvnce the pwn tht doesn t fce n opponent. In Figure -, white moves the unopposed pwn on g two squres forwrd to g. Figure -: Advncing the unopposed pwn. In Figure -, you cn see the consequence of dvncing pwn on the sme file s n opposing pwn. If white dvnces the h-pwn insted of the g- pwn (. h), then blck s response is to restrin both of those pwns by moving the h-pwn up two squres (....h)! (See the preceding section for this technique.)

255 Chpter : Eiting with Style in the Endgme Figure -: Blck is blocking two pwns with one. Get pssed pwn The net position is one tht I show to ll my students. This position vividly demonstrtes tht the power of pssed pwn is often worth ll the knights in Columbus. (Chpter provides detils on pssed pwns.) A superficil glnce t the position tells you tht the two sides re even in mteril but tht the white king is too fr wy from the ction (see Figure -). A deeper look, however, suggests tht the importnt point isn t the position of the white king but the dvnced position of the white pwns. How cn white turn this setup into n dvntge? By creting pssed pwn! Figure -: The white pwns hve significnt dvnced position. With its first move, dvncing the middle pwn (. b), white thretens to cpture one of the defending blck pwns nd then to queen with tht pwn

256 Prt III: Gme Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forwrd on the following move (see Figure -). This thret forces blck to cpture the forwrd white pwn (....cb); see Figure -b. Which pwn blck uses to cpture white s mruder relly doesn t mtter. Figure -: White scrifices pwn. b White dvnces nother pwn (. ) with the sme thret of cpturing nd queening on the net two moves (see Figure -). Blck must gin cpture the ttcking white pwn (....b), s shown in Figure -b. Figure -: White scrifices second pwn. b Following the two white pwn scrifices, the nture of the overll position is rdiclly ltered. Upon moving forwrd one squre to c (. c), white now hs pssed pwn, which hs cler pth to the queening squre, s shown in Figure -.

257 Chpter : Eiting with Style in the Endgme Figure -: White hs chieved pssed pwn nd soon will queen. Regrdless of wht blck does now, white cn queen the pwn in two moves. After white queens the pwn, the win is strightforwrd. Alwys be on the lookout for n opportunity to crete pssed pwn tht cn continue mrching unimpeded towrd the queening squre. In the preceding emple, the two pwns who gve their lives so tht the third could chieve promotion deserve buril with full militry honors! Rook Endings: The Oh-So-Common Tricksters Rook endings re the most common endings in chess minly becuse rooks re usully the lst pieces you develop nd the lst you nd your opponent echnge. These endings re wfully tricky even msters commit elementry mistkes. Akib Rubinstein ( 9), grndmster from Polnd, is generlly considered to hve been the finest rook nd pwn epert of his time. His hndling of these positions hs instructed entire genertions who followed him, nd this legcy now belongs to chess heritge. Of course, few people cn ply like Rubinstein. One of his contemporries, Dr. Siegbert Trrsch, summed up my feeling bout rook nd pwn endings when he sid, All rook nd pwn endings re drwn. Tht clim isn t true, of course, but it sure feels like it sometimes. My dvice: Checkmte your opponent before you rech one of these endings!

258 Prt III: Gme Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forwrd Rooks re ggressive pieces nd become despondent if relegted to pssive defense. Keep this chrcteristic in mind, especilly if you re defending n inferior position. Following re severl guidelines for rook endings: Activte your rook. Give up pwn to turn pssive rook into n ggressive one. This scrifice my well be worth it. Put your rooks behind pssed pwns. You cn best position rooks behind pssed pwns. The net best rook position is to the side of pssed pwns, nd the lest desirble position is in front of pssed pwns. Advnce connected pssed pwns ginst rooks. Connected pssed pwns re most effective ginst rooks, so dvnce these pwns together. Put your king on the queening squre. If you re defending your king with one rook ginst rook nd pwn, occupy the queening squre with your king, if possible. Hrss your opponent s king with your rook. If defending, you my wnt to hrss the enemy king with repeted checks by your rook. Hrss from sfe distnce, however, keeping your rook s fr wy from the enemy king s possible to void losing it. Look out for the drw. When both sides hve pwns ll on one side of the bord, rook endings re often drwn. Bishops nd Knights: Minor Piece Endings The endings tht involve minor pieces re little bit esier to understnd thn rook endings. Knights re better thn bishops if the endgme commences with pwns in locked positions, but bishops become stronger thn knights in open positions with pwns on both sides of the bord. A knight cn restrict bishop s movement only with gret difficulty, while bishop cn fr more redily restrict knight s movement especilly if the knight is positioned t the side of the bord. Consider the position shown in Figure -. Here, the bishop covers ll the squres, mrked by Xs, to which the knight cn potentilly move. This emple serves to illustrte one of the dvntges of hving bishop insted of knight in n ending. The bishop cn often trde itself for the knight nd potentilly turn the gme into fvorble king nd pwn ending. The knight, however, rrely hs this option.

259 Chpter : Eiting with Style in the Endgme 9 Figure -: The bishop s dvntge. In some cses, however, you d rther hve knight thn bishop. Such sitution is demonstrted in Figure -9. In this emple, becuse the white bishop is on drk squre nd by definition cn t ttck nything on light squre, it cn t ttck ny of the blck pwns nd must pssively defend the white pwns. Only blck hs winning chnces in this cse, thnks to the knight s bility to move from light squre to drk squre nd bck. The knight cn theoreticlly occupy ny of the squres, but the bishop cn t. By improving the position of the knight nd king, blck my be ble to force white into further concessions nd even win the gme. Figure -9: The knight s dvntge. Remember tht in ll minor piece endings, neither bishop nd king nor knight nd king cn deliver checkmte by themselves. This inbility on the prt of the knight nd bishop to force checkmte in endings mens tht the weker

260 0 Prt III: Gme Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forwrd side needs to try to echnge s mny pwns s possible. If the weker side elimintes ll the pwns, even by scrificing piece to do so, then the gme is drwn. Medievl times, chess-style: Knight versus knight When knights squre off ginst knights, the ction is defined by the piece s lck of long-rnge ttcking bility. Hnd-to-hnd fighting is much more common, so keep these rules in mind: Use your knight to blockde. Anchor your knight to the squre in front of pssed pwn. This strtegy prevents the pwn from moving without diminishing the knight s ttcking power. Knights re good soldiers nd don t tke offense t performing gurd duty, s rooks nd queens do. Bewre of outside pssed pwns. Outside pssed pwns re especilly effective ginst knights. Knights re good t short-rnge ttck but wek t long rnge, becuse they cn influence only one side of the bord t time. Scrifice the knight to get pssed pwn. Consider scrificing the knight to crete n unstoppble pssed pwn. In Figure -0, blck hs succeeded in blocking the white pwns on the kingside (they cn t force their wy to queening squre). Blck s outside pssed pwn on is thretening to dvnce towrd its queening squre. White cn prevent this potentil queening by cpturing the pwn with its knight on b (. N) nd thereby scrificing it, s shown in Figure -. Figure -0: Blck s pwn on hs the potentil of queening.

261 Chpter : Eiting with Style in the Endgme Figure -: White scrifices its knight. If blck cptures the white knight with its pwn on b (....b), s shown in Figure -, then white hs n unstoppble pssed pwn on the b-file (see Figure -b) nd will win. Figure -: By scrificing its knight, white hs creted pssed pwn. b Survivl of the fittest: Knight versus bishop Here re some things to keep in mind for endings involving knights nd bishops. Use bishops in open positions. Knights like closed positions, nd bishops like open ones, becuse their mobility increses. The bishop s superiority to the knight lies in its bility to ttck both sides of the bord t

262 Prt III: Gme Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forwrd once. The knight cn t defend on one side nd ttck on the other simultneously, but the bishop cn. Endings re usully open, so bishops tend to be superior in the endgme. Reduce the mobility of bishops with pwns. By plcing your pwns on the sme-colored squres s the opponent s bishop, you cn restrict the bishop s mobility. Idelly, you wnt your opponent to restrict his or her own bishop. Be creful not to plce your pwns where the bishop cn ttck nd win them. Follow this rule only if it restricts the bishop s mobility nd the pwns re sfe from cpture. Look for won king-nd-pwn endings. A king-nd-pwn ending is esier to win thn ny other type of ending. If you cn trde your piece for your opponent s nd go into won king-nd-pwn ending, do it! Use bishops if the pwns re spred out. The bishop s dvntge increses when pwns re spred out on the bord. The less symmetricl the position of the pwns, the better the bishop s sitution. A religious bttle: Bishop versus bishop Two completely different types of bishop-versus-bishop endings eist: when the bishops re on the sme-colored squres nd when they re on oppositecolored squres (commonly clled bishops of opposite color or oppositecolored bishops ). Look out for drw with opposite-colored bishops. Bishops of opposite color increse the chnces of drw: They cn never cpture one nother! In ddition, opposite-colored bishops cn t get pst ech other s blockde. Trde sme-colored bishops if you re stronger. In sme-colored bishop endings, you cn force the weker side to give ground by offering to echnge the bishops. Put your bishop on the sme digonl s the one your opponent s bishop is on. Support your bishop with the king. If you hve more pwns, your opponent won t wnt to trde nd will be forced to cede the digonl to you. Use long-rnge bishop to control pssed pwn. The bishop cn prevent the dvnce of pssed pwn by controlling the squre in front of the pwn. Remember tht the bishop cn control squre from long distnce. The frther prt pssed pwns re, the better the stronger side s chnces re of winning. If the pwns re close together, then the enemy king cn help estblish blockde. If they re frther prt, blockde isn t possible. The king cn be used on one side or the other, but not both.

263 Prt IV Getting Into Advnced Action

264 In this prt... If you wnt to ply chess, you hve to hve someone (or something) to ply with you. In this prt, I give you the scoop on the vrious types of competition, from clubs to computers nd the World Wide Web. In ddition, you find whole chpter on chess nottion so tht you cn ply gme of chess by e-mil or snil mil with people from ll over the world. Knowing some chess nottion lso lets you red bout chess s well s write bout your own eperiences.

265 Chpter Competition Ply nd Necessry Etiquette In This Chpter Going to club to prime your competitive skills Getting the skinny on tournments Heding brod with your gme Refusing to forske the PJs: Correspondence chess Knowing how to be nice when you ply If you re like me, you ll be nervous the first time you enter tournment. Don t let tht stop you! World chmpions hd to ply in their first tournment, too, nd most chess ficiondos remember wht it feels like to not know the ropes. Just sk questions to the first qusi-officil person you ly eyes on, nd chnces re you my mke new friend in the process. To give you firm ground to strt on, I ve included this chpter to bring you into the loop. In this chpter, I discuss chess clubs for those of you who wnt to boost your gme while getting your socil kicks. Then, for whenever you feel redy to eercise your competitive edge, I tell you where to find tournment, how to ct when you rrive t one, wht to epect, nd, of course, the good etiquette rules to remember while you re there. Prctice Mkes Perfect: Joining Club First I usully dvise my students to get involved in club prior to plying in tournment. A club is usully friendlier environment nd the best plce to get your feet wet you ll probbly meet some tournment veterns who my be willing to tke you under their wings. Tht s how most chess grets got strted in tournment ply.

266 Prt IV: Getting Into Advnced Action Different clubs meet t different times, nd some re lrger thn others. A club s membership my rnge from beginner to mster, nd the competitions my be informl or dedly serious. You hve to visit one to find out wht it s like. Ech club usully hs director who cn nswer ny questions you my hve nd cn help you find someone ner your skill level. To find club ner you, go to the online club directory pge for the United Sttes Chess Federtion (USCF) t AffiliteSerch/. There you cn find the nme nd contct informtion for ny orgniztion ffilited with the USCF. U.S. Tournment Bsics In order to ply tournment gme, you should know ll the rules of competition (check out the fifth edition of the USCF rulebook) nd be fmilir with chess etiquette (which I discuss lter in this chpter). Tournment chess in the United Sttes is certified nd rted (mening tht everyone gets numericl evlution of his or her performnce) by the USCF. Normlly, the tournments re run by tournment director nd require membership in the USCF nd n entry fee. You cn find ll the informtion you need bout the orgniztion, s well s forms for becoming member, on the USCF Web site t When you compete in tournment, you should bring your own equipment: chessbord, set, nd clock (see Appendi B to find some good sources for this equipment). U.S. tournments re dvertised in Chess Life, the monthly publiction of the USCF, which is included with your membership dues nd is vilble on the USCF Web site. Chess Life hs section tht includes the upcoming events nd the nmes nd phone numbers of the tournment directors. This listing will look like Greek to you the first time you see one, becuse it hs ll sorts of codes nd shorthnd. If you re novice, cll the director nd tell him or her tht you re n unrted plyer nd sk ny questions you my hve. Everyone ws beginner t some point, nd these directors will tke the time to show you the ropes. Wtching your time nd rting high You don t need chess clock in order to ply n informl gme of chess, but you do need one in order to ply tournment gme. An nlog chess clock hs two fces ( digitl one hs two redouts) one for ech plyer. You depress mechnism on your side of the clock to strt your opponent s clock. Blck strts white s clock t the beginning of the gme, nd fter white moves, white stops his or her own while simultneously strting blck s.

267 Chpter : Competition Ply nd Necessry Etiquette Depending upon the tournment, the length of time llocted (clled the time control) for the gme vries. Ech plyer my hve 90 minutes to mke 0 moves, for emple, or he or she my hve two hours to mke 0. If ny plyer eceeds the time limit while filing to mke the minimum number of moves, he or she forfeits the gme. Such forfeit (clled loss on time) is treted just like ny other loss for rting purposes. Rtings in chess re mesure of epected performnce versus known opposition, nd they fluctute bsed on your results: wins, losses, nd drws. Beginners get their initil rtings by plying in tournments ginst people with estblished rtings. The rtings given by the interntionl governing body in chess, clled the Fédértion Interntionle des Échecs (FIDE, pronounced fee-dy), re sometimes referred to s Elo rtings fter one of the rting system s prime developers, Arpd Elo. The USCF uses similr rting system, which is generlly 0 to 0 points higher thn the FIDE one. The FIDE system, however, doesn t rte plyers below certin skill level, nd trets them s unrted. The USCF system divides the rting popultion into clsses s shown in Tble -. Tble - The USCF Rting System Points Clss,00 nd up Senior Mster,00,99 Mster,000,99 Epert,00,999 Clss A,00,99 Clss B,00,99 Clss C,00,99 Clss D,99 nd below Clss E The verge tournment plyer hs rting in the Clss C rnge. This rting is ctully firly high if you tke into ccount ll chess plyers, not just the competitive sort, becuse tournment plyers tend to be quite serious bout their chess. Csul plyers my be very strong, of course, but usully ctive tournment plyers tend to be the strongest in the country.

268 Prt IV: Getting Into Advnced Action When high-fee, high-clss prize tournments becme populr, some chess plyers tried to mnipulte their own rtings. These plyers would intentionlly lose rting points in low-cost events in order to ply in clss below their true strength in the big-money tournments with Sndbggers the hope of defeting weker competition nd collecting reltively lrge csh prizes. This unethicl prctice is referred to s sndbgging. Clling plyer sndbgger is one of the worst chess-relted insults! The USCF clss system hs led to the development of clss prizes. This mens tht typicl Swiss system tournment (see the net section) offers csh prizes in ech of the rting divisions, which llows the orgnizer to demnd high entry fees. This setup cn led to sort of ruthless competition, which is nother reson to strt out in clubs (see the first section in this chpter) or smller events, where the competition is still fierce but friendlier. Fmilirizing yourself with the types of tournments Generlly speking, tournment competition comes in three vrieties: the Swiss system, round robin, nd mtch. The Swiss system, or Swiss for short, is the most populr in the United Sttes. Mtches nd round robin competitions re usully more epensive to orgnize. Swiss system Most weekend tournments in the United Sttes re run ccording to the rules of the Swiss system. The Swiss system orders ll plyers by their rting (nd rnks unrted plyers lphbeticlly) nd splits the list in hlf. The top plyer of the top hlf is pired ginst the top plyer of the bottom hlf, nd so on, until the bottom plyer of the top hlf is pired ginst the bottom plyer of the bottom hlf. In cse of n uneven number of plyers, the bottom-most plyer is usully given one-hlf point bye (which mens they re pired in the net round s if they d mde drw, even though they didn t ply the gme). Winners get one point, drws score one-hlf point, nd losers get zero points. In the net round, winners ply winners, losers ply losers, nd so forth, following the sme procedure of dividing the lists in hlf nd piring the people in the two hlves ccordingly.

269 Chpter : Competition Ply nd Necessry Etiquette 9 Usully the first rounds of tournment run under the Swiss system involve mismtches. Strong plyers ply weker plyers, especilly erly on in the tournment. Some plyers use dubious strtegy, clled the Swiss Gmbit, designed to void the toughest competition. This strtegy involves llowing drw with weker plyer, which gets the gmbitor esier pirings (the winners ply other winners, but the gmbitor plys someone else who only The Swiss Gmbit drew) in the net few rounds. The hope is tht in the lter rounds, the strongest plyers will be plying ech other nd the gmbitor will snek into the prize money by plying inferior competition. This strtegy, like ny other designed to mnipulte results, is just s likely to bckfire s succeed. Who knows whether you ll relly get weker pirings? In ll cses, you should ply your best. Grdully, you begin to ply plyers of your pproimte strength, becuse in theory, nywy you should be scoring roughly the sme mount of points ginst the sme kind of competition. The strongest plyers, or the plyers hving the best tournment, re incresingly likely to ply one nother s the tournment goes on. The winner is the plyer who scores the gretest number of points. Round robin A round-robin tournment is one where everyone plys everyone else. These tournments re regrded s more ccurte judge of plyer s performnce becuse they don t involve lucky piring. Round-robin tournments re used to determine most ntionl chmpionships nd interntionl tournments. A drwbck to this type of tournment is tht it normlly tkes longer period of time to complete nd is therefore more epensive to produce. An offshoot of the round robin is the Qud, where the tournment is divided into groups of four plyers of roughly equl strength, who then ply one nother. This type of system is populr in the United Sttes becuse it s inepensive nd voids mismtches. Mtch competition Mtch competition isn t techniclly tournment competition, becuse it involves only two plyers, but it s nother populr form of competition nd cn be rted. In mtch, one plyer plys nother for predetermined number of gmes. This hed-to-hed competition is the purest method for determining the stronger plyer nd is usully dopted in order to determine the world chmpion or the world chmpion s chllenger.

270 0 Prt IV: Getting Into Advnced Action Tournment Chess round the World The min difference between ntionl nd interntionl tournments is tht they ply by two sets of rules. The bsic rules of how to ply re the sme, of course, but the rules governing competition hve some differences. In generl, FIDE s rules rely more on the discretion of the officils, clled rbiters, to resolve ny disputes or enforce clims. USCF rules re more involved nd dictte specific ctions in specific situtions to much greter degree. Tht s why their rule book is so big nd undergoes periodic revision. Some interntionl tournments re by invittion only, but mny Swiss events (see the preceding section) re open to nyone. You ply by FIDE s rules nd for FIDE rting, but otherwise the eperience is similr to U.S. tournment. FIDE comprises the member ntions of the world who py dues nd elect FIDE officils (the USCF is the officil representtive of the United Sttes, for emple). The orgniztion lso supervises the world chmpionship nd Chess Olympids, where countries send tems to compete. As such, FIDE is responsible for wrding titles to n unlimited number of individul plyers, such s the following: Grndmster (GM): The grndmster title is the highest title wrded by FIDE nd is erned by turning in ecellent performnces (clled norms) in competition with plyers who lredy own the title. Interntionl mster (IM): The interntionl mster title is secondry to the grndmster nd is lso chieved by mking norms in events tht include sufficient number of grndmsters or interntionl msters. FIDE mster (FM): The FIDE mster title is the third nd lst wrded by FIDE. The recipients re plyers who mintin rting of,00 or bove, which is mster clss, in FIDE-snctioned events. Going Long Distnce: Correspondence Chess Correspondence chess ws originlly plyed by sending postcrds of chess moves through the mil (some people still cll it postl chess ). With the rise of the Internet, however, tournments nd competitions hve lso tken on new form vi e-mil nd Web servers (see more on cyberchess in Chpter ). Clerly, you hve to know chess nottion in order to prticipte (nd I eplin it in Chpter ), but fter you get the hng of it, you ll find tht correspondence chess is n ecellent wy to find opponents from outside your geogrphicl re without leving the comfort of your home.

271 Chpter : Competition Ply nd Necessry Etiquette In 99, the FIDE world chmpionship mtch ws supposed to be between chmpion Russi s Grry Ksprov nd Englnd s Nigel Short, Ksprov s rightful chllenger. However, Ksprov wsn t hppy with the prize fund, so he ditched FIDE nd helped found the Professionl Chess Assocition (PCA). The Ksprov-Short mtch ws held under the sponsorship of the PCA, nd FIDE ws left with shm mtch between two plyers whom Short hd lredy defeted. Ksprov won the mtch convincingly nd defended his title ginst Viswnthn Annd of Indi in 99. The primry sponsor of the PCA ws Intel but fter the 99 The schism mtch, Intel withdrew its support, nd the PCA ws history. Negotitions for reunifiction mtch between plyers with clim to being chmpion continued to flounder. A non-fide-snctioned mtch between Ksprov nd Vldimir Krmnik (see Chpter 9 for more on these two) in 000 ended in Ksprov s defet. Although most people still consider Ksprov the world s best plyer, he ws thwrted in his ttempts for remtch. These goings-on cll into question fundmentl historicl division in chess: Does the title of world chmpion belong to the titleholder, or to the orgniztion tht grnts it? To find opponents, you usully need to belong to n officil postl orgniztion. If you decide tht snil mil isn t your bg nd prefer to ply in cyberspce, you cn hop online to hook up with n opponent. The USCF hs number of correspondence events, nd Chess Life often hs column dedicted to postl chess. Mgzines re even dedicted to this type of chess competition. Check out the following correspondence-chess-relted Web sites to find more contct informtion to find n opponent: Miss (or Mister) Mnners: Tournment Etiquette Chess is supposed to be fun, but quite often people tke it very seriously. When you ply Mr. or Ms. No Fun, you should know the do s nd don ts of chess etiquette.

272 Prt IV: Getting Into Advnced Action Don t smoke em if you got em A fmous story in chess circles tells bout one grndmster complining bout nother who kept n unlit cigr net to the chessbord. It s no-smoking tournment, the former complined to the tournment director. The director, quite rightly, pointed out tht the cigr ws unlit. The grndmster insisted, however, climing tht his opponent ws thretening to smoke! This bsurdity hs t lest some bsis in the chess world, becuse we hve sying tht the thret is stronger thn the eecution! Chess etiquette is especilly importnt in tournment chess. In serious encounter, both plyers re string t the bord for hours t time. Your hypersensitive opponent will surely notice rised eyebrow, nd sneeze my cuse someone to go into shock. Heven forbid tht you d hve nervous tic or hbit of drumming your fingers or humming (mostly) to yourself. Chess plyers hve complined bout ll these things nd more. You my properly ddress your opponent during the gme only to offer drw. If you hve complint, the sfest course of ction is to bring it up to the tournment director. If the gme is only for fun, use common sense but bove ll, void distrcting n opponent who s thinking bout move. Chess t these levels is n incredibly tense ctivity, nd plyers get no physicl relese. Even otherwise plcid individuls hve been known to lose their cool over rel or imgined infrction. The best thing to do is just ply for the fun of it, but even then it s importnt to know the bsics. Knowing when to cll your loss Chess coches regulrly instruct beginners to never give up nd lwys ply out the gme to checkmte. No one ever wins by resigning, they sy. Although this point my be true, sometimes loss is inevitble, nd wsting your opponent s time when you both know you re doomed is just plin rude. When to resign If you re hopelessly behind in mteril or fce imminent checkmte, you my s well strt nother gme. Over the course of your lifetime you my spend hours hoping to sve one or two completely lost positions when insted you cn be spending tht time strting over from scrtch. Moreover, you rrely if ever lern nything from these types of hopelessly lost positions. You re much better off spending your time figuring out where you went wrong nd then trying not to get into tht mess gin.

273 Chpter : Competition Ply nd Necessry Etiquette It s possible tht your opponents enjoy seeing you squirm, so they don t mind continuing on. More likely, however, they ll get nnoyed tht you don t know when to resign nd my refuse to ply with you nymore. In fct, I quit going to one club in prticulr becuse the plyers there kept plying on in hopeless positions. I found myself driving home well fter midnight week fter week. If the members knew when to resign, I my hve continued to ply there. The bottom line, however, is tht resigntion is personl decision. You never resign just becuse your opponent wnts you to, but you should resign when you objectively decide tht you hve no wy to sve the gme. After the conclusion is inevitble, you my s well shke your opponent s hnd nd go your merry wy. How to resign Just s importnt s when to resign is how to resign. The forml method is not to throw your hnds in the ir nd strt crying, but to tip your king over on its side. This ction is universlly recognized surrender. Then it s importnt tht you etend your hnd to congrtulte your opponent this show of sportsmnship is vlued ritul in chess. It demonstrtes tht you hve t lest touch of clss. Mny plyers shke hnds fter the gme but then undo the goodwill gesture by complining tht they should ve, by ll rights, won the gme themselves. If I d just done this, insted of tht, it ws curtins for you, they sometimes sy. This tlk is just childishness. Fr more effective is to sk, Wht would you hve done if I d plyed this insted of tht? This pproch ccomplishes couple of things. First, it cknowledges tht your opponent s opinion, by virtue of the victory, my hve some vlidity. Secondly, it llows you to listen to your opponent s ides. You re much better off if you pick your opponent s brin in this mnner thn try to eplin wy why you lost the gme. Sometimes both you nd your opponent will spend considerble time discussing the gme. Chess plyers cll these post mortem sessions. Try to be respectful during these sessions nd concentrte on lerning not proving point. You ll mke mny chess friends if you follow this dvice. Offering drw If you ve determined tht you cn t checkmte your opponent, nd if you don t think your opponent cn checkmte you, you my wnt to offer drw (or tie). Offering drw under ny other circumstnces my be considered nnoying, nd your opponent my report you to the tournment director. Wht s worse is tht the drw offer my be ccepted or rejected, nd you my still get scolded. In other words, if you mke n improper drw offer, your opponent hs the right to ccept it nd complin bout it.

274 Prt IV: Getting Into Advnced Action During one tournment gme ginst Judit Polgr, Ksprov mde his move nd seemed to tke his hnd wy from the piece for split second. He then moved the piece to nother squre. The shocked Polgr didn t mke clim but lter indicted tht she thought the chmpion hd indeed tken his hnd off of the piece. Ksprov denied doing so. Did Ksprov chet? However, the gme ws videotped, nd creful review of the tpe showed tht Ksprov did in fct let go of the piece. Unfortuntely, chess doesn t hve instnt replys, nd no protest ws possible fter the gme ws over. If even world chmpions brek the rules, wht hope do the rest of us hve? Under tournment conditions, you my mke drw offer only fter you ve mde move nd before you ve strted your opponent s clock. Never offer drw to your opponent on his or her time. Tht behvior is brech of etiquette, nd repeted offenses my cuse you to lose the gme by forfeit. If you mke drw offer without mking move, your opponent hs the right to sk to see your move nd then decide whether to ccept or reject your offer. Repeted drw offers my be considered nnoying, so wit until the position hs chnged substntilly before mking nother offer. If the position on the bord is bout to be repeted for the third time, you cn clim drw without sking. However, you must do so before mking the move tht would repet the position for the third time, becuse the clim must be mde on your own time nd tournment director must witness the move. Being creful wht you touch One of the touchiest subjects in chess is the touch-move rule. This rule simply mens tht if you touch piece, you must move it if doing so is legl. If you touch piece tht hs no legl move, you re free to move ny other piece. The move is considered complete when you tke your hnd off the piece. Sometimes one plyer clims tht the other touched piece, nd the second plyer denies doing so. If witnesses re nerby, the director my be ble to mke n informed decision. In the bsence of witnesses, the clim generlly isn t upheld on the first complint. If you ccidentlly bump piece or knock one over, you should sy, I djust nd replce the dislodged piece.

275 Chpter : Competition Ply nd Necessry Etiquette Furthering the touch-move rule, frequent cuse of complints is the hnd hover. The hnd hover occurs when plyer positions his or her hnd over piece nd leves it there. The hnd hover is distrction, nd you shouldn t do it so goes the wrning by José Cpblnc (see Chpter 9 for more on tht guy). You should never obscure your opponent s sight of the bord unless you re in the ct of moving, so don t rech for piece until you ve decided to move it. Strightening your pieces Sometimes pwn or piece my not be resting completely on one squre or nother. You re llowed to djust tht pwn or piece or even whole bunch of them but only if you do it on your time nd if you wrn your opponent first. The French phrse J doube (juh-doob; I djust ) is considered to be the proper wrning, but it s lso proper to use the English trnsltion. As long s you ve issued the J doube wrning, the touch-move rule is temporrily wived. Keep in mind, however, tht you cn t sy J doube or I djust fter you ve touched piece! Sving sncks for lter Generlly, it s considered improper to et or drink nything t the chessbord ecept for wter or coffee. Of course, if you re plying in your own living room, ll bets re off. The home tem determines the ground rules in tht cse. My worst eperience with food t the chessbord cme in my very first big tournment in New York. It ws the lst-round gme, nd whoever won would clinch sizble prize. My opponent cme to the bord with sloppy metbll sndwich nd proceeded to get the suce ll over his hnds. He then decided to djust ll my pieces, covering them with the suce. I ws too ineperienced to complin nd too young to shrug it off. Insted, I let my opponent s rudeness ffect my ply, which is wht my opponent hd hoped would hppen, nd mnged to lose rther bdly. Needless to sy, this scenrio ws severe brech of chess etiquette, nd I should ve complined to n officil t once.

276 Prt IV: Getting Into Advnced Action The worst losers in chess history Mike Fo nd Richrd Jmes, in their delightful book The Even More Complete Chess Addict (published by Fber nd Fber), nominte the following three cndidtes for the title of worst loser in chess history. In their own words: Tking the bronze: Former world chmpion Alender Alekhine, notoriously tempermentl loser. At Vienn in 9, Alekhine spectculrly resigned ginst Ernst Grünfeld by hurling his king cross the room. In the silver medl position: Another fmous loser, Aron Nimzowitsch. At lightning chess tournment in Berlin, he sid out loud wht everyone hs t one time felt. Insted of quietly turning over his king, Nimzo lept onto his chir nd bellowed cross the tournment hll: Why must I lose to this idiot? Not nice, but everyone knows the feeling. The gold medl, plus the John McEnroe Awrd for bd behvior t tournment: The lesser-known Dnish plyer (reported in the Chess Scene nd who ws unnmed), who lost s result of finger slip involving his queen (refer to the Being creful wht you touch section in this chpter). Unble to contin his despir, he snuck bck into the tournment hll in the ded of night nd cut the heds off ll the queens.

277 Chpter Hitting the Net with Computer Chess In This Chpter Plying chess ginst computer Digging up pst gmes nd other dt Eploring chess softwre Lerning chess from computer Getting your gme on online Chess softwre nd the evolution of the Internet hve revolutionized the wy plyers study nd ply chess. You cn now ply chess t ll hours of the dy ginst plyers from ll over the world, follow the top tournments in rel time from the comfort of your home, or ply, on your own PC, progrm tht cn defet grndmsters. In this chpter, I strt out by giving you the rundown on wht computer chess entils nd how it differs from humn-to-humn chess (side from the obvious fct tht computer doesn t brethe). Then I give you primer on computer softwre, dtbses, nd online ply for chess. Becuse technology is ever chnging, I don t provide lot of specific suggestions insted, I provide ll the informtion you need in order to find the right progrm for you nd direct you to the most reputble chess Web sites nd to the plces where you hve the best chnces for finding solid softwre. Computers versus Humns Nowdys, computers re certinly plying stronger gme thn mny humns cn, but when you ply ginst them, you must remember tht they re not relly plying chess. They re simply performing clcultions.

278 Prt IV: Getting Into Advnced Action I cn her the penut gllery now: Duh, computers re supposed to clculte! Nevertheless, this distinction is importnt. In the old dys, chess ws used s the idel ppliction for rtificil intelligence (AI). The resoning ws tht if someone could crete n AI to ply chess like humn does, scientists understnding of how the humn mind works would ve drmticlly incresed. At tht point, other simultions would be possible, or so the thinking went. However, the emphsis in computer chess eventully shifted from plying chess gme s humn would to simply plying s well s possible. The triumph of the number crunchers The erly AI pproch ws to use wht were clled heuristics, where computers would ply by using certin rules of thumb, to try to mp out the gme the wy humn would. Other pproches were simply crunching numbers. Erly on, both pproches seemed eqully vlid becuse both led to eqully bd ply. Soon, however, the speed of the modern computers incresed mny times over, nd the number crunchers triumphed. Nowdys, little effort is mde to hve computer ply like humn would ply. Insted, progrmmers simply try to clculte s mny positions (or ply in computerspek) s possible. Although mny people think of computer chess in terms of mn versus mchine, you should note tht humns re doing something completely different from computers when they try to ply chess gme. It doesn t mtter who plys better ny more thn it mtters tht n utomobile cn go fster thn the best humn sprinter in the world. Wht does mtter, however, is tht computers ply chess etremely well, nd they ll ply you whenever you wnt to, dy or night, fir wether or foul. Remember tht the computer progrmmers re humns too so the rel sitution isn t so much humn versus mchine s it is unrmored humn versus rmored humn. Humns shouldn t feel thretened by the eceptionl ply of computers; they should tke dvntge of it! Computers re now essentil llies for ll serious plyers. They spr with you on your timetble, nd with just few keystrokes, they ll help you trck down just bout nything you d cre to serch for. Of course, the public is intrigued by this mn-mchine confronttion, just s people hve lwys been interested in the plight of orgnic life versus inorgnic technology. But the problem is tht mchines don t tire. They don t worry. They don t truly compete. The essence of the drm of humn competition is missing when mchine is involved nd for tht reson, humn chess mtches re fr more fscinting thn those involving the computers. For more informtion on the ins nd outs of computer chess, go to en.wikipedi.org/wiki/computer_chess.

279 Chpter : Hitting the Net with Computer Chess 9 A chessmster sinks in IBM s Deep Blue In the 990s Grry Ksprov, who in my opinion is the gretest plyer in history, plyed two mtches ginst IBM s Deep Blue, which ws then the best plying chess computer. When Deep Blue won the second mtch, gret del of hnd wringing ensued. This loss wsn t one for humnity, s mny believed, but it ws triumph of reserch nd engineering. Nowdys inepensive chess progrms cn run on n verge household PC nd routinely defet ll but the very best plyers. For more on the mtch nd its implictions, go to deepblue. Chess-Plying Computer Progrms Mny commercil chess-plying computer progrms re vilble, nd the best one isn t necessrily the strongest one. Almost ll the progrms cn defet 99.9 percent of the tournment plyers in rpid chess. Most of them cn bet just bout nyone, even t slower time controls. You cn find ny of the following progrms online t com, or t other mjor chess retilers: Junior, Fritz, Schredder, nd Hircs. In ddition, the gret site offers some of the most sophisticted chess softwre on the plnet. Although epensive, this dvnced softwre is must for professionls. The chess world is mostly Windows bsed. These progrms will be noticebly stronger thn the ones for other pltforms, but Mc users cn hve their fun, too. Nowdys, strong progrms such s Fritz Powerbook re vilble for PDAs. Even cellphones re getting into the ct, so there s no ecuse for not being ble to find someone or something to ply! Computer progrms re updted frequently, so their version numbers chnge from time to time. They ll cn record nd store the gmes you ply with them for your review lter. Of course, reviewing the gmes you win is more fun, but reviewing the gmes you lose is more instructive. Don t be discourged if you lose most of the time. I once clled friend fter I got the ltest version of Fritz nd jokingly sked for n erlier version. Why? he sked in confusion. So I cn bet it. I told him, nd he chuckled understndingly.

280 0 Prt IV: Getting Into Advnced Action Nevertheless, hving progrm tht s stronger thn you re hs its dvntges. These progrms shre their evlutions with you so you cn see where they think you mde mistke. They lso suggest improvements in your ply, which cn be very useful tool. By studying where you went wrong nd considering the progrms suggestions, you my lern some vluble lessons tht cn elevte your future ply. The computer s evlutions my not be 00 percent correct, becuse no person or thing is, but they ll inevitbly be helpful. Chess Dtbses A chess dtbse is just like regulr dtbse tht sorts informtion. In this cse, the informtion reltes to chess chess gmes, chess plyers, nd so on. If you wnt to see ll the gmes tht Ksprov plyed in 990, for emple, you cn sort the dtbse to list only those gmes. The sort combintions re quite etensive nd llow you to zero in on your res of specil interest. Of course, you re generlly chrged for the dt (the gme scores, often including nnottions, which you cn ply through in their entirety) nd for the progrm tht performs the sort opertions. Some gme dtbses re vilble online for free, but you hve to purchse the lrger dtbses. Serious chess plyers cre bout chess dt; they wnt s mny gmes s possible in formt tht mkes them esy to both sort nd ply over. Although other options re vilble, Chessbse ( hs developed into the industry stndrd. Chess Assistnt lso hs loyl following; you cn purchse it online t or t other mjor chess retilers. You cn lso find nice free resource t gmes.com. Electronic Chess Instruction Over the pst severl decdes, the use of computers s chess-teching tools hs seen tremendous progress. You cn choose from mong the old softwre stndby nd my top recommendtion, Chess Mentor (go to com for free downlodble demo or to purchse), or from newcomers tht re specificlly designed to tech chess to kids, such s Fritz nd Chesster ( New DVDs seem to pper on dily bsis s well. Sites such s nd those of other mjor chess retilers will be well stocked with new rrivls. The sheer volume of instructionl softwre vilble mkes it impossible to do ny kind of thorough survey, nd wht s vilble is constntly chnging.

281 Chpter : Hitting the Net with Computer Chess Some Web sites give you bit of insight into wht s on the mrket nd how well received the new releses hve been. The following sites hve n enormous mount of useful, up-to-dte informtion, nd they ll look like they ll be round for the foreseeble future. Eplore! Plying Chess Online As nyone in this dy nd ge knows, the Internet is lwys chnging. New sites pop up nd old ones go wy, especilly in the chess world. Serch engines cn help you find new sites, nd most sites point to others, which point to others, nd so on. But t the time of this writing, the following sites, which I ve divided into two min ctegories, seem to get the most hits: Py-to-ply sites: The Internet Chess Club ( nd Plychess ( re the most populr, lthough others re vilble. On these sites, you cn choose from wide rnge of humn nd computer opponents. Free sites: Pogo ( nd the Free Internet Chess Server ( re the most common. The py-to-ply sites re for serious chess plyers, so unless you count yourself mong them, stick to the free sites. Whether you re pying to ply or plying for free, you need to register nd crete n online ID (clled your hndle). (Some py-to-ply sites llow you to ply s guest in order to get you to try their softwre, but you won t hve full functionlity until you register.) After you re registered, when you log on to these sites you see list of gmes in progress nd nother list of users seeking gme. You re lso llowed to brodcst your own seek to tell others tht you re willing to ply. These seeks specify wht time controls you re willing to use. Mny plyers ply blitz chess, but ll sorts of time controls hve their dherents. If you ren t redy to ply, you cn still wtch. Most of these sites llow you to click on gme in progress, where you cn then follow the ction in rel time. The highest level tournments re brodcst over the Internet nowdys, nd millions of eyeblls re tuned in. However, you normlly hve to be registered user t one of the py-to-ply sites in order to join in on the fun.

282 Prt IV: Getting Into Advnced Action You my wnt to consider tril membership, which is usully vilble, just to see whether prticulr site is for you. Commentry by strong plyers ccompnies mny live brodcsts, nd there s usully some wy for plyers of ll bilities to sk questions or mke their own observtions. Live lessons re lso regulrly scheduled, nd old ones re rchived. So you hve other resons to join rther thn simply to ply. But the ply is the best prt. Finding regulr sprring prtners who re roughly your equl in strength is one of the rel joys of chess on the Internet. You cn mke enduring friendships with people whom you would otherwise never hve met. Go hed log on!

283 Chpter Got Nottion? Reding nd Writing bout Chess In This Chpter Lbeling ech piece Recording moves Singling out piece when two re in question Putting in your two cents bout gme Finding chess in your dily pper Chess nottion hs n importnt role in the world of chess becuse it preserves the gme s history. It llows people to record gmes for posterity nd gives them the chnce to review the history of the gme s development to dte. Nottion lso llows people to overcome lnguge brriers nd communicte with one nother in universlly understood mnner. As such, officil competitions require tht someone record every single move with it but, fortuntely, you don t hve to mess with it when you re plying for fun! Even so, the nottion is good to know becuse it enbles plyers to communicte concisely nd enbles you to become more lerned prt of the chess community. Mny kinds of chess nottion eist, from forsythe ( nottion tht computers understnd) to different nottions for vrious lnguges. One kind of nottion, however, is universlly understood: lgebric, which uses single letter nd number to nme ech squre nd letter for ech chess piece. This nottion system replced the older English descriptive nottion which used n bbrevited form of verbl description of the moves becuse chess is for ll people, not just English-speking people. Although lgebric nottion looks goofy nd is hrd to mke sense of t first, believe me, getting used to it tkes just little bit of prctice. This nottion tries to keep things s simple s possible, but some situtions tht rise my still be confusing. Some people use the fewest chrcters possible while still voiding mbiguity, nd others spell out moves in more detil. In this book, I len more to the spell-it-out side.

284 Prt IV: Getting Into Advnced Action Keeping Trck of the Pieces As with ech squre for chessbord, ech chess piece lso needs to be referred to by some nottion. The king is indicted by K, the knight by N (becuse K is lredy tken!), nd so on. The pwn, poor thing, doesn t hve ny identifiction. If the nottion, which I get into in the net section, doesn t indicte piece, you cn ssume tht the move in question involves pwn. Tble - shows the nottion for the pieces. Tble - Piece King Queen Bishop Knight Rook Chess Piece Nottion Nottion K Q B N R The letters must be cpitlized to indicte piece; otherwise, they indicte squre. Writing the Moves of Gme You cn write ny conceivble chess move by using lgebric nottion. Every piece is identified, nd so is every squre. A complete description of the gme is clled the score of the gme, nd the pper you write the score on is clled the score sheet. Describing typicl opening Tke look t how lgebric nottion works in prctice by emining one of the most common openings, the Ruy Lopez, or Spnish, gme. Ech move is numbered nd includes one move by white nd one move by blck. The opening moves of the Ruy Lopez re written s follows:. e e. Nf Nc. Bb

285 Chpter : Got Nottion? Reding nd Writing bout Chess White moves first, followed by blck, so it follows tht white s first move ws to e, nd blck s ws to e. Remember, the bsence of piece designtion ( cpitl letter) indictes pwn move. Only one pwn cn move to e for white nd only one to e for blck, becuse pwns must move stright forwrd. (Chpter tells you ll bout pwn s vilble moves.) Figure - shows where white nd then blck moved their pwns. Figure -: The first moves of the Ruy Lopez. For the second set of moves, the white knight moves to f nd the blck knight moves to c, s shown in Figure -. Figure -: The white knight gllops to f, nd the blck knight trots to c.

286 Prt IV: Getting Into Advnced Action Now, white moves the bishop out to ttck the knight. Remember tht cpitl B mens bishop, nd lowercse b refers to the b-file. Figure - shows the white bishop moving out to the b squre. Notice tht I didn t give the corresponding blck move in the nottion for the third step of the Ruy Lopez opening. You ll often see this omission in chess books when move by white lends itself to comment. Becuse I give the white move lone, I cn lso give the blck move lone (but still net to becuse it s prt of the third set of moves). However, if I give the blck move lone, I need to precede it with n ellipsis (...), which is the conventionl wy of indicting stnd-lone move by blck. Figure -: The white bishop moves to b. Indicting cptures To indicte cpture with chess nottion, you use n long with the nme of the squre where the cpture is mde. To set up sitution tht s ripe for cpture, imgine gme tht begins with white moving pwn to e, followed by blck pwn move to e. White then moves nother pwn to d. The nottion looks like this:. e e. d Figure - shows these first few moves. Now blck hs the option of cpturing the white pwn on d with its pwn. This cpture is written s follows, nd Figure - illustrtes it. (Remember tht blck move written without the preceding white move is indicted by the use of the ellipsis, s I ve done here.)....ed (or....ed, which is more precise)

287 Chpter : Got Nottion? Reding nd Writing bout Chess Figure -: White nd blck fce off, nd white pwn steps out to d. Either nottion is correct, becuse the blck pwn cn only cpture on tht one squre on the d-file (see Chpter for more on cpturing). You my lso hve noticed tht only the file (e), not the file-rnk (e), of the ttcking pwn is given. You cn leve off the rnk becuse blck hs just one pwn on this e-file, so the rnk is understood. Figure -: The blck e-file pwn ctches the white d-file pwn. Sometimes, in plce of the nottion.... ed, you ll see simply....ed (minus the ). People who write nottion this wy don t think tht indicting cptures is necessry, but most people feel tht using the to indicte cpture mkes it esier to follow the gme. In ny cse, you my see either convention used in other chess books.

288 Prt IV: Getting Into Advnced Action Noting n echnge nd cstle To go bck to the Ruy Lopez for moment, one common vrition is clled the echnge vrition. This sitution occurs when white cptures the blck knight with the bishop (or echnges the bishop for the knight; see Chpter for info on echnges). Set the pieces bck to their strting positions nd see whether you cn follow some of this nottion on your own chessbord:. e e. Nf Nc. Bb. Bc If you were ble to follow those preceding moves, you cn tell tht white, on its fourth move, cptures the blck knight tht occupied c. Figure - shows the result of this cpture. Figure -: The white bishop cptures the blck knight on c. Now, blck cn cpture the white bishop with one of two pwns. Blck decides to cpture the bishop with its pwn from d, so the nottion is written like so:....dc Tke peek t Figure - to see the result of ll this ction. Suppose, however, tht blck decides to tke the bishop with his pwn from the b squre insted. Bck up one step s I show you this vrition.

289 Chpter : Got Nottion? Reding nd Writing bout Chess 9 Figure -: The blck pwn on d cptures the foolhrdy white bishop on c. If blck cptures the bishop with the pwn on b, the nottion should red like this:....bc Figure - illustrtes this setbck for the white bishop. Figure -: The blck pwn on b cptures the white bishop on c. White s net move my be to cstle on the kingside (see Chpter 0 for cstling detils). The nottion for cstling on the kingside is 0-0, but the nottion for cstling on the queenside is White s ction (see Figure -9), then, is written like this:. 0-0

290 0 Prt IV: Getting Into Advnced Action Figure -9: White cstles on the kingside. If you don t need chessbord to follow the preceding nottion, you my be redy for blindfold chess, where you ply gme without sight of the bord just by clling out the nottion! Recording pwn promotion You my ply lots of gmes without ever promoting pwn (see Chpter 0 for this specil move), but if you do end up doing it, you ll need to be ble to write the move down correctly. Nottion ccounts for the promotion of pwn by dding the piece designtion to the move. For emple, if on your 0th move you ply your pwn to the eighth rnk on the b-file nd promote it to queen, you write 0. bq. If you promote to bishop, for some reson, you write 0. bb. Accounting for Ambiguities (Which Knight, for Pete s Ske?) Wht if two pieces cn cpture on, or move to, the sme squre? In Figure -0, you see tht two knights cn move to the sme squre, d. Chess plyers solve tht potentil dilemm by dding the file to the piece designtion, s in N/bd. This nottion mens tht the knight stnding on the b-file is the one tht moves to d.

291 Chpter : Got Nottion? Reding nd Writing bout Chess Figure -0: Both knights cn move to the squre mrked by X. So wht do you write if two knights on the b-file cn move to d (s in Figure -)? To indicte which knight moves in tht cse, write the entire designtion of the originting squre: N/bd. Or for clrity s ske, you cn dd hyphen: N/b-d. This nottion mens tht the knight on b moves to d. Don t worry, this sitution doesn t hppen ll tht often! (But when it does, the pesky knights re usully the culprits.) When cpturing en pssnt, you my hve two pwns tht cn mke the sme cpture. This sitution isn t mbiguous, however, becuse you lwys indicte the originting file tht the cpturing pwn is on (ed, for emple). Very, very rrely, however, it s possible to hve two pwns on file, one tht cn cpture en pssnt, nd one tht cn cpture normlly. This cse is hndled by dding the bbrevition e.p. to the nottion, s in ed e.p., for emple. The lck of the triling e.p. indictes tht the other pwn on tht file mde the cpture. Figure -: The knight on b moves to the X- mrked squre.

292 Prt IV: Getting Into Advnced Action Commenting on Gme fter the Fct Some nottion mrks don t pply when you re writing down your moves during gme, but you cn use them to nnotte gme (tht is to sy, to comment bout gme tht hs been plyed previously). These nnottions, which usully include symbols, were mde to enhnce the reder s bility to understnd gme nd re used in chess books, mgzines, nd newspper columns. See Tble - for the most commonly used nnottions nd their definitions. Tble - Chess Annottion Annottion Definition! A good move!! A very good move? A bd move?? A very bd move -0 White won the gme 0- Blck won the gme The gme ws drw +/- White is considered to hve the dvntge -/+ Blck is considered to hve the dvntge = The position is considered to be equl + Check # Checkmte Nowdys, softwre eists to help you plce these symbols fter moves tht deserve specil mention, but you cn lwys write on your score sheet the old fshioned wy. You wouldn t cll ttention to norml move, such s. e, but you might wnt to give. N question mrk becuse it s dubious wy to open chess gme. The ten gmes in Chpter re nnotted nd use symbols. Reding Newspper Digrms Mny newsppers crry dily or weekly columns bout chess. Newsppers usully hve spce constrints for the info they cn include, however, so they

293 Chpter : Got Nottion? Reding nd Writing bout Chess typiclly give one gme nd one digrm of position of specil interest. All newsppers show white positioned t the bottom of the digrm nd moving up, with blck t the top nd moving down (like the figures in this book). Typiclly, the pper will tell you who s on the move, but if it doesn t, you cn ssume white is on the move (see Figure - for smple of chess in the newspper). Figure -: A typicl newspper chess gme digrm. In tournment gme, both plyers re required to write down ll the moves (clled keeping gme score ). This scorekeeping helps the director settle potentil disputes. For emple, if one plyer clims drw becuse the sme position hs occurred three times ( drw ccording to the rules), the director would use the plyers score sheet to decide whether this is ctully the cse. This written record is lso used to determine whether plyers hve mde the minimum number Keeping score of moves in given time period, which is clled the time limit nd is specified t the strt of every competition. Some grndmsters re notorious for their poor hndwriting, nd it s impossible to mke heds or tils of their score sheets. Tournment officils usully rely on the opponent s score sheet in order to reconstruct the gme. (continued)

294 _09 ch.qd /9/0 9:9 PM Pge Prt IV: Getting Into Advnced Action (continued)

295 Prt V The Prt of Tens

296 In this prt... Every For Dummies book hs prt tht fetures lists of ten good-to-know fcts, tips, or whtever, so of course I ws eger to jump on the bndwgon. In this prt, I give you the rundown on the most fmous chess gmes ever plyed. I provide the complete nottion so you cn follow long with your own bord nd chess set nd recp the gmes in your own living room. I lso present the best plyers of ll time, which is lwys good wy to begin n rgument. Most chess plyers hve their fvorites, nd I m no different.

297 Chpter The Ten Most Fmous Chess Gmes In This Chpter Going one-on-one with flesh nd blood: humn versus humn Competing with n electronic brin Showing up the whole wide world Some gmes re prt of chess plyers common chess heritge, including the ten I detil for you in this chpter. Every gme here will be fmilir to some etent to just bout every tournment plyer (in fct, some of them re so well known tht they even hve nmes!), nd being ble to spek intelligently bout them is importnt. This knowledge estblishes your reputtion s good tlker if not good plyer! Most of these gmes re from long time go; older gmes pper so often in lists such s this for severl resons. First, older gmes hve ll been included in mny more references thn the newer ones, nd more people re likely to hve studied them. Second, everyone tody cn understnd these gmes but some of the best gmes of recent yers re more difficult to follow. Lstly, plyers of long go didn t understnd defense s well s plyers do tody, nd their lck of defense led to mzing gmes tht re simply unlikely to occur in modern competition. Of course, mny people will hve different lists of the top-ten most fmous gmes (mybe even Dvid Lettermn!), but the ones in this chpter re the most importnt to me. Understnding the Gmes In order to enjoy the gmes in this chpter, you must understnd chess nottion, which detils the moves, nd nnottion, which is commentry on those moves. See Chpter for my eplntion of this nottion (nd get out your bord so tht you cn follow long better).

298 Prt V: The Prt of Tens When chess plyers write bout chess gmes, we tend to follow few simple conventions: The plyer who plyed white is listed first. The plce nd yer of the gme re included if known. The nme of the chess opening is included. The comments refer to the moves tht precede them. For you grmmticl types, plese note tht chess plyers don t lwys spell out complete sentences. The notted moves themselves re often prt of the comment tht follows them. Interestingly enough, for clss of people who clim to be logicl, the nmes of the chess openings re often subject of debte. This sitution is sort of similr to bunch of scientists fighting for credit for inventing or discovering the sme thing. Quite often, the decision of wht to cll the opening just comes down to mtter of personl preference. In this book, I use the nmes tht re commonly ccepted by chess plyers in the United Sttes. Conventions such s these mke it esier to know which gme in prticulr you re reding bout. After ll, Grry Ksprov nd Antoly Krpov hve plyed more thn 0 gmes of chess ginst ech other. We hve to hve some wy of differentiting mong them! Annotting fmous gme is lwys dngerous. Not only cn you be wrong, but you my brek the spell these gmes cst over people the first time they see them. However, I ve found it worth tking the risk in most cses, becuse, for mny people, some eplntion is better thn none. Adolf Anderssen versus Lionel Kieseritzky: The Immortl Gme London, (King s Gmbit) Nowhere is it more evident thn in the Immortl Gme tht the plyers of the mid-00s loved ttck first nd mteril lst!. e e. f ef. Bc Qh+

299 Chpter : The Ten Most Fmous Chess Gmes 9 Anderssen wnts to develop rpidly, even if it mens losing the right to cstle.. Kf b Kieseritzky shows n equl disdin for nything other thn rpid development.. Bb Nf. Nf Qh Most nlysts hve roundly criticized this move by Kieseritzky, but the Germn grndmster Robert Hübner hs demonstrted tht it s better thn the suggested....qh.. d Hübner suggests tht. Nc is better.....nh The move....bc hs been suggested s superior. However, don t tke these suggestions s evidence tht these plyers weren t very good. Anderssen nd Kieseritzky were simply plying by the principles tht were understood t the time. Rpid development nd ttck were ll tht relly mttered to them.. Nh This move is sometimes prised s n emple of Anderssen s gret feel for the ttck, but other nlysts hve decided tht. Rg ws even better.....qg 9. Nf c This lst move ttcks the bishop nd unpins the queen pwn, but perhps 9....g immeditely ttcking the overly ggressive knight ws better. 0. g Hübner suggests tht 0. B ws more circumspect Nf Agin, Kieseritzky should ply g, ttcking the knight.. Rg....cb

300 0 Prt V: The Prt of Tens Blck violtes the principle of development over mteril! This is n interesting error by Kieseritzky nd, ccording to Hübner, the decisive mistke. He suggests....h.. h Qg. h Qg. Qf Ng. Bf Qf. Nc Bc. Nd The move. d would gin tempo, but then the gme wouldn t hve this brillint finish.....qb (See Figure -.) Figure -: Blck thretens the rook on.. Bd Almost every tet gives this move two eclmtion points in honor of its brillince. Hübner, however, gives no fewer thn three better moves nd gives the move question mrk. Nevertheless, it leds to the following immortl conclusion:....bg 9. e Q+ 0. Ke N

301 Chpter : The Ten Most Fmous Chess Gmes. Ng+ Kd. Qf+ Nf. Be# The wy tht Anderssen combined his few remining pieces in such wy s to overcome Kieseritzky s huge remining rmy is most remrkble. Even if Anderssen nd Kieseritzky didn t ply the bsolute best moves, they certinly plyed the most entertining ones! Adolf Anderssen versus J. Dufresne: The Evergreen Gme Berlin, (Evns Gmbit). e e. Nf Nc. Bc Bc. b Bb. c B. d ed. 0-0 The Evns Gmbit ws n old fvorite of the Romntic-ge plyers nd is still dngerous tody. White scrifices mteril for n dvntge in development nd open lines for the pieces.....d Dufresne s response is wek. Either....dc or....d would ve been better.. Qb Qf 9. e Qg The pwn is immune to cpture. If 9....Ne, 0. Re d,.qb+ picks up piece. 0. Re Nge. B b

302 Prt V: The Prt of Tens In those dys, development ws considered to be more importnt thn puny mounts of mteril.. Bb Rb. Q Bb. Nbd Bb. Ne Qf This position is difficult to ply correctly, but this lst move is simply wste of time.. Bd Qh Now Anderssen begins one of the most fmous combintions in ll of chess history.. Nf+! gf. ef Rg 9. Rd! Obviously, Anderssen hs lredy conceived of the brillint finish Qf (See Figure -.) Figure -: White to move nd win. One cn only speculte whether Dufresne ever sw Anderssen s combintion coming!

303 Chpter : The Ten Most Fmous Chess Gmes 0. Re+ Ne. Qd+! Kd. Bf+! Ke. Bd+ Kf. Be# Pul Morphy versus Duke Krl of Brunschweig nd Count Isourd Pris (t the Oper), (Philidor Defense) This offhnd gme is one of the most instructive emples of how to develop rpidly nd ttck. It ws wht chess plyers refer to s consulttion gme, where one plyer (in this cse, Morphy) plys ginst two opponents, who re llowed to help one nother select blck s moves. Legend hs it tht the duke ws roundly criticized in the net dy s ppers for plying gme of chess t the oper!. e e. Nf d. d Bg A wek move, but one tht hs certin logic to it. The white knight nd pwn re ttcking blck s pwn on e. Blck s pwn is defended by only the d pwn. Insted of bringing up nother defender (sy, with....nd), blck chooses to pin the knight. The drwbck to this ide is tht white hs tctic t its disposl tht forces blck to trde the bishop for the knight.. de Bf Not....de,. Qd+ Kd,. Ne winning pwn.. Qf de Mteril blnce hs been restored, but Morphy lredy hs one piece developed (the queen) nd cn now develop nother. Morphy hs led in development nd the dvntge of the two bishops.. Bc Nf

304 Prt V: The Prt of Tens Blck must gurd ginst the thretened cpture on f.. Qb Qe Morphy, with his move, renews the thret to cpture on f, nd his opponents re forced to gurd ginst it (by moving the queen) on their turn. This move gurds f but blocks the king s bishop. Morphy s edge in development continues to grow.. Nc c Morphy could ve won pwn by. Qb, but fter....qb+ he would ve been forced to trde queens. Morphy correctly decides tht continuing his development (becuse his dvntge lies in tht element) is more importnt thn winning pwn. Blck tkes moment to gurd the b squre with....c, which is necessry precution, but this move doesn t help his development. 9. Bg b? Another pwn move! This time Morphy decides tht the time is ripe for scrifice. 0. Nb! cb. Bb+ Nbd Rd Both knights re pinned, nd blck cn brely move, but how is white to cpitlize?. Rd! Rd Now Morphy hs scrificed rook for two pwns, but his led in development is so overwhelming tht the mteril deficit is immteril! Notice tht the blck king s rook nd bishop hve yet to move.. Rd Qe Duke Krl nd Count Isourd reson tht if they cn trde queens, they ll survive the ttck nd win with their etr mteril. Morphy never gives them the chnce.. Bd+ Nd (See Figure -.). Qb+ Nb The finl scrifice is of the queen, but Morphy willingly prts with her for checkmte!. Rd#

305 Chpter : The Ten Most Fmous Chess Gmes Figure -: It s the queen s turn. Wilhelm Steinitz versus Kurt Von Brdeleben Hstings (Englnd), 9 (Itlin Gme) This gme is fmous for the concluding combintion nd for the report tht Von Brdeleben didn t bother to resign but simply got up nd wlked wy without word.. e e. Nf Nc. Bc Bc. c Nf. d ed. cd Bb+. Nc d Steinitz (white) ws willing to scrifice pwn (or more!) in return for led in development. Von Brdeleben declines the offer to win mteril (by....ne) nd immeditely strikes bck in the center. The struggle then shifts to fight for control of d.. ed Nd Be

306 Prt V: The Prt of Tens Steinitz ws gin willing to scrifice pwn (9....Nc, 0. bc Bc) in return for speedy development, nd gin Von Brdeleben prefers to concentrte on reinforcing his control over wht he perceives to be the key squre, d. 0. Bg Be Steinitz develops with thret (by ttcking the blck queen), which is usully very strong. Von Brdeleben must tke moment to defend ginst the thret. Now both white nd blck hve four pieces developed, but white hs lso cstled nd is on the move.. Bd Bd. Nd Qd. Be Ne. Re f Steinitz initited the preceding series of echnges for very subtle reson. Now Von Brdeleben cn t cstle, becuse he needs his king to gurd the knight. He now hopes to escpe his predicment by plying his king to f nd then rook to e, but does he hve time to do so?. Qe Qd. Rc c If....Kf t once,. Qc+ followed by. Qc would win pwn for white.. d! cd Steinitz hs scrificed the d-pwn in order to cler the d squre for his knight. The time gined to bring the knight into the ttck is worth more thn the pwn. Notice how Von Brdeleben s rooks still stnd on their originl squres.. Nd Kf 9. Ne Rhc Steinitz ws thretening to invde with 0. Rc. 0. Qg g Von Brdeleben must gurd ginst. Qg+ Ke,. Qf#. Ng+ Ke (See Figure -.)

307 Chpter : The Ten Most Fmous Chess Gmes Figure -: The impervious rook.. Re+ Kf An etrordinry sitution. Blck cn t cpture the white rook, but white cn t cpture the blck queen! If....Qe,. Rc+ (or....ke,. Re+ Kd,. Ne+) wins for white, but. Rd (or Qd ) Rc# wins for blck! Now comicl series of moves tkes plce where Steinitz s impudent rook essentilly thumbs its nose t Von Brdeleben s king.. Rf+ Kg Not....Kd,. Qd#. Rg+ Kh. Rh+ Kg. Rg+ Kh Steinitz s checks hven t been without purpose. Now tht Von Brdeleben s h- pwn hs been eliminted, Steinitz cn bring the queen into the ttck with check. White must not llow blck to ply Rc+, which mtes quickly, so keeping the blck king in check is criticl. By replcing the hrssing rook with mruding queen, white increses his ttcking force by decisive mount.. Qh+ Kg. Qh+ Kf 9. Qh+ Ke 0. Qg+ Ke

308 Prt V: The Prt of Tens If 0....Kd,. Ne+ de,. Rd+ removes the mte thret nd wins the blck queen.. Qg+ Ke. Qf+ Kd. Qf+ Qe. Nf+ Kd. Qd# Von Brdeleben wlked wy from the bord without plying out the finl sequence, which is bd mnners but understndble in this cse. He must ve been completely frustrted by his inbility to move nything other thn his king for so long. Georg Rotlewi versus Akib Rubinstein Lodz (Polnd), Russi, 90 (Trrsch Defense) This gme is nother one where the few remining blck pieces combine to overwhelm the vstly superior white pieces. Rubinstein s combintion is remrkble in tht he continues to offer mteril right up until the end; s such, the gme is known s Rubinstein s Immortl Gme.. d d. Nf e. e c. c Nc. Nc Nf. dc Bc.. b Bd 9. Bb Qd Qe. Bd dc Rotlewi (white) nd Rubinstein hve dopted very similr setups. The setups hve two subtle differences, however, both of which fvor blck. The first is tht blck wited to ply....dc until fter white s king bishop moved, nd this strtegic dely gined tempo for blck. The second difference is tht

309 Chpter : The Ten Most Fmous Chess Gmes 9 the blck queen is better plced on e thn white s queen on d. Blck s queen is sfe, while the white queen is eposed on the open d-file. Are these smll dvntges enough to llow blck to win? Mybe nd mybe only if your nme is Rubinstein.. Bc b. Bd Rd. Qe Bb As you cn see, the positions re lmost mirror imges of one nother. The difference is tht Rubinstein hs lredy cstled nd plyed his rook to d. Clerly, blck hs gotten n dvntge in development out of the opening Ne. Ne Be. f Bc Is Rotlewi gining n edge in the center, or is Rubinstein provoking weknesses in the white king s position?. e Rc 9. e Bb+ 0. Kh Ng The sfety of white s king is clerly the most criticl element t the moment.. Qg Rd is clerly better for blck.. Be Qh. g (See Figure -.)....Rc! A remrkble scrifice of queen tht white cn t refuse. If. Bc Be+,. Qe Qh#.. gh Rd! Scrificing queen wsn t enough for Rubinstein. He now throws rook into the miture.. Qd Be+. Qg Rh! And checkmte by...rh is unvoidble. Notice tht the white queen on g is pinned. Rubinstein wins!

310 90 Prt V: The Prt of Tens Figure -: Blck s queen is thretened by white s g-pwn. Stepn Levitsky versus Frnk Mrshll Breslu (Polnd), 9 (French Defense) After Mrshll s....qg!! move, the specttors were sid to hve showered the bord with gold pieces! Although legends re more fun to believe in, it should be noted tht the chess journlist nd interntionl mster I. A. Horowitz reports tht Mrshll s wife, Croline, disclims even shower of pennies.. d e. e d. Nc c. Nf Nc. ed ed. Be Nf. 0-0 Be. Bg dc Be 0. Nd Bc. Ne fe. Bg Qd. Bh Re. Qd Bb

311 Chpter : The Ten Most Fmous Chess Gmes 9 Mrshll now thretens....ne, which prompts Levitsky to echnge his bishop for blck s knight. As result, Mrshll s pieces re more ggressively posted, nd he s hed in development. How cn he trnslte this dvntge into victory?. Bf Rf. Rd Qc. Qe Bc. bc Qc 9. Rd Nd By eploiting the pin on the e-file, Levitsky hs retined mteril blnce, but Mrshll gin gins time by centrlizing the knight long with n ttck on white s queen. 0. Qh Ref. Re Rh Mrshll gin repositions piece with gin of time by the ttck on the queen. The blck pieces re now optimlly posted for tctics.. Qg Rh Levitsky cn t ply. gh becuse of....nf. Insted, he wnts to ply. Rc nd. Rc with n ttck of his own.. Rc (See Figure -.) Figure -: Blck to move nd win.....qg!!

312 9 Prt V: The Prt of Tens Levitsky resigns! Levitsky hs no fewer thn three different wys (shown here with sterisks) to cpture Mrshll s queen but ll of them lose: *. hg Ne# *. fg Ne+. Kh Rf# *. Qg Ne+. Kh Ng+ And Levitsky cn t recpture with. fg becuse of....rf#. Emnuel Lsker versus José Rúl Cpblnc St. Petersburg (Russi), 9 (Ruy Lopez, Echnge Vrition) This historicl encounter pitted the world chmpion Emnuel Lsker ginst the senstionl young José Rúl Cpblnc. Lsker proved tht he wsn t yet redy to roll over nd die before the net genertion. Besides the historicl significnce of the gme, this mtch is noteworthy for Lsker s simple winning strtegy, seemingly flowing right from the opening. Simple for him, tht is! Wht this gme lcks in brillint combintions is mde up for by the sheer elegnce of Lsker s ply.. e e. Nf Nc. Bb. Bc dc. d ed. Qd Qd. Nd Bd. Nc Ne Both sides hve developed pieces nd cstled. Lsker hs n edge in the center nd consequently n dvntge in spce. He eploits this dvntge by seizing even more spce on the kingside. He isn t opening himself up to ttck, s white did in the previous gme. The plyers hve lredy echnged so much mteril tht the chnces of decisive ttck re slim.

313 Chpter : The Ten Most Fmous Chess Gmes 9 0. f Re. Nb f The thret ws. e, trpping the blck bishop.. f b. Bf Bb. Bd cd Lsker doesn t mind repiring Cpblnc s dmged pwn structure becuse he hs his sights set on the e squre for his knight.. Nd Rd. Ne Rd. Rd Nc Notice how Cpblnc s pieces re struggling to defend the d pwn without getting in ech other s wy. This dilemm is often the consequence of hving sptil disdvntge.. Rf b 9. Rfd Rde 0. b Kf. B Lsker hs control over the center nd hs slowed Cpblnc s dvnce on the queenside. He now improves the position of his king nd seizes more spce on the kingside.. Kf R. g h. Rd. h b. b Re. Kf Rg. Kf g 9. Rg g+ 0. Kf Nb. hg hg

314 9 Prt V: The Prt of Tens Lsker hs now opened the h-file nd tkes control of it with rook.. Rh Rd. Kg Ke. Rdh Bb Cpblnc hopes tht his position is defensible nd merely mrks time, but Lsker now tkes the opportunity to bring his queenside knight into the gme, even t the cost of pwn.. e! de. Ne Nd. Nc Bc Cpblnc cn t gurd everything nd decides to give up rook for one of the pesky knights. Lsker retins his trumps the h-file nd the sptil dvntge nd now dds slight mteril edge to the eqution.. Nd Bd 9. Rh Rf 0. R Kd. R+ Bc. Nc Cpblnc resigns, becuse. Ne+ is devstting. Donld Byrne versus Robert J. Fischer New York, 9 (Grünfeld Defense) Here, the young Bobby Fischer plys one of the gretest gmes of ll time. This gme ws quickly dubbed the gme of the century, but it ws certinly plyed in the spirit of the lst century.. Nf Nf. c g. Nc Bg. d 0-0. Bf d. Qb dc

315 Chpter : The Ten Most Fmous Chess Gmes 9. Qc c. e Nbd 9. Rd Nb 0. Qc Bg This position is n interesting one. Byrne seems to hve complete control over the center, which normlly leds to n dvntge, but notice tht Fischer hs completed the development of his minor pieces nd cstled. Byrne s king s bishop nd rook re still on their originl squres; he should ttend to his development nd not bother with his net move, which meets with tcticl response.. Bg? N! If Byrne now plys. N Ne,. Qc Q+ wins pwn.. Q Nc. bc Ne. Be Qb Fischer is willing to scrifice his rook for white s bishop in return for n ttck ginst white s king. Byrne decides to forgo the win of mteril in order to try to cstle, but Fischer keeps the pressure on nd gives him no time to bring his king to sfety.. Bc Nc!. Bc Rfe+. Kf (See Figure -.) Figure -: Blck to move nd win.

316 9 Prt V: The Prt of Tens....Be An mzing queen scrifice justified by the white king s precrious position nd blck s led in development!. Be would be met by....qb+.. Bb Bc+ 9. Kg Ne+ 0. Kf Nd+. Kg Ne+. Kf Nc+. Kg b Blck tkes time out to cpture the bishop becuse it doesn t lose ny time. The cpture includes thret to cpture the white queen on blck s net move.. Qb R. Qb Nd. h R Fischer continues to gobble up mteril while improving the position of his pieces.. Kh Nf. Re Re 9. Qd+ Bf 0. Ne Bd. Nf Ne. Qb b. h h. Ne Kg By breking the pin, Fischer llows the king s bishop to join in on the finl ssult.. Kg Bc+. Kf Ng+. Ke Bb+. Kd Bb+ 9. Kc Ne+

317 Chpter : The Ten Most Fmous Chess Gmes 9 0. Kb Nc+. Kc Rc# Deep Blue versus Grry Ksprov Phildelphi, 99 (Sicilin Defense) There s no dnger in picking this gme for the list of the ten best chess gmes. Never hs chess gme seen s much publicity s this initil mtch between IBM s computer nd Grry Ksprov. In the first gme of their sigme mtch, which I detil in this section, the computer cuses senstion by defeting the world chmpion. This ws the first time computer bet world chmpion t regulr tournment time controls, nd the medi ll over the world picked up this story.. e c. c d. ed Qd. d Nf. Nf Bg. Be e. h Bh. 0-0 Nc 9. Be cd 0. cd Bb? This move gets the world chmpion into trouble. The norml course of ction is to develop the bishop to e. Ksprov is undoubtedly trying to get the computer into unknown territory becuse the computer s memory contins ll these moves up to this point from previous gmes. It isn t thinking yet, just remembering. Now it strts its own clcultions.. B. Nc Qd. Nb Qe. Ne Be. Qe 0-0

318 9 Prt V: The Prt of Tens The computer s dvntge is subtle one. The knights hve been llowed to mke two moves ech for blck knight s one.. Rc Rc. Bg Bb. Bf gf Forced becuse....qf, 9. Nd would win mteril for white. 9. Nc Rfd Not 9....Nd, 0. Nd Bd becuse of. Qg+ nd. Qd. The computer will never miss this kind of tcticl trick. Now the computer ruins Ksprov s queenside pwn structure thing it knows is good to do. 0. Nb b. Rfd f. Qe Qf Ksprov is pressuring the pwn t d. The computer now mkes n ecellent decision. Insted of becoming pssive by defending the pwn, it chooses to dvnce it nd ttck. Well done!. d Rd. Rd ed. b Kh Ksprov will try to swing his rook to the g-file nd ttck. The computer correctly ssesses tht this ttck isn t dngerous nd simply begins to et mteril on the queenside.. Qb Rg. Qc d. Nd f 9. Nb Ne The computer won t fll for 0. Qd Nf+ winning the white queen. 0. Qd f. g Nd. Rc Re

319 Chpter : The Ten Most Fmous Chess Gmes 99 Ksprov s ttck looks very dngerous, but the computer isn t rttled by ppernces.. Nd Re+. Kh Nf. Nf+ Kg. Ng+ Kh. Rh+ Ksprov resigns in the fce of....kg,. Qg+ Kf, 9. Nf, where he hs no threts nd Deep Blue hs too mny. Score: Silicon, Crbon 0. Of course, this setbck just mde Ksprov md, nd he proceeded to soundly defet the computer in the rest of the mtch. Ksprov didn t fre so well in his 99 remtch with the computer, however: Deep Blue defeted its humn opponent. to. in this si-gme mtch. But don t jump to the conclusion tht Deep Blue s victory utomticlly signls the superiority of computers in such mtters. Visit the Web site ibm.com to find out more bout this mtch. Grry Ksprov versus The World MSN, 999 (Sicilin Defense) Using the Internet to wtch live brodcsts of chess gmes becme populr pstime in the 990s. Ksprov in prticulr generted huge numbers of hits to sites covering his gmes. The net step ws to use the Internet to let everyone ctully ply gme ginst the mster. The udience, which included grndmster nlysts nd commenttors, got to vote on which moves to ply, nd the most populr choices were the ones dopted. This gme, which lsted severl months, generted enormous publicity nd hd tremendous mount of prticiption by both voters nd viewers.. e c. Nf d. Bb+ Bd. Bd+ Qd. c Nc. Nc Nf

320 00 Prt V: The Prt of Tens. 0-0 g. d cd 9. Nd Bg 0. Nde Qe (See Figure -.) This move ws new t the time. However, the move gives Ksprov n opportunity to invde with his knight. Figure -: Blck seeks to destroy white s d-pwn.. Nd Qe. Nc+ Kd. N Qc. Nb+ Ksprov despirs of sving the knight nd seeks to cripple blck s queenside pwns before losing it.....b. Nc R. Ne. Ne Qe. Qb f 9. Bg Qb

321 Chpter : The Ten Most Fmous Chess Gmes 0 0. Qf Be. h R. R Q. Qh Bb. Qg Qe. Qf Bd. Qb f. Qf Be. h b 9. h Qc 0. Qf+ Qe. Qe+ Ksprov must trde queens in this position if he wnts to keep his winning chnces live.. Qd would be nswered by....qg.....ke. g fg. fg b. Bf Bd+ Ksprov lter climed tht....bh would ve been sufficient to equlize the position.. Kh b. g Kd. g e. h Ne 9. Rd e 0. Be Kc. Bd ed. Kg b. Kf Kc. h Ng

322 0 Prt V: The Prt of Tens. Ke Kc. Rh d. Kf b=q. Rb Kb 9. Kg d 0. h=q d=q. Qh Although the world is pwn hed, Ksprov hs the better chnces due to the dvnced nture of his pssed pwn on g (see Figure -9). Figure -9: Ksprov s pssed pwn works to his dvntge.....b This move is mistke. Anlysis demonstrted tht blck could ve drwn by plying....k.. Kf+ Kb Agin, the king should ve moved to. These pprently simple positions cn be devilishly difficult to ply correctly.. Qh+ K. Qf b

323 Chpter : The Ten Most Fmous Chess Gmes 0. Qb Qf+. Kg d. Qd+ Kb. g Qe 9. Qg+ Kb 0. Qf+ Kc. Kf d. g -0 The world resigned, becuse white s g-pwn ws going to queen nd inevitbly win the gme.

324 0 Prt V: The Prt of Tens

325 Chpter 9 The Ten Best Plyers of All Time In This Chpter Introducing the top nmes in chess Giving honorble mentions Recognizing the could-hve-beens If you wnt to strt n rgument, picking the ten best plyers is good wy to do it. Mny people feel very strongly bout this prticulr issue, nd severl hve written books bout it. Elborte cses hve been mde to try to prove who ws the best ever by mthemticlly quntifying their performnces nd ssigning them rtings. I do no such thing, of course. (Tht would be too much work!) The wy I ve decided to judge the best plyers is by sking simple question: How much did they stnd bove their contemporries? I think this is the only vlid wy to compre plyers from different genertions. Here they re, long with their life spn nd country, in the order in which I think they most dominted their respective ers. Ksprov, Grry (9 ), Russi Born in Bku, Azerbizhn, Grry Ksprov won the world chmpionship in 9 in the first of severl titnic struggles with Antoly Krpov (see the section on tht guy lter in this chpter). Not until he ws finlly defeted in 000 mtch by Vldimir Krmnik did I fully pprecite how dominnt he d been. Ksprov s tournment results during his pek, from the mid- 0s into the st century, were eqully impressive. Wht moves him to the hed of this list is the fct tht he ws so much more ctive thn the mjority of his predecessors. No one else demonstrted his or her superiority so convincingly so often. Ksprov entered only the very strongest tournments nd routinely won them. Only Krpov could chllenge him nd becuse Krpov is lso one of the ten best plyers of ll time, this restriction only dds to Ksprov s résumé. The two plyers were fierce combtnts in wht must be considered the gretest chess rivlry of ll time.

326 0 Prt V: The Prt of Tens Cpblnc, José Rúl ( 9), Cub José Rúl Cpblnc ws world chmpion from 9 to 9. Mny people considered him the strongest plyer in the world prior to 9, but he ws unble to rrnge mtch with the then chmpion, Emnuel Lsker (see the section on him lter in this chpter). When public sentiment becme overwhelming in demnd of mtch, Lsker simply tried to resign his title to Cpblnc. This behvior seems to dd credence to the view tht Cpblnc ws the better plyer yers before the mtch finlly took plce. In fct, beginning in 9, Cpblnc lost only single gme over the net ten yers. Cpblnc s dominnce ws so gret tht he ws nicknmed the chess mchine. Even gret plyers felt tht he ws unbetble. Cpblnc eventully becme somewht bored with chess becuse it ws too esy. For him, it my hve been. Fischer, Robert Jmes (9 ), United Sttes In 9, Robert Jmes Fischer shocked the chess world by winning 9 consecutive gmes ginst n etremely high level of competition. This fet hs been compred to throwing bck-to-bck no-hitters in mjor legue bsebll. During his pek plying period, from the mid-sities into the erly seventies, plyers spoke of Fischer Fever, where they felt ill just hving to ply ginst him. Just s with Cpblnc, Fischer hd n ur of invincibility which wsn t fr from the truth. Fischer ws hed nd shoulders bove the best plyers of his dy. His brupt withdrwl from chess ws trgic. Rumors of Fischer sightings were rmpnt, nd the public ws often tntlized by stories of his impending re-emergence. Unfortuntely, Fischer wited more thn 0 yers before plying in public gin. His behvior, lwys intense, becme incresingly odd over the yers, nd it s doubtful tht he ll ever gin subject himself to the rigors of tournment or mtch chess.

327 Chpter 9: The Ten Best Plyers of All Time Krpov, Antoly (9 ), Russi Although Ksprov eventully eclipsed Antoly Krpov, no one would drem of leving Krpov off this list. Krpov won the chmpionship by defult when Fischer refused to defend his title. Mny people considered this blck mrk on Krpov s record becuse Krpov never ctully won the title by plying chmpionship mtch, but I think tht s silly. Perhps this event is wht spurred him on to incredible chievements in tournment chess in the 90s nd 0s. 0 Only the gret Viktor Korchnoi ws ble to test him in mtch ply, but even he couldn t bet Krpov, nd Krpov dominted the tournment scene. From 9 to 9, Krpov plyed in ten mjor tournments nd finished cler first, or in tie for first, in nine of them. Krpov ws clerly the dominnt plyer fter Fischer nd before Ksprov. Morphy, Pul ( ), United Sttes Pul Morphy s creer ws meteoric. He burned brightly for short period of time, in the mid-9th century, nd then never plyed gin. It s quite sensible to move him up or down this list depending upon how much or how little you vlue longevity. Morphy defeted ll the best plyers of his dy with the eception of Howrd Stunton who mnged to void plying Morphy. Most historins give Stunton no rel chnce of ever being ble to defet Morphy in mtch. Wht set Morphy so fr bove his contemporries wsn t tht he won but how he did it. Morphy plyed scintillting chess. His gmes still serve s clssic emples of how powerful rpid development cn be. After defeting the best nd the brightest, Morphy retired from chess to set up his lw prctice in New Orlens. Unfortuntely, wht mny believe to hve been serious mentl helth problems surfced nd hunted him for the reminder of his dys. Lsker, Emnuel ( 9), Germny Emnuel Lsker is n interesting cse. Some people put him first, nd others put him towrd the bottom. The mjor criticism is tht he plyed infrequently. The mjor rgument in his fvor ws tht he ws world chmpion from 9 until 9 longer thn ny other plyer in history. Mny people believe tht

328 0 Prt V: The Prt of Tens Lsker ducked the toughest opposition, but his tournment nd mtch results clerly show tht he ws the world s best plyer for considerble period of time. Lsker estblished his credentils by winning four consecutive mjor tournments (these tournments were infrequent in those dys): St. Petersburg 9 9, Nuremberg 9, London 99, nd Pris 900. From 9 to 9, Lsker plyed in ten mjor tournments, finished first eight times, second once, nd third once. This chievement ws clerly the best record of nyone during his time. Steinitz, Wilhelm ( 900), Austri The first world chmpion, Wilhelm Steinitz ws considered the best plyer in the world for period of bout 0 yers. By virtue of his mtch nd tournment record, Steinitz ws probbly the best plyer in the world during the lte 0s nd certinly ws by the erly 0s. From to 9, Steinitz hd n unbroken string of mtch victories. It wsn t until, in mtch versus Johnn Zukertort, tht winner ws officilly given the title of world chmpion. Steinitz won with score of ten wins, five losses, nd five drws. He then successfully defended his title severl times before losing, t the ge of, to the young Lsker (see the preceding section). Alekhine, Alender (9 9), Russi Alender Alekhine ws single-minded in his pursuit of the world chmpionship, nd his drive eventully overcme Cpblnc s skill. Alekhine s results were never s dominting s those higher on this list, but he still mnged n impressive run. From 9 through 9, he competed in mjor tournments nd won of them. From 90 to 9, he won five strong tournments but let his wekness for drink get the best of him. He lost the title to M Euwe in 9, primrily becuse of his poor physicl condition. Alekhine clened up his ct nd won the return mtch to regin the title, which he kept until his deth. However, his lst yers were sd ones. His ply ws unrecognizble, nd his physicl condition continued to deteriorte. Nevertheless, Alekhine belongs on this list by virtue of his mny tournment nd mtch victories.

329 Chpter 9: The Ten Best Plyers of All Time 09 Botvinnik, Mikhil (9 9), Russi Mikhil Botvinnik won seven consecutive mjor tournments from 9 to 9, including the tournment held to determine the chmpion upon Alekhine s deth. There s little doubt tht he would ve defeted Alekhine, nd it seems certin tht he ws the best plyer of the 90s. Remrkbly, Botvinnik ws n engineer by profession nd didn t dedicte himself in chess the wy most of the chmpions hd. He lost his title to Vsily Smyslov in 9 but won it bck in the return mtch the net yer. He then lost to Mikhil Tl in 90 but gin recptured the title in the return mtch. The return mtch cluse, stting tht the chmpion hs right to remtch if defeted, ws stricken in 9 when he lost to Tigrn Petrosin, nd no one will ever know whether he would ve mnged to score the ht trick. Despite firly trnished record in chmpionship mtch ply, Botvinnik ws clerly the best plyer in the world for mny yers. None of his chllengers could mke tht clim. Tl, Mikhil (9 9), Ltvi Mikhil Tl brely mkes the top ten becuse helth troubles kept him from performing t pek efficiency. Otherwise, he my hve been much higher on the list. Botvinnik once sid, If Tl would lern to progrm himself properly, he would be impossible to ply. The best of the th century? Frnçois-André Dnicn Philidor ( 9) of Frnce ws reported to be the best plyer of his time, nd the surviving gmes show striking superiority to tht of most of his contemporries in his knowledge of the gme. Unfortuntely, not enough informtion on this time period is vilble to truly document his dominnce, nd this lck of dt keeps him from mking the top ten. However, he did uthor the most influentil chess book of his ge, L nlyse des échecs (An Anlysis of Chess), published in London in 9. Philidor entered n importnt choir t the ge of nd must be considered something of musicl prodigy. He lerned chess when the court musicins hd spells of inctivity nd pssed the time plying chess. When his voice broke round the ge of, he begn plying chess in ernest. Even so, his musicl compositions were numerous, nd some of them re even performed tody.

330 0 Prt V: The Prt of Tens Tl won the world chmpionship title from Botvinnik in 90 but lost the return mtch. Before this return mtch, Tl becme unwell with kidney trouble but refused to postpone ply. He eventully lost one of his kidneys nd ws never relly well fterwrds. Nevertheless, from 99 to 990, Tl plyed in strong tournments, winning or shring 9 first nd second prizes. He won si Soviet chmpionships, which were some of the strongest tournments of tht time. He lso compiled record of 9 wins, drws, nd only losses in seven Olympids. Fmous for his intimidting stre, Tl joins Cpblnc nd Fischer s the most fered opponents in history. When plying Tl, plyers were lwys frid of winding up on the losing side of soon-to-be fmous gme. Honorble Mentions Other world chmpions must be included in ny such list, becuse they ll were dominnt to some etent. Although these plyers my not pper on every best-ever list, they deserve considertion: Anderssen, Adolf ( 9), Germny Although the title of world chmpion wsn t estblished during his dy, Anderssen ws rgubly the best plyer of his time nd deserves considertion s n honorble mention. Euwe, M (90 ), Netherlnds Smyslov, Vsily (9 ), Russi Petrosin, Tigrn (99 ), Russi Spssky, Boris (9 ) Russi Krmnik, Vldimir (9 ), Russi The Strongest Plyers Never to Be World Chmpion If you don t get enough controversy from trying to estblish the best plyers of ll time, sk who ws the strongest plyer to never win the world chmpion title. Tht question usully does the trick. The prime cndidtes, in chronologicl order, re s follows.

331 Chpter 9: The Ten Best Plyers of All Time Chigorin, Mikhil (0 90), Russi Mikhil Chigorin plyed two chmpionship mtches with Steinitz nd lost both of them, but these mtches were considered to be closely contested, nd the second mtch in prticulr could ve gone either wy. In 9, Chigorin drew tremendous fighting mtch with Siegbert Trrsch, who lso mkes this list (see the net section). Trrsch, Siegbert ( 9), Germny From to 9, Siegbert Trrsch won five consecutive mjor tournments. He never chllenged Steinitz for the title lthough he ws certinly qulified to reportedly due to his obligtions s medicl doctor. When he finlly got his chnce ginst Lsker in 90, he ws pst his prime nd soundly beten. Pillsbury, Hrry Nelson ( 90), United Sttes Hrry Nelson Pillsbury s first interntionl tournment ws Hstings 9, one of the strongest nd most fmous tournments in history. Unbelievbly, he won the event hed of Steinitz, Lsker, Chigorin, nd Trrsch. No one hd ever done nything like it before. His creer tournment record ginst Lsker ws four wins, four losses, nd four drws the best result of ny of his contemporries. His untimely deth, due to terminl illness, my hve been the only obstcle between him nd the title. Rubinstein, Akib ( 9), Polnd In 9, Akib Rubinstein won four mjor tournments nd ws clerly t the top of his gme. He then begn negotitions with Lsker for title mtch. Sdly, he fred bdly in the gret tournment in St. Petersburg 9 nd lost his potentil bcking. Then World Wr I broke out; his best opportunity ws gone.

332 Prt V: The Prt of Tens Reshevsky, Smuel (9 9), United Sttes During the yers 9 to 90, Smuel Reshevsky plyed in mjor tournments nd won hlf of them. He finished lower thn third only once. This record is ll the more remrkble becuse he ws only prt-time plyer nd held full-time, nonchess job. Born in Polnd, he ws perhps the gretest child prodigy in chess history. He lso continued to ply t n etremely high level well into his 0s nd once drew mtch with Fischer in 9. Keres, Pul (9 ), Estoni Pul Keres won some of the strongest tournments in the lte 90s, but the dvent of World Wr II dshed his title hopes. After the wr, he ws cndidte for the title no less thn seven times but never mde it to the finls. His ner misses took on lmost trgic proportions. Korchnoi, Viktor (9 ), Russi Viktor Korchnoi won four Soviet chmpionships nd competed s cndidte mny times over the course of his creer. He cme within hir s bredth of winning the title from Krpov in 9. Korchnoi ws defector from the Soviet Union, nd ll of tht country s resources were used ginst him. Of ll the plyers on this list, Korchnoi my hve the strongest clim. Annd, Viswnthn (99 ), Indi Viswnthn Annd hs strung together n impressive series of tournment nd mtch wins since 99. He lost mtch to Ksprov in 99 nd hs been denied second chnce t the title only becuse the chess world hs been in orgniztionl chos. He s lso proven to be dominnt plyer in tournments plyed t ccelerted time controls.

333 Prt VI Appendies

334 In this prt... In this prt, I provide hndy glossry of terms tht you cn turn to nytime you need to know wht chess word mens. I lso provide reference to other chess resources tht you cn use to find ll the ltest in chess-relted ger s well s helpful informtion nd cool plces to visit.

335 Appendi A A Glossry of Chess Over the yers, chess plyers hve developed their own lnguge well, terminology for communicting bout the vrious moves, pieces, nd so on. Bone up on the terms in this glossry, nd you ll be sure to fit in t the nerest chess club not to mention you ll hve much esier time wding through ll the chess books on the mrket. Of course, you don t hve to tke test when you rech the very end of this book, so you don t need to commit these terms to memory. Just keep this glossry hndy so you cn find the informtion you need t ny given moment. Note: If you encounter chess nottion (squre c,. e Nc, nd so on), you my wnt to turn to Chpters nd, respectively, for quick lesson on how to red it. Chess nottion is n importnt nd essentil wy to communicte the gme of chess. ction chess: See rpid chess. ctive: The description of move tht increses your mobility; lso the description of piece tht is mobile. See lso pssive. djournment: The postponement of ply in n unfinished gme. At the djournment, the plyer on the move writes down the move on pper nd plces it in n envelope tht the tournment director or rbiter tkes. Hours, sometimes even dys, my pss before n djourned gme is resumed, nd both plyers (their friends nd their computers, too!) re free to nlyze the position during the djournment. djudiction: The selection of winner of n unfinished chess gme, mde by qulified, imprtil epert. Adjudiction is most common in club gmes nd tem mtches becuse of time constrints. djust: To touch piece or pwn (generlly to move it to the center of its squre) without the intention of mking n officil move. A plyer should nnounce I djust or J doube (juh-doob) before touching the piece. See Chpter for informtion on chess etiquette. See lso J doube nd touch-move.

336 Prt VI: Appendies lgebric nottion: A system of recording the moves of chess gme (first devised in the 9th century) in which ech squre on the bord hs unique identifier. From white s side of the bord, the files re letters from to h moving from left to right, nd the rnks re numbered to, moving from bottom to top. Piece moves re designted by one-letter bbrevition for the piece followed by its destintion squre. Pwn moves re designted by the destintion squre lone. Chpter hs the detils on understnding lgebric chess nottion. See lso nottion, long lgebric nottion, nd descriptive nottion. nnottion: Commentry on chess gme tht ttempts to eplin the gme in generl terms or by emining lterntives to the moves plyed. Chpter shows you the nnottion symbols nd their menings. rbiter: A person who () ensures tht the rules re observed, (b) supervises the gme(s), (c) enforces the rules nd his or her own decisions regrding them, nd (d) imposes penlties on plyers infringing on the rules. See lso interntionl rbiter. ttcking move: An ggressive move tht (often) elicits defensive response. bck rnk: A plyer s own first rnk. bck rnk mte: Checkmte delivered by plying queen or rook to n opponent s bck rnk when the king is kept from moving out of check by its own pwns. bckwrd pwn: A pwn tht hs pwns of its own color on djcent files only in front of it, so it hs no pwn protection of its own. bd bishop: A bishop whose effectiveness is hmpered by its own pwns. BCA: See British Chess Assocition. BCF: See British Chess Federtion. BCF grding system: The chess rting system used in Britin by the British Chess Federtion (BCF). BCF grdes nd Elo rtings re relted by the following formuls: Elo = (BCF) + 00 nd BCF = (Elo). See lso Elo scle. bishops of opposite colors: Sitution where one plyer hs bishop on the light squres nd the other plyer hs bishop on the drk squres. Endings with bishops of opposite colors re often drwn. bishop pir: Two bishops, usully compred to n opponent s two knights or bishop nd knight. In mny positions, the bishop pir hs slight dvntge over these other two configurtions of minor pieces due to greter mobility.

337 Appendi A: A Glossry of Chess blindfold chess: Chess plyed without seeing the bord or pieces. Originlly plyer ws in fct blindfolded; now in blindfold chess plyer usully sits with his or her bck to the bord. Fmous plyers who hve plyed simultneous blindfold chess include Frnçois-André Philidor, Pul Morphy, Alender Alekhine, nd George Koltnowski. blitz: Chess plyed very quickly. Ech plyer is given smll mount of time, commonly five minutes piece, in which to ply the entire gme. blockde: Sitution where one side is prevented from dvncing. Originlly, Aron Nimzowitsch used the term to describe the blocking of pwn by piece. blunder: A bd move tht results in checkmte, the loss of mteril, or seriously wekened position. book move: The term for stndrd move, one generlly recommended in books ctloging openings or books concerned with the opening in question. brillincy: A gme contining originl, innovtive, sometimes surprising moves. brillincy prize: An wrd given for the best brillincy t tournment. The first brillincy prize ws wrded to Henry Bird in for his win over Jmes Mson. British Chess Assocition: Orgniztion founded in the mid-9th century tht suffered from Howrd Stunton s ctive opposition. Officils of the ssocition included Lord Tennyson, Lord Rndolph Churchill, Robert Peel, nd John Ruskin. The orgniztion collpsed in the mid-90s. British Chess Federtion: Founded in 90 nd commonly clled the BCF, this orgniztion governs chess in Gret Britin. The BCF orgnizes the nnul ntionl chmpionship tournments nd prticiptes in Fédértion Interntionle des Échecs (FIDE) events such s Olympids. Ciss: The goddess (or muse) of chess. Ciss is first mentioned in the poem Ciss by Sir Willim Jones, bsed on the medievl poem by Vid, Sccchi Ludus ( The Gme of Chess ), in which the chrcter tht Jones clls Ciss is ctully nmed Sccchis. cstling: A single move involving both the king nd rook. Cstling kingside moves the king from e (e for blck) to g (g for blck) nd the rook from h (h for blck) to f (f for blck). Cstling queenside moves the king from e (e for blck) to c (c for blck) nd the rook from ( for blck) to d (d for blck). Cstling is only permitted if () the king isn t in check, (b) neither the king nor the relevnt rook hs previously moved in the gme, (c) no

338 Prt VI: Appendies pieces re between the king nd the rook, nd (d) none of the squres the king must move cross re ttcked by n enemy piece or pwn. See Chpter 0 for n illustrted eplntion of cstling. center: The squres e, e, d, nd d. Sometimes the term is lso used to encompss the squres djcent to these four. centrliztion: The ct of bringing pieces to the center where they cn control the lrgest mount of the bord. chtrng: The nme given by Persins to n erly version of chess. chturng: The nme of the first gme from which modern chess is derived. Chturng is the Snskrit word for four-membered, nd when this gme ws developed in Indi in the sith century, rmies hd four components: infntry, cvlry, chriots, nd elephnts. chepo: Slng epression for swindle or chep trick tht doesn t withstnd serious scrutiny. See lso swindle. check: An ttck on the opponent s king by either piece or pwn. When in check, plyer must do one of the following: () move the king out of check, (b) interpose piece or pwn, or (c) cpture the checking piece. Although it used to be common to utter the word check when mking such move, this prctice is not only unnecessry but lso is often frowned upon. Chpter covers check possibilities. See lso checkmte. checkmte: When king is in check nd cn t mke ny move to get out of check, the king is sid to be checkmted (or simply mted ), nd the gme is over. See Chpter for checkmte informtion. See lso check. chess clock: A device mde up of two clocks tht records the mount of time ech plyer uses while on the move. Only the clock of the plyer to move is running; fter mking his or her move, the plyer pushes button tht stops his clock nd strts the clock of his or her opponent. See lso Fischer clock nd flg. chess problem: A composed chess position tht identifies tht checkmte (or nother conclusion, such s helpmte, where the solver is required to checkmte himself) is to be given in specified number of moves. chessic: An djective noting tht something is relted to chess. chessist: Term to describe someone who s interested in chess.

339 Appendi A: A Glossry of Chess 9 chessmn: Term tht refers to both pieces nd pwns. Sometimes the term is shortened to mn. The term unit is sometimes used interchngebly with chessmn. See lso piece. clssicl: Style of chess ply tht developed in the lte 9th century, emphsizing rpid development nd control of the center with pwns. See lso center nd development. closed file: A file tht hs t lest one pwn of ech color on it. closed gme: A gme where piece movement is restricted by interlocked pwn chins nd ply centers on positioning pieces outside of the center, in nticiption of the opening of the position. Most of the pieces re usully still on the bord nd re behind the pwns, which my impede their movement. See lso open gme. combintion: A series of forced moves (usully involving scrifice) tht leds to n dvntge for the inititing plyer. compenstion: An dvntge tht compenstes for disdvntge elsewhere. For emple, gin of tempo my compenste for the loss of pwn. connect: To move rooks of the sme color onto the sme rnk, unseprted by pieces or pwns. consolidte: To mintin n estblished dvntge. consulttion chess: A gme in which t lest one side consists of two or more plyers who consult with ech other in the ply of the gme. One of Pul Morphy s most spectculr gmes ws ginst the Duke of Brunswick nd Count Isourd. This pir plyed Morphy in consulttion nd suffered stunning loss. (See Chpter for tht fmous gme.) cook: A defect in chess problem. correspondence chess: Chess plyed by mil. The erliest correspondence gme whose moves hve been preserved ws plyed in 0. Chess plyed vi e-mil hs lso become populr. Unlike over-the-bord ply, the consulttion of books is permitted in correspondence chess. Also known s postl chess. crmped position: Position in which the pieces hve little room to move. See lso closed gme. crippled mjority: A group of pwns on one side of the bord tht outnumber the opponent s pwns on this side, which, becuse of structurl weknesses (for emple, doubled pwns), cn t result in the cretion of pssed pwn. See lso mjority.

340 0 Prt VI: Appendies criticl position: The point in gme where the decisive series of moves begins. cross-check: A reply to check tht is itself check. See lso check. crosstble: A chrt in grid form tht lists the complete results of tournment. decoy scrifice: A scrifice tht entices the movement of n opponent s piece. The move my plce the hostile piece on disdvntgeous squre or simply remove it from prt of the bord where it ws more effective. descriptive nottion: System of recording the moves of chess gme bsed on the nmes of the pieces nd plces they occupy before the gme begins. A move is given by the nme of the piece moving, followed by the squre to which it moves. This nottion is now lmost completely replced by lgebric nottion. See lso lgebric nottion, long lgebric nottion, nd nottion. desperdo: A piece tht is trpped or must inevitbly be cptured nd tht plyer moves in order to inflict the gretest possible dmge to the opposing side. development: The movement of pieces from their initil squres. digonl: Any contiguous line of squres long which bishop my move. If bishop isn t on one of the four corner squres of the bord, it s on squre tht represents the intersection of two digonls, which re referred to s the short digonl nd the long digonl. digrm: A drwing of chess position where white is t the bottom of the picture nd blck is t the top. discovered ttck: The movement of piece or pwn tht results in n ttck by n unmoved piece. The sttionry piece is now ble to ttck, becuse the piece tht ws moved previously blocked the ttck. See lso discovered check. discovered check: The movement of piece or pwn tht results in check by n unmoved piece. See lso discovered ttck. double ttck: A simultneous ttck by single piece or pwn on two pieces of the opponent. Any pwn or piece cn theoreticlly mke double ttck, ecept pwns on the - or h-files. double bishop scrifice: The scrifice of both bishops to open up the enemy king. The Lsker-Buer gme of 9 t Amsterdm is the first documented emple of this mneuver. See lso scrifice.

341 Appendi A: A Glossry of Chess double check: Discovered check in which the moved piece lso gives check. Only the movement of the king cn meet double check. See lso discovered check. double round robin: Tournment where ech contestnt plys two gmes (one s white nd one s blck) with every other contestnt. See lso mtch, round robin, nd tournment. doubled pwns: Two pwns of the sme color on the sme file, which re nerly lwys positionl wekness. drw: A completed chess gme tht hs no winner. A drw cn come bout in severl wys: () by greement of both plyers, (b) by stlemte, (c) by the declrtion nd proof of one plyer tht the sme position hs ppered three times (with the sme plyer to move), (d) by the declrtion nd proof of one plyer tht there hve been 0 moves during which no piece hs been tken nd no pwns hve been moved, lthough there re some eceptions to the 0 move rule, (e) by djudiction, or (f) by the flling of one plyer s flg (on the chess clock) when his or her opponent hs insufficient mteril to perform checkmte. See lso djudiction, 0-move rule, nd stlemte. duffer: Disprging term to describe very poor plyer. dynmism: Type of ply where positionl weknesses re permitted in fvor of ggressive counterply. Dynmism developed out of the hypermodern school of chess ply. See lso hypermodern. edge: The outside squres of the chessbord, nmely the first nd eighth rnks nd the - nd h-files. Elo scle: System for rnking chess plyers in order of reltive strength bsed upon results in rted gmes. The importnt fctor in compring two plyers is the difference in their Elo rtings, not the bsolute level of either rting. The Elo system ws dopted by the United Sttes Chess Federtion (USCF) in 90 nd by FIDE in 90. The system ws devised by physicist Arpd Elo. en pssnt: French for in pssing, this term refers to the cpture of pwn tht hs moved two squres forwrd by n opponent s pwn on the fifth rnk. You cn cpture en pssnt only immeditely following the move of the pwn two squres forwrd. The cpturing pwn moves digonlly forwrd one squre nd cptures the pwn s if it hd moved only one squre forwrd. An en pssnt cpture is sometimes recorded with e.p. : for emple, ed e.p. (See Chpter for more on chess nottion nd Chpter 0 for illustrted informtion on en pssnt.)

342 Prt VI: Appendies en prise: French for in position to be tken. A chessmn is en prise if it is left or moved to squre where it cn be cptured without loss to the cpturing plyer. See lso hnging. endgme: Also clled the ending, the endgme is the finl stte of the chess gme, chrcterized by the reltively few pieces on the bord. Plyers typiclly use the king more ggressively in the endgme thn in the opening or middlegme. One of the most common concerns in this phse is the promotion of pwns. Check out Chpter for detiled endgme informtion. See lso middlegme, opening, nd promotion. endgme study: A composed chess position in which white must locte the unique win (sometimes drw) ccording to the requirements set out by the composer. Studies tend to be more relistic thn problems. Enthusists of studies vlue those of gret originlity nd beuty. See lso problem, endgme. ending: See endgme. equlize: To chieve position where the opponent s inititive is negted. For emple, white usully hs the inititive in the opening, nd blck works to equlize, or overcome, this inititive. escpe squre: A squre to which king in check cn move. Also clled flight squre. echnge: The cpture of piece or pwn while giving up mteril of equl strength. When cpturing rook while giving up only bishop or knight, one is sid to win the echnge. See lso minor echnge. fers: The medievl nme for the piece now clled the queen, derived from the Persin word vizier. finchetto: The plcement of bishop on b or g for white nd b or g for blck. The term is derived from the Itlin finct, mening moves plyed on the flnk. FIDE: Fédértion Interntionle des Échecs, the interntionl chess federtion founded on July 0, 9, in Pris. FIDE (pronounced fee-dy) hs more thn 0 member countries nd concerns itself with ll spects of the gme of chess. FIDE mster: Title below tht of interntionl mster. A plyer with FIDE mster title usully hs n Elo rting of t lest,0. See lso Elo scle.

343 Appendi A: A Glossry of Chess 0-move rule: Chess rule tht declres gme drwn when plyer demonstrtes tht 0 moves hve been plyed without the move of pwn or without ny cptures. In smll number of positions (for emple, king nd two knights versus king nd pwn), the number of moves is etended pst 0 moves before you cn declre drw. file: Any of the eight columns on chessbord, denoted by n lgebric nottion letter, for emple the -file. See lso lgebric nottion. Fingerfehler: Germn for finger-slip, description of n obvious but bd move mde without thinking. first bord: Also clled top bord, term to describe the bord in tem mtch tht usully hs ech tem s strongest plyer. Fischer clock: A clock tht, in ddition to serving the usul functions of chess clock, dds certin mount of time to ech plyer s clock fter ech move, in order to void desperte time scrmbles t the end of gme, which often result in poor moves. fish: Derogtory term for chess plyer of little skill or eperience. five-minute chess: See blitz. flg: Prt of n nlog chess clock. As the minute hnd on the clock ners the, the flg is pushed upwrd. When the minute hnd reches, the flg flls. The flling of the flg indictes tht the plyer s time hs epired; if the requisite number of moves hven t been plyed, the plyer is sid to lose the gme on time. (In other words, the gme is lost becuse time rn out, not becuse of the position on the bord, lthough mny gmes re lost on time when the position is poor nd the losing plyer uses lrge mounts of time in n effort to try to find wy to sve the gme.) flnk: Sometimes clled wing, the flnk is one side of the chessbord, such s the -, b-, nd c-files or the f-, g-, nd h-files. flnk development: Developing pieces on either flnk (for emple, in order to finchetto bishop). See lso development, finchetto, nd flnk. flnk openings: Openings where white doesn t mke erly dvnces of the d- or e-pwns but insted develops on the -, b-, nd c-files or f-, g-, nd h-files. The finchetto is common motif in flnk openings. See lso finchetto, flnk. flight squre: A squre to which king in check cn move. Also clled escpe squre.

344 Prt VI: Appendies fluid pwn center: Any position where the center pwns cn be dvnced or echnged. FM: See FIDE mster. fool s mte: The shortest possible chess gme ending in checkmte:.g e (or e).f (or f) Qh mte. See lso scholr s mte. forced move: A move for which only one reply is possible (or if more thn one reply, ll but one re undesirble). fork: An ttck on two enemy chessmen t the sme time. See lso skewer. Forsyth nottion: A compct nd simple mens of recording chess position, devised by Scottish plyer Dvid Forsyth. Beginning t the top left-hnd corner of the bord (), you record the position of the chessmen s well s the unoccupied squres, rnk by rnk. White s men re recorded with cpitl letters, nd blck s men with lowercse letters. French bishop: Blck s light-squred bishop in the French Defense, which tends to be very wek becuse of the blck pwn on e. frontier line: Grndmster Aron Nimzowitsch s term for n imginry line running between the fourth nd fifth rnks. gmbit: Any opening tht contins plnned scrifice of mteril, usully to promote rpid development or control of the center. Gme of the Century: Widely used, descriptive term for the Fischer-Byrne gme ( Grünfeld Defense) in the 9 Rosenwld tournment. Fischer, yers old t the time, mted Interntionl Mster Byrne by using queen nd rook scrifice. Hns Kmoch used the term Gme of the Century in his Chess Life rticle to refer nrrowly to chess plyed by youngsters. Gens un sumus: Ltin for we re one fmily, this sying is the officil motto of FIDE. See lso FIDE. GM: Abbrevition for interntionl grndmster. See lso interntionl grndmster. good bishop: A bishop unhindered by its own pwns nd thus very mobile. See lso bd bishop. grding: A numericl representtion of the strength of chess plyer bsed on his or her results in gmes ginst other grded plyers. In the United Sttes, the term rting is used in plce of grding.

345 Appendi A: A Glossry of Chess grndmster: Shortened form of interntionl grndmster. See lso interntionl grndmster. grndmster drw: A deprecting term for short, drwn gme between grndmsters where it s obvious tht neither plyer hs mde ny ttempt t plying for win. Grndmster of Chess: Title bestowed by Czr Nichols II upon the finlists of the 9 St. Petersburg tournment: Alender Alekhine, José Cpblnc, Emmnuel Lsker, Frnk Mrshll, nd Siegbert Trrsch. hlf-open file: A file on which only one of the plyers hs pwn or pwns. hlf-pin: A pin in which the chessmn subject to the pin my move long the sme line (file, rnk, or digonl) tht it shres with the ttcker. hndicp: A mens of trying to equlize chnces in gme plyed between opponents of gretly different strengths. Numerous methods of implementing hndicp eist. The stronger plyer my (mong other things) tret drw s loss; ply severl opponents t the sme time; give his or her opponent more time on the clock; give his or her opponent two moves in row t the opening of the gme; or remove one or more of his or her pieces from the bord before ply begins. hnging: A slng term to describe piece left en prise. See lso en prise. hnging pwns: Wilhelm Steinitz s term for two djcent pwns tht re on the fourth rnk, cn t be supported by other pwns, ren t pssed pwns, nd re on hlf-open files. hole: Steinitz s term for the squre directly in front of bckwrd pwn where n opponent s piece cn t be ttcked by pwn. hypermodern: A school of thought developed fter World Wr I in rection to the views of Steinitz nd Trrsch. The most importnt ide of the hypermodern school is tht occuption of the center isn t vitl one cn put pressure on the center or even just crefully monitor it nd still win. The leders of the hypermodern movement Nimzowitsch, Richrd Réti, Gyul Breyer, Ernst Grünfeld, nd Sviely Trtkower were strong plyers nd witty writers. Mny hypermodern ides re still considered vlid tody, but so re mny of the ides of Steinitz nd Trrsch. illegl move: A move tht is in violtion of the lws of chess. If n illegl move is discovered during the course of gme, the gme will be returned to the point it ws before the illegl move ws mde. The plyer who mde the illegl move must move the piece he or she hd previously moved illeglly, if

346 Prt VI: Appendies he or she cn mke legl move with tht piece. Otherwise, tht plyer is permitted to mke ny legl move. illegl position: A position tht isn t the result of series of legl moves. Thus, n illegl move necessrily leds to n illegl position. Other sources of illegl positions include incorrect positioning of the chessbord nd incorrect rrngement of the chessmen, either t the beginning of the gme or t the time n djourned gme is resumed. If possible, the position must be corrected; otherwise, new gme must be plyed. IM: Abbrevition for interntionl mster. Immortl Gme: Nme given to the Anderssen-Kieseritsky gme of, spectculr emple of the King s Bishop Gmbit. The gme ws plyed in one of London s gret chess slons, Simpson s-in-the-strnd. Indin Defenses: Hypermodern defenses to. d beginning with....nf. Indin defenses commonly employ bishop finchetto nd slow development. Their nme comes from this slow development, common in Indi, which permitted pwn moves of only single squre, long fter Europe hd dopted the option of two-squre dvnce on the first move of pwn. See Chpter for more detils on these nd other common openings. inititive: Term to describe the dvntge held by the plyer who hs the bility to control the ction nd flow of the gme, thus forcing the opponent to ply defensively. interntionl rbiter: A title first wrded by FIDE in 9. A cndidte is nominted by his or her federtion nd my be selected by the qulifiction committee if he or she hs complete knowledge of the rules of chess nd FIDE regultions; is objective; hs knowledge of t lest two FIDE lnguges (English, French, Germn, Spnish, nd Russin); nd hs eperience in controlling four importnt tournments, two of which must be interntionl. Interntionl Computer Chess Assocition (ICCA): The ssocition tht orgnizes the World Computer Chess Chmpionship held every three yers nd the World Microcomputer Chess Chmpionship held every yer. interntionl grndmster: Title estblished in 90 nd wrded by FIDE. FIDE hs detiled requirements for the title, which is wrded to only the best plyers in the world. A plyer with FIDE grndmster title, often bbrevited GM, usully hs n Elo rting of t lest,00. See lso Elo scle, FIDE. interntionl mster: Title estblished nd wrded by FIDE, often bbrevited IM. An IM is stronger plyer thn FIDE mster but not s strong s n interntionl grndmster nd usully hs n Elo rting of t lest,00. See lso Elo scle, FIDE.

347 Appendi A: A Glossry of Chess Interntionl Rting List: A list of the world s strongest plyers, compiled by FIDE by using the Elo rting scle. It ws first published in July 9. See lso Elo scle, FIDE. interntionl womn grndmster: Title estblished in 9 nd wrded by FIDE to the world s strongest femle plyers. See lso FIDE. interposition: The movement of piece in between n ttcked piece nd the ttcker. isolted pwn: A pwn whose djcent files contin no pwns of the sme color. An isolted pwn is wek becuse other pwns cn t defend tht pwn or the squre in front of it. J doube: French for I djust, this epression (pronounced juh-doob) is used by plyer on the move before touching piece, generlly to move it to the center of its squre. A piece or pwn so djusted doesn t hve to be the mn tht will be the subject of the plyer s officil move. See lso djust, touch-move. key: The unique, first move in the solution to chess problem. See lso problem. kibitz: To comment during gme, or during nlysis following gme, within the hering of the plyers. The term is often used in pejortive sense nd is in mny occsions pplied to the comments of specttor for whom the plyers hve little respect. See lso kibitzer. kibitzer: One who kibitzes. king hunt: A prolonged ttck on the opponent s king tht usully dislodges it from shielded, defensive position with series of checks nd scrifices. A successful king hunt ends in checkmte. king pwn opening: Any opening beginning with. e. kingside: The e-, f-, g-, nd h-files. knight fork: Any double ttck by knight. See lso double ttck. knight s tour: A chess puzzle whereby the knight is moved times, lnding on ech squre only once. A solution is clled re-entrnt if the knight finishes on squre tht is knight s move wy from the squre where it begn. ldder: A fluid method of rnking chess plyers within club or other group. The ldder is usully estblished by listing plyers ccording to their chess

348 Prt VI: Appendies rting. Any plyer my chllenge someone one step bove him or her on the ldder (sometimes two or more plces). If the chllenger wins, tht person moves up the ldder, nd the opponent moves down. lws of chess: The rules tht govern the ply of the gme. During the 0s, Stunton ws one of mny plyers who first sought to estblish unified set of chess lws. FIDE estblished its own lws of chess in 99. See lso FIDE. legl move: A move permitted by the lws of chess. Legll s mte: A mting sequence ppering in the gme between M. de Kermr Legll nd Sint Brie in bout 0:. e e,. Bc d,. Nf Bg,. Nc g,. Ne Bd,. Bf+ Ke,. Nd mte. lever: Kmoch s term for two pwns, one white nd one blck, tht re digonlly djcent so tht either cn cpture the other. light bishop: A bishop tht moves on light-colored squres. light piece: Another epression for minor piece: bishop or knight. lightning chess: Another term for speed or blitz chess. See blitz. liquidtion: The echnge of chessmen to stunt n opponent s ttck, to solidify one s own dvntges, or to improve one s own position. living chess: The performnce of chess gme where the pwns nd pieces re represented by rel people. The performnce my be re-enctment of fmous gme or new gme. long lgebric nottion: A form of lgebric nottion in which move is designted by letter indicting the piece moved, the squre the piece moves from, nd the squre the piece moves to (for emple, Bc-g). Pwn moves re designted by the strting squre nd the destintion squre (for emple, e-e). See lso lgebric nottion. long cstling: Epression sometimes used to describe cstling queenside. See lso cstling. Long Whip: The line in the King s Gmbit:. e e,. f ef,. Nf g,. h g,. Ne h. losing the echnge: To echnge rook for either bishop or knight. Lucen s position: A well-known nd well-nlyzed rook nd pwn ending first nlyzed in the oldest surviving book on chess, written by Luis Lucen nd published in 9.

349 Appendi A: A Glossry of Chess 9 Luff: Kmoch s epression for the prt of rnk divided by pwn hving the greter number of squres. Luft: Germn for ir, flight squre for the king. mjor piece: A queen or rook. See lso minor piece. mjority: A plyer s numericl superiority of pwns on one flnk. Such mjority is importnt becuse it my led to the cretion of pssed pwn. See lso pssed pwn. Mrshll Chess Club: New York City chess club founded by Frnk Mrshll in 9 (originlly nmed the Chess Divn). Mrshll swindle: Another epression for swindle, so nmed becuse Frnk Mrshll ws well known for finding wys to ply on in wht seemed like lost positions. He nmed collection of his gmes Chess Swindles. See lso swindle. mster: Title offered by mny ntionl chess federtions to strong plyers. See lso ntionl mster. mster tournment: A tournment held simultneously with nother tournment of greter strength, the ltter usully contining mny grndmsters s prticipnts. The winner of the mster tournment is often grnted n invittion to the following yer s higher-level tournment. mtch: () A contest between two plyers only, s distinguished from tournment. The term often refers to contest of mny gmes but is sometimes used to describe single gme. The first mjor chess mtch ws between Louis Chrles de l Bourdonnis nd Alender McDonnel in. (b) A contest between two tems tht is plyed on severl bords. Mtch of the Century: The 90 mtch in Belgrde between the Soviet Union nd plyers from the rest of the world. The mtch consisted of four gmes on ech of ten bords. The Soviet Union tem won by 0 to 9. mte: Short for checkmte. mting ttck: An ttck tht ims t checkmte. mting net: A position where one plyer hs mting threts. mting scrifice: A mteril scrifice mde to chieve checkmte. mechnicl move: A move mde with little thought becuse it seems to be obvious.

350 0 Prt VI: Appendies Mephisto: Constructed by Chrles Godfrey Gumpel nd first demonstrted in London in, Mephisto ws described s chess-plying utomton. It ws in fct device tht contined person who plyed chess. middlegme: The prt of chess gme tht follows the opening nd comes before the endgme. Consult Chpter for detils on the middlegme. See lso opening, endgme. miniture: () Also clled brevity, miniture is short gme usully contining 0 moves or less. Mny writers use the term only for entertining gmes nd therefore don t generlly include drws in this ctegory. (b) Any chess problem feturing seven or fewer pieces. See lso problem. minor echnge: Trrsch s term for the echnge of knight for bishop. Becuse he preferred bishops, he described the plyer who gve up the knight s winning the minor echnge. See lso echnge. minor piece: A bishop or knight. See lso mjor piece. minority ttck: The dvnce of one or more pwns on flnk where the opponent hs pwn mjority. mobility: The bility to move one s pieces to importnt prts of the bord quickly nd esily. muse of chess: See Ciss. My System: Aron Nimzowitsch s immensely influentil work describing his theory of chess nd first published in English in 99. ntionl mster: Title grnted by ntionl federtions to strong plyers, usully those with sustined Elo rting of,00 or bove. See lso Elo scle. neoromntic: A style of ply developed in the 0th century. This style incorportes the romntic trdition of ggressive ttck nd couples this spect of ply with strong defense. norm: The number of points plyer in n interntionl tournment must score to gin one qulifiction for FIDE title. The weker the tournment, the more points plyer must score for ny given norm. See lso FIDE. nottion: Any mens of recording chess gme. See lso lgebric nottion, descriptive nottion, nd long lgebric nottion. obstructive scrifice: A mteril scrifice to hinder n opponent s development. See lso scrifice.

351 Appendi A: A Glossry of Chess odds: See hndicp. Officil Rules of Chess: Officil FIDE publiction setting forth the lws of chess. See lso FIDE. Olympid: Tournments orgnized by FIDE, now held every two yers in which tems from FIDE member countries compete. The first Chess Olympid ws held in London in 9. The first Olympid for women chess plyers ws held in 9. open file: A file tht hs no pwns. Sometimes clled n open line. See lso file. open gme: A term usully used to denote gmes tht begin. e e nd re chrcterized by piece mobility. open tournment: A tournment tht is open to ny plyer. opening: The beginning prt of chess gme, during which the plyers develop ll or most of their pieces. Hed to Chpter for info on the opening. See lso middlegme nd endgme. opposite-colored bishops: See bishops of opposite colors. opposition: A position where the two kings re on the sme rnk, file, or digonl. When only one squre seprtes the kings, they re sid to be in direct opposition. When three to five squres seprte them, they re sid to be in distnt opposition. A plyer is sid to hve the opposition if the kings re in direct opposition nd his or her opponent must move, thus llowing the plyer with the opposition to dvnce his or her king. Orngutn:. b. Also known s Sokolsky s Opening, Polish Opening, nd Polish Attck. orgnic wekness: Any permnent imperfection in pwn structure. OTB: See over the bord. outpost: A squre on the fifth, sith, or seventh rnk tht pwn is gurding nd tht n enemy pwn cn t ttck. outside pssed pwn: A pssed pwn wy from most of the other pwns on the bord. over the bord: A description of gmes plyed fce to fce, s opposed to correspondence chess.

352 Prt VI: Appendies overprotection: Nimzowitsch s concept of concentrting mny pieces nd/or pwns even more thn my seem necessry on n importnt squre. This technique cretes strong squre tht intercts beneficilly with the overprotecting pieces. overlod: A sitution where pwn or piece must perform too mny defensive functions nd wekness is creted. pirings: A listing of who plys whom t tournment. prry check: To plce chessmn between king in check nd the checking piece. Prrying is one of three wys to meet check, the other two being to move the king or to cpture the checking piece. If plyer in check cn t employ one of these three wys to meet the check, the king is checkmted nd the gme is over. See lso check nd checkmte. prtie: French nd Germn for gme. pssed pwn: A pwn tht hs no enemy pwn opposing it on its own file or on ny immeditely djcent file. pssive: () Description of move tht contins no threts; (b) description of piece with limited mobility in other words, piece tht isn t ctive. See lso ctive. ptzer: A wek plyer (tken from Germn). Sometimes used more specificlly to describe wek plyer who either doesn t recognize his or her deficiencies or who my bost of his or her bility. pwn chin: A digonl set of pwns tht protect ech other. pwn formtion: A pwn configurtion ssocited with prticulr opening. See Chpter 9 for more on pwn formtions. pwn grbbing: An insulting term to describe the ct of winning pwns t the epense of development or countering n opponent s ttck. Also known s pwn sntching. pwn promotion: See promotion. pwn storm: The generl dvnce of two or more connected pwns. A pwn storm my be employed to ttck the king, to promote one of the pwns, or to keep some of the opponents pieces wy from nother prt of the bord, mong other things. Also known s pwn push or pwn roller. pwn structure: Description of the overll position of one plyer s pwns on the bord. Consult Chpter for informtion on pwn structures.

353 Appendi A: A Glossry of Chess perfect score: Term to describe the score of plyer who wins ll his or her gmes in tournment or mtch. perpetul check: A position where one plyer cn continue to plce his or her opponent s king in check without thretening checkmte. Such gme is drwn becuse either the plyer with perpetul check will eventully be ble to mke threefold repetition of the position, or both plyers will gree to drw. phln: Pwn structure where two or more pwns of the sme color re side by side in other words, on the sme rnk nd on djcent files. See lso pwn structure. piece: A king, queen, rook, bishop, or knight. pin: A piece or pwn tht is immobilized becuse it stnds between its king (or other piece) nd n opponent s piece tht would otherwise be ttcking the king (or the other piece). plyoff: A method of breking tie where the tied plyers ply one or more gmes ginst ech other. poisoned pwn: A pwn (often white s pwn on b) tht is undefended during the opening but tht, if tken, often permits the plyer who gve it up to engge in strong ttck or to lter win the piece tking the pwn. positionl scrifice: A scrifice of mteril tht improves the position of the scrificing plyer. postmortem: The discussion of gme fter it s over. postl chess: See correspondence chess. postlite: Informl term for plyer of postl or correspondence chess. See lso correspondence chess. Pris: This Germn term for prctice is commonly used in chess literture becuse of the gret influence of Nimzowitsch s book Chess Pris. prepred vrition: An opening line tht plyer discovers in study before tournment nd tht the plyer only mkes public over the bord. See lso over the bord. preventive scrifice: Scrifice mde to prevent the opponent from cstling. Also known s n nticstling scrifice. See lso cstling nd scrifice.

354 Prt VI: Appendies problem: A composed chess position tht identifies tht checkmte (or nother conclusion, such s helpmte, where you checkmte yourself) is to be given in specified number of moves. promotion: When pwn reches the eighth rnk, it must immeditely become piece of its own color (ecept king) t the plyer s choice regrdless of wht pieces he or she my still hve on the bord. Generlly, plyer will promote pwn to queen. See lso underpromotion. prophylis: Nimzowitsch s epression for positionl ply strtegy where the opponent s position is kept constricted. protected pssed pwn: A pssed pwn tht is protected by nother pwn. See lso pssed pwn. queen pwn opening: An opening begun by the dvnce of the d-pwn to the d squre. queening squre: The eighth rnk squre to which pwn is moved nd then must be promoted. This promotion squre is clled the queening squre becuse the promotion choice is nerly lwys queen. See lso promotion. queenside: The -, b-, c-, nd d-files. quick ply: See rpid chess. quiet move: A move tht contins no immedite thret, doesn t mke cpture, nd isn t check. rnk: Any horizontl row on chessbord. rpid chess: A chess gme where ech plyer hs 0 minutes in which to complete the gme; previously clled ction chess by FIDE. In the United Sttes, the preferred term is ction chess, nd in the United Kingdom, the epression is quick ply. Rt Defense: Another nme for the Modern Defense. Rt Opening: King s finchetto opening (. g). See lso finchetto. rting: A numericl representtion of the strength of chess plyer bsed upon his or her results in gmes ginst other grded plyers. In the United Kingdom, the term grding is used in plce of rting. re-entrnt: See knight s tour.

355 Appendi A: A Glossry of Chess recording gme: The process of writing down ll the moves of gme, generlly t or ner the time ech move is plyed. refute: To prove tht previously ccepted move, line, or opening is deficient when best ply is pursued by both sides. Remis: Germn for drw. repetition of position: A plyer my clim drw if he or she cn demonstrte tht threefold repetition of the position hs occurred, with the sme plyer hving the move ech time. resign: To dmit defet of gme before being checkmted. The resigning plyer commonly tips over his or her king to signl resigntion or sys, I resign to the opponent. Resigntion immeditely ends the gme. retrogrde nlysis: To nlyze position to deduce previous moves or to eplin how the position ws reched. round robin: A tournment where ech contestnt plys one gme with every other contestnt. royl gme: Commonly used description for the gme of chess. Ruy Lopez:. e e,. Nf Nc,. Bb. One of the oldest chess openings, it ws nlyzed by Ruy Lopez in his book Libro del Ajedrez. Also known s the Spnish gme. scrifice: To delibertely give up mteril to chieve n dvntge. The dvntge gined my be n ttck, gin in tempo, greter bord control, the cretion of n outpost, nd so on. scholr s mte: A four-move checkmte:. e e,. Bc Bc,. Qh Nf,. Qf mte. See lso fool s mte. score: () A written record of gme contining ll the moves; (b) plyer s result in gme, mtch, or tournment. score sheet: The pper on which chess score is recorded. seled move: The lst move mde before gme is djourned. The move isn t plyed on the bord; rther, the plyers record their move on their score sheet. Then they plce their score sheets in n envelope tht is seled nd presented to the rbiter. See lso djournment.

356 Prt VI: Appendies second: Term for someone who ssists chess plyer, generlly providing dvice on openings nd ssisting with nlysis. The ssistnce my be in preprtion for mtch or tournment or my tke plce during mtch or tournment (before n djourned gme is resumed, for emple) or both. seesw: Term to describe series of lternting direct nd discovered checks. shm scrifice: A move tht ppers to be scrifice but if ccepted yields the plyer offering the piece gin in mteril or strong positionl dvntge. shrp: Descriptive term pplied to move or series of moves tht could be considered risky. short cstling: Cstling on the kingside. shot: Colloquil term for very strong nd unepected move. simplify: To echnge mteril in order to reduce the possibility of n opponent s ttck. The plyer with the better position is more likely to simplify thn the plyer with the worse position. simul: See simultneous disply. simultneous disply: An event where single plyer (commonly strong plyer) plys severl people ll t the sme time. Numerous bords re set up, in circle or rectngle, nd the single plyer stnds inside this re, moving from bord to bord, usully plying single move t time. Also known s simultneous ehibition or simul. skewer: An ttck on piece tht results in the win of nother, less vluble piece tht is on the sme rnk, file, or digonl fter the ttcked piece is moved. skittles: Informl or csul chess gmes, often plyed quickly. smothered mte: A form of checkmte where the king is unble to move becuse ll the squres round him re occupied by chessmen. Spnish gme: See Ruy Lopez. specultive: Description of move or series of moves when the outcome cn t be known. spite check: A check by plyer fcing mting ttck tht doesn t prevent the mting ttck but only delys it.

357 Appendi A: A Glossry of Chess stlemte: A sitution where plyer on the move isn t in check but cn t mke legl move. For over 00 yers, stlemte hs been deemed drw. Before tht, people in different plces treted stlemte differently. For emple, people hve considered stlemte to be win, loss, nd illegl, mong other verdicts. See Chpter for informtion on stlemte. Stunton chessmen: Chessmen designed in by Nthniel Cook, who convinced Howrd Stunton in tht they should be designted Stunton chessmen. They re the design tht FIDE requires. See lso FIDE. stemroller: See pwn storm. strtegy: The overll, long-rnge pln for chess gme. Chpter provides informtion on chess strtegy. swindle: A combintion tht converts plyer s position into win or drw. Such combintion is generlly considered to be either voidble by the opponent or the result of luck. Swiss system: A method of piring plyers t tournment, developed in Switzerlnd in the 9th century by Dr. Julius Muller nd first employed in 9. The three fundmentl rules of the Swiss system re s follows: () No plyer meets the sme opponent twice; (b) pirings should mtch plyers with scores tht re s similr s possible; nd (c) the number of gmes s white nd s blck for ech plyer should be kept s close s possible to equl throughout the tournment. symmetricl pwn structure: Position where the pwns of one side mirror the position of the pwns of the other side. symmetry: Position where the chessmen of one side mirror the position of the chessmen of the other side. tctic: A move or moves tht re epected to yield benefits in the short term. Chpter covers chess tctics. TD: Abbrevition for tournment director. tempo: Itlin for time. Generlly, to lose tempo is disdvntgeous, nd generl rule of thumb is tht the loss of three tempi is equivlent to the loss of pwn. tet move: In nnottions, reference to the move ctully plyed or the min line being nlyzed.

358 Prt VI: Appendies themtic move: A move tht is consistent with the overll strtegy pursued by the plyer. See lso strtegy. theoreticl novelty: A new move in n estblished opening. theory: Term to refer to the generl body of ccepted chess knowledge. thret: A move tht contins n implied or epressed ttck on piece or pwn or the position of the opponent. tiebreking system: A method used to determine single winner when tournment ply produces tie. One tiebreker is the plyoff, but due to the time it tkes to ply dditionl gmes, plyoff often isn t fesible. Ties re sometimes resolved in fvor of the plyer who won the most gmes, the plyer who won the individul gme between the tied plyers, or the plyer who hd blck if the individul gme between the plyers ws drwn. time limit: The mount of time llocted to ech plyer in which prescribed number of moves must be mde. Filure to mke ll the moves within the time llotted results in loss (or drw in smll number of situtions). time trouble: A sitution where plyer hs smll mount of time to mke lrge number of moves. TN: Abbrevition for theoreticl novelty. top bord: In tem mtch, the plyer who competes ginst the strongest opponents. Sometimes referred to s first bord. touch-move: Chess rule tht requires plyer who touches piece to ctully move tht piece (if it is his or her own) or tke tht piece (if it belongs to the opponent). If the plyer cn t leglly move or cpture the touched piece, then he or she my mke ny move. A plyer my touch piece nd not be compelled to move or cpture it if he or she first nnounces J doube or I djust. See lso J doube. tournment: A contest mong more thn two chess plyers. tournment book: A collection of ll the gmes of tournment (or selected gmes if the tournment is very lrge). Generlly, tournment book lso includes some or ll of the following: crosstbles, complete or prtil results, nnottions of interesting or importnt gmes, bckground informtion on plyers or the tournment, nd photogrphs. trp: A move whose nturl reply results in disdvntge to the replying plyer.

359 Appendi A: A Glossry of Chess 9 tringultion: A process whereby king is moved twice to rech squre tht it could ttin in single move. The beginning squre nd the two squres to which it is moved form tringle. Tringultion is generlly employed only in endings. tripled pwns: Three pwns of the sme color on single file. underpromotion: The promotion of pwn to piece other thn queen. See lso promotion. undoubling: To move one of set of doubled pwns onto n djcent file tht contins no pwns of its own color, vi cpture. See doubled pwns. unit: A term tht refers to both pieces nd pwns. See lso piece, pwn, nd chessmn. United Sttes Chess Federtion: The officil governing body for chess in the United Sttes. Often referred to by its bbrevition, USCF. vcting scrifice: A scrifice intended to cler squre for nother piece. wek squre: An importnt squre tht plyer cn t esily defend. wing: See flnk. winning the echnge: Giving up knight or bishop for rook. See lso echnge. winning move: A move tht cretes position in which the plyer cn or does win. woodpusher: Derogtory term for plyer who shows no understnding for chess but rther ppers to simply push his or her pieces round the bord. World Chess Federtion: See FIDE. Zugzwng: The sitution where plyer s position is wekened by the mere fct tht he or she is compelled to mke move. Zwischenzug: Germn for intermedite move, which is move tht is mde in between n pprently forced sequence of moves, improving the position of the plyer mking the move.

360 0 Prt VI: Appendies

361 Appendi B Other Chess Resources Some people re serious tournment competitors, nd others enjoy the gme in much more csul fshion. These people wnt nd need different chess resources. Fortuntely, there eists n mzing rry of resources of every kind. Beginner s Chess Books Chess plyers like to brg bout their chess librries. And librries ren t tough to build more books hve been written bout chess thn ny other gme. Hundreds of books re worth recommending, but it s best to strt out modestly nd purchse (or borrow) only wht you need. Comprehensive Chess Course If you hve the time nd money, the multivolume Comprehensive Chess Course by Grndmster Lev Alburt (published by the Chess Informtion nd Reserch Center) hs my highest recommendtion. The first couple of volumes re for the bsolute beginner, but some of the lter ones re full of informtion even msters will find useful. You my contct GM Alburt by clling Officil Rules of Chess, Fifth Edition The officil book of the United Sttes Chess Federtion is edited by Tim Just nd Dniel B. Burg. Published by McKy Chess, this indispensble guide llows you to win ll the rguments bout rules tht you re bound to hve. It lso includes complete set of interntionl rules.

362 Prt VI: Appendies The Oford Compnion to Chess, Second Edition The second edition of The Oford Compnion to Chess is written by Dvid Hooper nd Kenneth Whyld nd published by Oford University Press. It includes everything from A to Z bout chess nd is the hndiest singlesource reference book round. The Even More Complete Chess Addict Written by Michel Fo nd Richrd Jmes nd published by Fber nd Fber, The Even More Complete Chess Addict is the chess trivi book to get. The uthors re witty nd thorough in digging up gems such s the mn who ws British Ldies Chmpion. A must hve. Chess Equipment Serious chess plyers tend to buy lots of books, but everybody needs chess set nd bord. In tournments, you cn use inepensive plstic sets s long s they re of the Stunton design, but the more you ply, the more you ll pprecite the look nd feel of wooden ones. If you wnt to ply in tournments, you should lso buy chess clock, becuse clocks re required in officil competitions. Both nlog nd digitl chess clocks re vilble, but the digitl ones hve become the stndrd. The following resources hve lrge inventories nd relible service. The Chess Cfe The United Sttes Chess Federtion hs outsourced its book nd equipment business to the Chess Cfe. You cn find equipment (sets nd clocks) nd lrge ssortment of books on their Web site: This site lso offers gret rticles nd instruction. Your Move Chess & Gmes Your Move Chess & Gmes is touted s Americ s lrgest chess store nd the country s premier chess mil-order compny. Check out their inventory online t

363 Appendi B: Other Chess Resources Informtive Internet Resources One of the best things bout the Internet for chess enthusist is the sheer number of qulity Web sites dedicted to some spect of the gme. Following is list of chess sites tht I visit on regulr bsis or especilly dmire. However, the Web is designed to be surfed, so don t limit yourself to wht you see here. Also, becuse the Internet chnges on dily bsis, I recommend tht you develop your own fvorites list nd keep eploring every now nd then to see if ny new sites hve cropped up. About Chess: About.com hs n ecellent site to help you lern more bout chess: It lso fetures lively discussion bord on vriety of chess-relted topics. ChessBse: This site t is the home of some of the most sophisticted chess softwre nd is lso gret site for news. Chess Cfe: At you cn find combintion of things to buy, rticles on ll spects of the gme, nd much, much more. Chess Mentor: This site ( is the home of the teching pltform Chess Mentor nd is the plce to find your wy to my personl chess journl. (Just scroll down the home pge, where you ll find link.) Chess Ninj: The gret site includes, mong mny fetures, the Dily Dirt, which is both musing nd informtive. Chess Tody: Chess Tody is the first dily chess newspper delivered to your e-mil inbo. Subscribe online t Free smples re vilble. The Week in Chess (TWIC): One of the most current nd complete informtion sites is TWIC. Here you find the ltest news, events, gmes, nd tournment results, long with qulity book reviews, updted on weekly bsis. You cn check out the site t twic/twic.html. U.S. Plces, People to See, nd Gmes of Interest If you get the chnce, you cn visit number of plces of specil interest to chess lovers. You ll find rich tmosphere nd historic photos, s well s people who shre your interest in the gme.

364 Prt VI: Appendies Mrshll Chess Club Locted in New York, the Mrshll Chess Club hs rich trdition nd plenty of ction, from offhnd blitz gmes to serious tournments. Although nyone cn visit, you hve to be member in order to ply in its events. The club is locted t W. 0th St., New York, NY 00; you cn rech it by phone t --. Also check out its Web site t Mechnics Institute Chess Room Locted on the fourth floor t Post Street in Sn Frncisco nd founded in, the Mechnics Institute Chess Room is the oldest chess club in continuous eistence. Anyone cn visit, but you hve to be member to prticipte in its events. Contct the club by phone t -- or visit the Web site t The John G. White Collection Locted on the third floor of the Clevelnd, Ohio, min librry t Superior Avenue, the John G. White Collection is the chess world s lrgest reserch nd reference librry. It includes some of the rrest books nd mterils vilble in the United Sttes. The min librry s Web site is nd the phone number is World Chess Hll of Fme & Sidney Smole Chess Museum The World Chess Hll of Fme & Sidney Smole Chess Museum, t S.W. 9th Avenue in Mimi, is dedicted to telling the stories of the gretest plyers in history. It lso hs some wonderfully rre mteril my fvorite one being the originl edition of the tournment book from the first true interntionl competition in! You cn lso find out bout upcoming events t the museum nd other pertinent info t or by clling --.

365 Inde Numbers & Symbols!! (double eclmtion point),?? (double question mrk), = (equl sign),! (eclmtion point), /+ (minus/plus sign), + (plus sign), +/ (plus/minus sign), # (pound sign),? (question mrk), (one-hlf frction), A About Chess (Web site), ctive move, djournment, djudiction, djusting pieces, Alburt, Lev (Comprehensive Chess Course), Alekhine, Alender (chess plyer), 9,, 0 Alekhine s Defense (opening), 09 lgebric nottion,, nlog clock, Annd, Viswnthn (chess plyer),, Anderssen, Adolf (chess plyer),, 0, nnottion cutions, definition,, overview, pe-mn strtegy, rbiter, 0, rt, The Art of Attck (Vukovic, Vldimir),, rtificil intelligence, ttck,, ttcked squre, Averbkh, Yuri Chess Endings: Essentil Knowledge, minority ttck, B bck rnk mte,, bckwrd pwn, 9, bd bishop, bse, BCA (British Chess Assocition), BCF (British Chess Federtion), beginner s mistkes check, 0, endgme, opening, 9 9 scholr s mte, tempo gins nd losses, 0 beginning of gme (opening). See lso specific moves nlysis of, 9 00 ttcks on opponent, 9 9 beginner s mistkes, 9 9 centrliztion, 0 checkmte, 9, 9 chess nottion, definition,, development, 9 9 differences in nmes, 00 discussion mong plyers, 00 importnce, 9 king sfety strtegy,, knight movements, memoriztion of moves, 9 rook pwns, spce strtegies, trnsposed, 9 weird nmes,

366 Chess For Dummies, nd Edition behvior, gme spite check, tournment etiquette, verbl check, Benjmin, Joel (Unorthodo Openings), bishop ttck power,, 9 blocks by pwns, 9 cpture bsics,, 9 chess nottion, Closed English formtion, discovered ttck, 9 9 double check, 9 Drgon formtion, 0 endgme, echnge of, finchetto, 9 fork tctic, key squre strtegy, 90 King s Gmbit, 0 versus knight, middlegme principles, Morphy s mte, movements, 9 nmeske, Nimzo-Botvinnik formtion, Nimzo-Indin opening, 9 90 opening nlysis, 9 00 opening development, 9 origins of chess, overview, pir, pwn formtion effects, pin tctic, 90 plcement on chessbord, 9 Queen s Gmbit, Queen s Indin, quickest checkmte, reltive vlue,, Ruy Lopez opening, 0 0 scrifice, Scheveningen formtion,, scholr s mte, skewer tctic, 90 9 spce guidelines, symbol, temporry scrifice, blindfold chess, blitz gme, 9, blockde definition, endgme strtegy, knight-knight ending, 0 overview, 9 process, 9 9 blunder, 09, bord colors, digonls, versus digrms, knight s tour, nming of squres, number of squres, ordering informtion,, plcement of chess set, rnk nd file illustrtions, selection, tournment rules, book move, books, Botvinnik, Mikhil (chess plyer), 09 brevity, 0 brillincy, brillincy prize, British Chess Assocition (BCA), British Chess Federtion (BCF), building bridge, Byrne, Donld (chess plyer), 9 9, C Ciss (goddess of chess), clcultion,, 9 cndidte move, 9 Cpblnc, José Rúl (chess plyer), 9 9, 0 cptures bishop movements,, 9 brek of pin, chess nottion,, 0

367 Inde doubled pwn remedy, en pssnt method, 9 illegl, king movements, mteril guidelines, pwn movements, 9 queen movements, 0 rook movements, typicl pwn formtions, Cro-Knn Defense (opening), 0 09 csh prize, cstling chess nottion,, 9 0 Closed English benefits, definition,, Drgon formtion, 0 Nimzo-Indin opening, 90 opening strtegy,, overview, Queen s Gmbit, center, of chessbord chess strtegies, 0 Closed English formtion, definition, Double Stonewll formtion, illustrtion, middlegme principles, opening development, 9 center-counter opening, centrliztion definition, opening development, 9 overview, 0 chin, pwn definition,, French Defense opening, 0 overview, wekening tips,, 0 chtrng,, chturng,, cheting, check beginner s mistkes, 0, definition, 0, overview, pointless, types, verbl check, checkmte. See lso specific types definition, with king nd queen, 0 with king nd rook, 0 mjor pieces, minor pieces,, opening, 9, 9 overview, quickest, chess club,, drm, 0 gme versus intellectul ctivity, object of gme, origins, overview, 9 phses, versus wrfre, Chess Assistnt (dtbse progrm), 0 Chess Cfe (equipment resource),, chess clock definition, drw offering, overview, Chess Endings: Essentil Knowledge (Averbkh, Yuri), Chess Life mgzine, Chess Mentor (instructionl softwre), 0, Chess Ninj (Web site), chess nottion nnottions, cptures,, 0 cstling,, 9 0 chess pieces, definition, 0 en pssnt method, echnges, 9 newspper digrms, opening, overview,, pwn promotion, 0 Chess Olympids (tournments), 0

368 Chess For Dummies, nd Edition chess problem, chess set. See lso specific pieces color, definition, design, key to power, mjor pieces, nottion, ordering informtion,, overview, plcement on chessbord, reltive vlues, science versus rt, selection, symbols, tournment rules,, wood versus other mterils, chess strtegy. See lso specific strtegies center control, 0 endgme, importnce, overview, 9 0 Chess Tody (newspper), chess tournment book of gmes, chess set design, clubs, definition, etiquette, interntionl, 0 overview,, queen-pwn mtes, 9 score sheet, touch-move rule, U.S. bsics, 9 Chessbse (dtbse progrm), 0 ChessBse (Web site), chessbord colors, digonls, versus digrms, knight s tour, nming of squres, number of squres, ordering informtion,, plcement of chess set, rnk nd file illustrtions, selection, tournment rules, chessist, chessmn, 9 Chesster (computer progrm), 0 Chigorin, Mikhil Ivnovich (grndmster),, Chin, clss prize, clssic bishop scrifice, clssicl chess, 9 clernce scrifice process, 9 00 queen-pwn mte, clock definition, drw offering, overview, Closed English formtion, closed file, 9 closed gme, 9 closed position, club,, color bishop movements, chess set, chessbord, knight movements, combintion. See lso specific types benefits, 9, 9 definition,,, 9 flse ssumptions, 9 overview,, 9 9 scrifice, 9 00 compenstion, 9 competition book of gmes, chess set design, clubs, definition, etiquette, interntionl, 0 overview,, queen-pwn mtes, 9 score sheet,

369 Inde 9 touch-move rule, U.S. bsics, 9 composition, Comprehensive Chess Course (Alburt, Lev), computer chess. See lso Internet chess clcultions, instruction, 0 overview,, softwre, 9 0 consulttion chess,, 9 contested squre,, control,, cook, 9 correspondence chess, 0, 9 counterttck, courtesy spite check, tournment etiquette, verbl check, crmped gme,,, 9 crmping move,, crippled mjority, 9 criticl position, 0 cross-check, 0 crosstble, 0 cutting off squres process definition, king nd queen, 0 rook nd king, 0, D Dmino s mte (mting pttern), 9 00, 9 dtbse, 0 decoy, 00 0, 0 Deep Blue (IBM chess computer), 9, 9 99 deflection scrifice, 0 0 descriptive nottion,, 0 design, of chess set,, desperdo, 0 destroying the gurd, 0 0 developing move, 9 development center-counter opening, definition,,, 0 gmbits, 0,, 0 middlegme principles, opening moves, 9 9 opponent s, 9 9 overview, 9 tempo gins nd losses, 9 0 digonl bishop movements, 9 definition, 0 Drgon formtion, 0 finchetto strengths, 9 mteril guidelines, overview, pwn cptures, pwn chins, queen movements, 0 digrm versus ctul chessbord, conventions, definition, 0 discovered ttck, 0 discovered check definition,, 0 overview, 9 9, 9 9 distrction,, double ttck, 9 9, 0 double bishop scrifice, 0 double check definition,, overview, 9 9 queen-knight mtes, double eclmtion point (!!), double king pwn opening, 0 0 double queen pwn opening, 0 double question mrk (??), double round robin, Double Stonewll formtion, doubled pwn, 0, doubling, Drgon formtion, 0 drm, of gme, 0 drw bishop-bishop ending, definition,, overview, rook endings, tournment etiquette, duffer,

370 0 Chess For Dummies, nd Edition Dufresne, J. (chess plyer), dynmic equilibrium, dynmism, E edge cutting off squres process, 0, definition,, Indin Defense, spce guidelines, electronic resources chess clubs, chess progrms, 9, 0 correspondence chess, dtbses, 0 Deep Blue, 99 informtionl sites, instructionl softwre, 0 Internet chess,, mil order, elements. See lso specific elements definition, 0 importnce, 0 overview, elephnt, Elo, Arpd (rting system developer), Elo rtings,, e-mil chess. See Internet chess en pssnt cpture definition, nottion, overview, 9 endgme beginner s mistkes, bishop endings, bishop movements, definition,, king movements, knight nd bishop vlues, knight endings, mteril strtegies, minor piece endings, overview, pttern recognition, pwn-king endings, rook endings, spce, strtegy, study, English Opening, equl sign (=), escpe squre, etiquette, Europe, Euwe, M (Judgment nd Plnning in Chess), 9, 0 The Even More Complete Chess Addict (Fo, Mike nd Jmes, Richrd),, The Evergreen Gme (fmous chess gme), echnge vrition, 0 echnging pieces bishop-bishop ending, chess nottion, 9 definition, endgme strtegy, middlegme principles, overview, pwn formtion, uneven trdes, eclmtion point (!), eperience,, F feedbck, 0 fers, finchetto definition, 9, Drgon formtion, 0 Indin Defenses, Nimzo-Indin opening, 9 opening nlysis, overview, 9 FIDE (Interntionl Chess Federtion) definition, Ksprov-Short mtch (99), Officil Rules of Chess,, origins of chess,

371 Inde overview, 0 rtings, FIDE mster (FM), 0, 0-move rule, file chess nottion, 0 definition,, illustrted, middlegme principles, nming system, file-first method, Fine, Ruben (The Ides Behind the Chess Openings), 0 Fingerfehler (finger-slip), first bord, Fischer clock (chess clock), Fischer, Robert J. (chess plyer) overview, 0 versus Donld Byrne, 9 9, fish, flg, flnk cutting off squres process, 0, definition, development, Indin Defense, openings, spce guidelines, flight squre, fluid pwn center, FM (FIDE mster), 0 food, fool s mte, forced move, forcing nture, 9 forfeit, fork decoy, 0 definition, overview, formtion benefits of lerning, 0 definition,,, effect on gme, echnge of pieces, overview, strength nd wekness nlysis, 9 typicl, Forsyth nottion, forsythe nottion, Fo, Mike (The Even More Complete Chess Addict),, Frnkenstein-Drcul (tctic), free gme, Free Internet Chess Server (Web site), freeing move, French bishop, French Defense (opening) drwbck, 0, 0 pwn chin, 0 pwn formtion, Fritz (computer progrm), 9, 0 frontier line, G Gllgher, Joe (The Mgic of Mikhil Tl), 9 gmbit clssic emple, 0 definition, 0, origin of term, overview, 0 Gme of the Century (Fischer-Byrne gme, 9), 9 9, grding, grndmster drw, grndmster (GM), 0, Grndmster of Chess (forml title), Grünfeld, Ernst (chess plyer), H hlf-open file, hlf-pin, hnd hover, hndle, hnging pwn, 0,

372 Chess For Dummies, nd Edition hevy piece, heuristics, hole, Hooper, Dvid (The Oford Compnion to Chess), hypermodern, I ID, online, The Ides Behind the Chess Openings (Fine, Ruben), 0 illegl move, illegl position, IM (interntionl mster), 0 The Immortl Gme (fmous chess gme),, Indi, Indin Defense (opening),, inititive definition, 0, Queen s Gmbit, instruction, 0 intermedite move, 9 interntionl rbiter, Interntionl Chess Federtion (FIDE) definition, Ksprov-Short mtch (99), Officil Rules of Chess,, origins of chess, overview, 0 rtings, Interntionl Computer Chess Assocition, interntionl grndmster (GM), interntionl mster (IM), 0, interntionl tournment, 0 interntionl womn grndmster, Internet chess. See lso computer chess correspondence chess, 0 Ksprov versus the world, 99 0 overview, procedure, types, Web sites,, Internet Chess Club (Web site), Internet resources chess clubs, chess progrms, 9, 0 correspondence chess, dtbses, 0 Deep Blue, 99 informtionl sites, instructionl softwre, 0 Internet chess,, mil order, interposing, intuition,, 9 isolted pwn, 9 9, Isourd, Count (chess plyer), J Jmes, Richrd (The Even More Complete Chess Addict),, John G. White Collection (librry), Judgment nd Plnning in Chess (Euwe, M), 9 K Krl of Brunschweig, Duke (chess plyer), Krpov, Antoly (chess plyer), 0 Krpov-Chom gme (9), 9 00 Ksprov, Grry (chess plyer) cheting, versus Deep Blue, 9, 9 99 versus Nigel Short, overview, 0 versus the world, 99 0 Keres, Pul (chess plyer), key squre, 9 kibitz,, Kieseritzky, Lionel (chess plyer),, king bck rnk mte, cpture bsics, cstling process,

373 Inde center-counter opening, check overview, 0, check process, 0 chess nottion, clssic bishop scrifice, clernce scrifice, cutting off squres process,, decoy, 00 0 defense, double check, 9 9 endgme bsic strtegy, fork tctic, hunt, illegl cpture, King s Gmbit, 0 Lucen s position, mjor versus minor pieces, movements, opposition, 9 origins of chess, overview, pwn promotion, pwn-king ending, pin tctic, plcement on chessbord, 0 queen-knight mtes, 9 Queen s Gmbit, quickest checkmte, rook endings, rook-king checkmte, 0 Scheveningen formtion, scholr s mte, sign of resigntion, skewer tctic, 90 9 stlemte overview, symbol, temporry scrifice, king sfety element middlegme pln, overview, quickest checkmte, King s Gmbit (clssic gmbit), 0 King s Indin (opening), kingside,, Kmoch, Hns (Pwn Power in Chess), knight Alekhine s Defense, 09 ttck power, versus bishop, blockdes, 9 center-counter opening, chess nottion, clssic bishop scrifice, clernce scrifice, 9 00 Closed English formtion, destroying the gurd, 0 0 discovered ttck, 9 9 endgme, echnge of, fork tctic,, French Defense, Indin Defense, isolted pwn blockdes, 9 key squre strtegy, 9 9 middlegme principles, movements, Nimzo-Botvinnik formtion, Nimzo-Indin opening, 9 90 opening development, 9 origins of chess, overview, permnent scrifice, 9 Petroff s Defense, 0 0 plcement on chessbord, 9 queen-knight mtes, 9 Queen s Gmbit, reltive vlue,, scholr s mte, spce guidelines, symbol, temporry scrifice, knight s tour,, Koltnowski, George (grndmster),, Korchnoi, Viktor (chess plyer),, 0, Kotov, Alender (Think Like Grndmster), 9 Krmnik, Vldimir (chess plyer), 0

374 Chess For Dummies, nd Edition L ldder, Lsker, Emnuel (chess plyer) versus José Rúl Cpblnc, 9 9 overview, 0 0 legl move, Legll s mte (mting pttern), 9 9, Legll St. Brie Pris gme (0), 9 9 letter,, lever,, Levitsky, Stepn (chess plyer), 90 9 lightning chess, line, 00, liquidtion, living chess, locked pwn, long lgebric nottion, long cstling, Lopez, Ruy (chess plyer), loser, loss on time, Lucen s position (endgme pttern),, M mgzine, The Mgic of Mikhil Tl (Gllgher, Joe), 9 mjor piece,, 9 mjority, 9 mnners spite check, tournment etiquette, verbl check, mntri, Mrshll Chess Club, 9, Mrshll, Frnk (chess plyer), 90 9 Mrshll swindle, 9 mster, 9 mster tournment, 9 mtch competition, 9, 9 Mtch of the Century (Soviet Union versus the world), 9 mte. See lso specific types definition, with king nd queen, 0 with king nd rook, 0 mjor pieces, minor pieces,,, 9 0 opening, 9, 9 overview, quickest, mteril guidelines, middlegme pln, overview, strtegies, vlue of pieces, mting ttck, 9 mting net, mting pttern. See lso specific types definition, 0 versus endgme ptterns, memoriztion, overview, mting scrifice, 9 mechnicl move, 9 Mechnics Institute Chess Room (chess club), memoriztion mting ptterns, opening moves, 9 pttern recognition, Mephisto (chess-plying device), 0 middlegme ttcks, definition,, 0 generl principles, overview, pln, spce strtegies, miniture, 0 minor echnge, 0 minor piece definition,, 0 endgme, minority ttck definition, 0 middlegme, overview,

375 Inde minus/plus sign ( /+), mismtch, 9 mistkes, beginner s check, 0, endgme, opening, 9 9 scholr s mte, tempo gins nd losses, 0 mobility definition, 0 endgme, middlegme, Modern Chess Strtegy (Pchmn, Ludek), Monster vrition (tctic), Morphy, Pul (chess plyer) versus Duke Krl of Brunschweig nd Count Isourd, mting ptterns,, Morphy s mte (mting pttern), moves. See combintion; strtegy; tctic My System (Nimzowitsch, Aron), 0 N ntionl mster, 0 neoromntic ply, 0 newspper digrm, Nimzo-Botvinnik formtion, Nimzo-Indin opening, 9 90 Nimzowitsch, Aron (fmous chess plyer) isolted pwns, 9 My System, 0 notorious loss, populr opening, 9 wekened pwn chins, 0 norm, 0 nottion nnottions, cptures,, 0 cstling,, 9 0 chess pieces, definition, 0 en pssnt cpture, echnges, 9 newspper digrms, opening, overview,, pwn promotion, 0 number, O obstructive scrifice, 0 Officil Rules of Chess (FIDE),, one-hlf frction ( ), online ID, open file, open gme, open tournment, opening. See lso specific moves nlysis of, 9 00 ttcks on opponent, 9 9 beginner s mistkes, 9 9 centrliztion, 0 checkmte, 9, 9 chess nottion, definition,, development, 9 9 differences in nmes, 00 discussion mong plyers, 00 importnce, 9 king sfety strtegy,, knight movements, memoriztion of moves, 9 rook pwns, spce strtegies, trnsposed, 9 weird nmes, opening theory, 9 opposite-colored bishop ending, opposition definition, overview, 9 Orngutn (opening), orgnic wekness, outside pssed pwn, overloded piece definition, overview, 0 0

376 Chess For Dummies, nd Edition overprotection, The Oford Compnion to Chess (Hooper, Dvid nd Whyld, Kenneth), P Pchmn, Ludek (Modern Chess Strtegy), piring, pssed pwn dvntge, bishop-bishop ending, definition, endgme bsic strtegy, knight-knight ending, 0 pwn-king ending, protected, rook endings, pttern recognition clcultions,, 9 endgme, importnce,, 0 memoriztion, overview, skill building, 9 pwn. See lso specific types Alekhine s Defense, 09 bck rnk mte, bishop movements, 9 blockdes, 9, 9 9 cpture bsics, 9 Cro-Knn Defense, 0 09 center-counter opening, clssic bishop scrifice, clernce scrifice, 9 00 Closed English formtion, discovered ttck, 9 9 double king pwn opening, 0 0 double queen pwn opening, 0 en pssnt method, 9 first impressions, fork tctic, French Defense, 0, 0 importnce, Indin Defense, key squre strtegy, 9 9 king-pwn ending, King s Gmbit, 0 knight-bishop ending, lever strtegy, locked, minority ttck,, Morphy s mte, movements, 9 Nimzo-Botvinnik formtion, opening nlysis, 9 00 opening development, 9 opening spce strtegies, origins of chess, overloded pieces, 0 0 overview, permnent scrifice, 9 Petroff s Defense, 0 0 Philidor s Defense, 0 0 plcement on chessbord, 0 queen-pwn mtes, 9 Queen s Gmbit,, 0 quickest checkmte, reltive vlue, rook movements, Ruy Lopez opening, 0 0 scholr s mte, Sicilin Defense, 0, 0 The Slv, spce guidelines, symbol, temporry scrifice, pwn chin definition,, French Defense opening, 0 overview, wekening tips,, 0 pwn duo, 9, pwn formtion. See lso specific types benefits of lerning, 0 definition,,, effect on gme, echnge of pieces, overview, strength nd wekness nlysis, 9 typicl,

377 Inde pwn grbbing, Pwn Power in Chess (Kmoch, Hns), pwn promotion. See lso queening pwn chess nottion, 0 definition,, Lucen s position, overview, pwn-king ending, pwn qudrnt, 9 pwn squre method, 9 pwn storm, pwn structure bckwrd pwns, 9 definition, 9, doubled pwns, 0 guidelines, hnging pwns, 0 isolted pwns, 9 middlegme pln, overview,, 9 0 pssed pwns, pwn chins, Pwn Structure Chess (Soltis, Andy), 0 pwns, queening. See queening pwn py-to-ply site, PCA (Professionl Chess Assocition), perfect score, permnent scrifice, 9 perpetul check,, Petroff s Defense opening overview, 0 0 tempo gins nd losses, 9 0 Petrosin, Tigrn (chess plyer), 0 phln, Philidor, Frnçois-André Dnicn (chess plyer), 09 Philidor s Defense (opening), 0 0 piece, chess color, definition, design, key to power, mjor pieces, nottion, ordering informtion,, overview, plcement on chessbord, reltive vlues, science versus rt, selection, symbols, tournment rules,, wood versus other mterils, piece echnge bishop-bishop ending, chess nottion, 9 definition, endgme strtegy, middlegme principles, overview, pwn formtion, uneven trdes, Pillsbury, Hrry Nelson (chess plyer), pin tctic,, pln, Plychess (Web site), plyoff, plus sign (+), plus/minus sign (+/ ), Pogo (Web site), poisoned pwn, Polgr, Judit (chess plyer), position definition, middlegme ttcks, middlegme pln, positionl dvntge, positionl understnding, postl chess, 0 postmortem session,, pound sign (#), prepred vrition, preventive scrifice, Professionl Chess Assocition (PCA), promotion. See pwn promotion protected pssed pwn,, pseudo-scrifice, Purdy, Cecil (fmous chess plyer),

378 Chess For Dummies, nd Edition Q Qud tournment, 9 queen ttck power, cpture bsics, 0 center-counter opening, check process, 0 chess nottion, clssic bishop scrifice, clernce scrifice, 9 00 cutting off squres process, 0 decoy, 00 0 defense, deflection scrifice, 0 0 destroying the gurd, 0 0 discovered ttck, 9 9 double check, 9 9 fork tctic, French Defense, history of piece, 0 isolted pwn blockdes, 9 key squre strtegy, 9 king-queen checkmte, 0 knight-queen mtes, 9 mjor versus minor pieces, middlegme principles, Morphy s mte, movements, 0 opening nlysis, 9 00 opening development, 9 origins of chess, overloded pieces, 0 0 overview, 0 pwn-queen mtes, 9 Petroff s Defense, 0 0 pin tctic, plcement on chessbord, 9 0 quickest checkmte, reltive vlue, scholr s mte, skewer tctic, 90 9 stlemte overview, symbol, temporry scrifice, queening pwn. See lso pwn promotion definition, endgme strtegy, king-pwn ending,, Lucen s position,, 0, opposition, 0 overview, pttern recognition,, 0, rook endings, queening squre,, Queen s Gmbit, 0, 0 Queen s Indin (opening), queenside, question mrk (?), quiet move, R rjh, rnk definition, illustrted, middlegme principles, nming system, rpid chess, rting,, recptured pieces,, recognizing ptterns clcultions,, 9 endgme, importnce,, 0 memoriztion, overview, skill building, 9 recording gmes, removing the defender, tcticl theme, repetition of position, Reshevsky, Smuel (chess plyer), resigntion, restrining dvnce, 9 retiler, equipment,, Réti s mte (checkmte), 9 Réti-Trtkower Vienn gme (90), 9 9 retrogrde nlysis,

379 Inde 9 return mtch cluse, 09 rook bck rnk mte, cpture bsics, cstling process, chess nottion, clernce scrifice, 9 00 cutting off squres process, 0 decoy, 0 0 deflection scrifice, 0 0 destroying the gurd, 0 0 double check, 9 endgme, Lucen s position, mjor versus minor pieces, middlegme principles, Morphy s mte, movements, opening development, 9 origins of chess, overloded pieces, 0 0 overview, pwn promotion, pin tctic, 90 plcement on chessbord, queen-knight mtes, 9 0 Queen s Gmbit, reltive vlue, scrifice, symbol, rook pwn, Rotlewi, Georg (chess plyer), 90 round-robin tournment, 9, Rubinstein, Akib (grndmster) versus Georg Rotlewi, 90 overview, rook endings, rule of the squre, 9 running wy, Ruy Lopez opening, 0 0, S scrifice. See lso specific types bishop, combintion, 9 00 decoy, 0 definition,, 09, double check, 9 9 drm, 0 gmbits, 0 knight-knight ending, 0 overview, 09 0 pwn-king ending, queen-knight mte, queen-pwn mte, rtionle, 0 rook, sndbgger, Scheveningen formtion, Schiller, Eric (Unorthodo Openings), scholr s mte,, science, scope, score definition,, scorekeeping, score sheet definition,, emple, The Scotch opening, 0 seled move, second, seesw, shrp opening,, short cstling, Short, Nigel (chess plyer), Sicilin Defense (opening) overview, 0 0 vritions, 9 simplifiction, simultneous disply, skewer tctic, 90 9, skittles, The Slv (opening), smothered mte,, Smyslov, Vsily (chess plyer),, 0 softwre, 9 0, Soltis, Andy (Pwn Structure Chess), 0 sound combintion, 9 spce guidelines, importnce, middlegme principles,

380 0 Chess For Dummies, nd Edition spce (continued) opening strtegies, overview, Spnish gme (opening), 0 0 Spssky, Boris (chess plyer), 0 specil move, 9 specultive move, Spielmnn, Rudolf (chess plyer), 9 spite check,, sportsmnship spite check, tournment etiquette, verbl check, squres, on chessbord ttcked versus contested, bishop s ttck power, color, knight s ttck power, nming system, number, queen plcement, 9 queen s ttck power, stlemte bishop-bishop ending, definition,, 0, overview, rook endings, tournment etiquette, Stunton design,, Stunton, Howrd (chess plyer), Steinitz, Wilhelm (chess plyer),, 0 Stonewll formtion, strtegic outpost, 9 strtegy. See lso specific strtegies center control, 0 endgme, importnce, overview, 9 0 structure bckwrd pwns, 9 definition, 9, doubled pwns, 0 guidelines, hnging pwns, 0 isolted pwns, 9 middlegme pln, overview,, 9 0 pssed pwns, pwn chins, swindle, Swiss Gmbit (tournment strtegy), 9 Swiss system, 9, symbol, symmetricl pwn structure, symmetry, T tctic. See lso specific tctics definition,,, importnce, 0, tking turns, 9 Tl, Mikhil (grndmster), 9, 09 0 Trrsch, Siegbert (chess plyer),, Trtkower, Sviely (chess plyer), 9 tempo beginner s mistkes, 0 definition, 9, development, 9 0 gins nd losses, 9 0 temporry scrifice, tet move, themtic move, theoreticl novelty, theory, Think Like Grndmster (Kotov, Alender), 9 tiebreking system, tied gme bishop-bishop ending, definition,, overview, rook endings, tournment etiquette, time control, lerning needs, limit,, trouble, top bord,, touch-move rule,,

381 Inde tournment book of gmes, chess set design, clubs, definition, etiquette, interntionl, 0 overview,, queen-pwn mtes, 9 score sheet, touch-move rule, U.S. bsics, 9 trnsposed opening, 9 trp definition, 9 9, Petroff s Defense, 0 0 trveling set, tree of nlysis, 9 tringultion, 9 tripled pwn definition, 0, 9 remedy, turn tking, 9 U underpromoting,, 9 undoubling, 9 unintentionl loss, 09 unit, 9 United Sttes Chess Federtion (USCF),,, 9 Unorthodo Openings (Benjmin, Joel nd Schiller, Eric), unsound combintion, 9 V vcting scrifice, 9 vrition, 9 Vienn gme (opening sequence), vizier,, 0 Von Brdeleben, Kurt (chess plyer), Vukovic, Vldimir (The Art of Attck),, W wrfre, Web server. See Internet chess Web sites chess clubs, chess progrms, 9, 0 correspondence chess, dtbses, 0 Deep Blue, 99 informtionl sites, instructionl softwre, 0 Internet chess,, mil order, The Week in Chess (Web site), white squre,, 0 Whyld, Kenneth (The Oford Compnion to Chess), wing cutting off squres process, 0, definition, Indin Defense, spce guidelines, wood sets nd bords, woodpusher,, 9 world chmpionship, 0 World Chess Hll of Fme & Sidney Smole Chess Museum, Y Your Move Chess & Gmes (retiler), Z Zugzwng (forced move),, 9 Zwischenzug (intermedite move), 9

382 Notes

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