DES Data Encryption standard

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1 DES Data Encryption standard DES was developed by IBM as a modification of an earlier system Lucifer DES was adopted as a standard in 1977 Was replaced only in 2001 with AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) DES characteristics: key size is 56 bits (input as a 64-bit value, where every 8 th bit is parity on the preceding 7 bits) block size is 64 bits number of rounds is 16

2 DES The standard is public, the design criteria is classified One of the biggest controversies is the key size (56 bits) W. Diffie, M. Hellman "Exhaustive Cryptanalysis of the NBS Data Encryption Standard" IEEE Computer 10(6), June 1977, pp74-84 M. Hellman "DES will be totally insecure within ten years" IEEE Spectrum 16(7), July 1979, pp Another controversy: is there a back door?

3 SDES DES comparison SDES DES Key 9 bits 56 bits( + 8 parity bits) Block size Left (right) block size 6 bits 32 bits Expander function From 6 bits to 8 bits From 32 bits to 48 bits Key size reduction From 9 bits to 8 bits From 56 bits to 48 bits Initial permutation no yes Number of S boxes 2 8 Input in S - box 4 bits 6 bits Output from S - box 3 bits 4 bits Permutation boxes no Yes ( 8 P-boxes) Final permutation no yes

4 DES algorithm Plaintext Initial Permutation Left 32-bits Right 32-bits Expansion XOR S-Box K i Permutation - Box New left New right Inverse of the Initial Permutation XOR 16 iterations using a different round-key Ciphertext

5 KEY function 56 bit key + parity bits (64 bit key) Remove the parity bits, Permute the 56 bit key 28 bit left half 28 bit right half C 0 D 0 C i =LS i (C i-1 ) Left shift circular Left shift circular D i = LS i (D i-1 ) K i Compression/Permutation 48 bit round key for ROUND i

6 Key Permutation 1. The parity bits are discarded and the remaining bits are permuted by the following table: 57, 49, 41, 33, 25, 17, 09, 01, 58, 50, 42, 34, 26, 18 10, 02, 59, 51, 43, 35, 27, 19, 11, 03, 60, 52, 44, 36 63, 55, 47, 39, 31, 23, 15, 07, 62, 54, 46, 38, 30, 22 14, 06, 61, 53, 45, 37, 29, 21, 13, 05, 28, 20, 12, The 56 bit result is split in two halves (left and right)

7 Number of Key Bits Shifted per Round Round: Shift: After the shift, 48 of the 56 bits are selected using a 56 bit to 48 bit compression permutation.

8 Compression permutation Compression permutation 14, 17, 11, 24, 01, 05, 03, 28, 15, 06, 21, 10 23, 19, 12, 04, 26, 08, 16, 07, 27, 20, 13, 02 41, 52, 31, 37, 47, 55, 30, 40, 51, 45, 33, 48 44, 49, 39, 56, 34, 53, 46, 42, 50, 36, 29, 32 After 16 rounds of all round-keys are generated.

9 Initial permutation Initial permutation: 58, 50, 42, 34, 26, 18, 10, 02, 60, 52, 44, 36, 28, 20, 12, 04 62, 54, 46, 38, 30, 22, 14, 06, 64, 56, 48, 40, 32, 24, 16, 08 57, 49, 41, 33, 25, 17, 09, 01, 59, 51, 43, 35, 27, 19, 11, 03 61, 53, 45, 37, 29, 21, 13, 05, 63, 55, 47, 39, 31, 23, 15, 07 The initial permutation and the final permutation do not affect the security of DES. Its primary purpose is to make it easier to load plaintext and ciphertext data into a DES chip in byte sized pieces.

10 Expansion function The expansion mapping is: 32, 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09 08, 09, 10, 11, 12, 13, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 01 Example: Input bit 03 is moved to position 04 in the output (permutation, no expansion). Bit 09 is moved to positions 12, and 14, (permutation and expansion).

11 S boxes 48-Bit Input S-box 1 S-box 8 32-Bit output Input to S-Box is a 6-bit value used to look up a 4-Bit output from a 4- row, 16 column table in the S-Box. If we label the inputs a 1, a 2, a 3, a 4, a 5, a 6 then a 1 and a 6 specify a row; a 2, a 3, a 4, a 5 specify the column.

12 S boxes (cont.) The output is the value stored in the table at the intersection of the row and column. The S1-Box 1 is: 14, 04, 13, 01, 02, 15, 11, 08, 03, 10, 06, 12, 05, 09, 00, 07 00, 15, 07, 04, 14, 02, 13, 01, 10, 06, 12, 11, 09, 05, 03, 08 04, 01, 14, 08, 13, 06, 02, 11, 15, 12, 09, 07, 03, 10, 05, 00 15, 12, 08, 02, 04, 09, 01, 07, 05, 11, 03, 14, 10, 00, 06, 13 Each S-Box holds a different mapping (i.e., a different table). Example: S1-box input: = row 2, 1101 = column 13. S1-box output: 0101

13 Permutation - Box The output of the S-box is sent to the Permutation-Box : 16, 07, 20, 21, 29, 12, 28, 17, 01, 15, 23, 26, 05, 18, 31, 10 02, 08, 24, 14, 32, 27, 03, 09, 19, 13, 30, 06, 22, 11, 04, 25 The total is 32 bits (16 per row). The output of the P-Box is XORed with the left half of the initial 64 bit block. Then the left and the right halves are switched and another round begins. This continues for 16 total rounds with each round using a different round-key. Example: Bit 21 moves to bit 4, while bit 4 moves to bit 31.

14 Attacks on DES Brute force attack. In 1990s RSA Laboratories called several DES challenges Challenge II-2 was announced in 1998 The winner was Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) They built a DES Cracker machine for less than $250,000 It found the key in 56 hours and searched 88 billion keys per second

15 Attacks on DES RSA Laboratories called Challenge III in 1999 was solved in a record time cooperative effort of the DES Cracker and a worldwide network of 100,000 computers the key was found in 22 hours 15 minutes over 245 billion keys were tested per second

16 Attacks on DES Differential cryptanalysis: (1) attack on 8-round DES requires 2^38 known plaintext-ciphertext pairs (2) attack on 16-round DES requires 2^47 chosen plaintexts Cryptanalysis is not effective against DES

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