Sec 4.4. Counting Rules. Bluman, Chapter 4

Transcription

1 Sec 4.4 Counting Rules

2 A Question to Ponder: A box contains 3 red chips, 2 blue chips and 5 green chips. A chip is selected, replaced and a second chip is selected. Display the sample space. Do you think each event is equally likely?

3 A Question to Ponder: A box contains 3 red chips, 2 blue chips and 5 green chips. A chip is selected, replaced and a second chip is selected. Find the following probabilities a) Selecting 1 red chip and then 1 blue. b) Selecting 1 blue chip and then 1 green chip. c) Selecting 2 blue chips.

4 A Question to Ponder: A box contains 3 red chips, 2 blue chips and 5 green chips. A chip is selected, and not replaced and a second chip is selected. Display the sample space Do you think each event is equally likely?

5 A Question to Ponder: A box contains 3 red chips, 2 blue chips and 5 green chips. A chip is selected, and not replaced and a second chip is selected. Find the probability of each event a) Selecting 1 red chip and then 1 blue chip. b) Selecting 1 blue chip and then 1 green chip. c) Matching chips.

6 Another Question to Ponder A game is played by drawing four cards from an ordinary deck and replacing each card after it is drawn. Find the probability of winning if at least one ace is drawn.

7 4.4 Counting Rules The fundamental counting rule is also called the multiplication of choices. In a sequence of n events in which the first one has k 1 possibilities and the second event has k 2 and the third has k 3, and so forth, the total number of possibilities of the sequence will be k 1 k 2 k 3 k n

8 Chapter 4 Probability and Counting Rules Section 4-4 Example 4-39 Page #225 8

9 Example 4-39: Paint Colors A paint manufacturer wishes to manufacture several different paints. The categories include Color: red, blue, white, black, green, brown, yellow Type: latex, oil Texture: flat, semigloss, high gloss Use: outdoor, indoor How many different kinds of paint can be made if you can select one color, one type, one texture, and one use? # of # of # of # of colors types textures uses different kinds of paint 9

10 Example 4-40 There are four blood types, A, B, AB, and O. Blood can also be Rh+ and Rh-. Finally, a blood donor can be classified as either male or female. How many different ways can a donor have his or her blood labeled? Blood type sign gender 4 2 2=16

11 Example 4-41 The digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 are to be used in a four-digit ID card. How many different cards are possible if repetitions are permitted? First digit second digit third fourth = 1296

12 Counting Rules Factorial is the product of all the positive numbers from 1 to a number. n! n n 1 n ! 1

13 While you wait: In how many ways can 3 people stand in line at a store? In how many ways can 4 people be chosen from a class of 12 to go on a FT?

14 Review topics In how many ways can two items be chosen from a selection of 4. No replacement.

15 Consider the following cases Ten runners compete in an event. The top 3 finishers advance to the State level. Ten runners compete in an event. The first to cross the finish line will receive a gold medal, the second place a silver and finally the third finisher a bronze medal.

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17 There is 5-question True or False test: T=true; F=false Are the following the same result: TFFTT OR FFTTT There are 5 DVDs. Marge is sick and staying home. In how many ways can Marge watch the DVDs.

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19 Marge is shopping at the local grocery store and needs five items from the produce department. Jack is also buying the same five items. Do you think Jack will make his choices in the same order as Marge? Does it matter at the end how they make their choices? There are 8 DVDs. Marge is sick and staying home. In how many ways can Marge watch the DVDs? a) State when order matters. b) State when order doesn t matter.

20 Permutation Rule The arrangement of n objects in a specific order using r objects at a time is called a permutation of n objects taking r objects at a time. It is written as n P r and the formula is n pr n! ( n r)!

21 Counting Rules Combination is a grouping of objects. Order does not matter. n C r n n! n r!! r Pr r!

22 Permutation and combination Order matters: np r Order does NOT matter nc r

23 Chapter 4 Probability and Counting Rules Section 4-4 Example 4-42/4-43 Page #228 23

24 Example 4-42: Business Locations Suppose a business owner has a choice of 5 locations in which to establish her business. She decides to rank each location according to certain criteria, such as price of the store and parking facilities. How many different ways can she rank the 5 locations? first second third fourth fifth choice choice choice choice choice different ways to rank the locations Using factorials, 5! = 120. Using permutations, 5 P 5 =

25 Example 4-43: Business Locations Suppose the business owner in Example 4 42 wishes to rank only the top 3 of the 5 locations. How many different ways can she rank them? first second third choice choice choice different ways to rank the locations Using permutations, 5 P 3 =

26 Chapter 4 Probability and Counting Rules Section 4-4 Example 4-44 Page #229 26

27 Example 4-44: Television News Stories A television news director wishes to use 3 news stories on an evening show. One story will be the lead story, one will be the second story, and the last will be a closing story. If the director has a total of 8 stories to choose from, how many possible ways can the program be set up? Since there is a lead, second, and closing story, we know that order matters. We will use permutations. 8! P 336 or 8P !

28 Chapter 4 Probability and Counting Rules Section 4-4 Example 4-45 Page #229 28

29 Example 4-45: School Musical Plays A school musical director can select 2 musical plays to present next year. One will be presented in the fall, and one will be presented in the spring. If she has 9 to pick from, how many different possibilities are there? Order matters, so we will use permutations. 9! P 72 or 9P !

30 Chapter 4 Probability and Counting Rules Section 4-4 Example 4-48 Page #231 30

31 Example 4-48: School Musicals A newspaper editor has received 8 books to review. He decides that he can use 3 reviews in his newspaper. How many different ways can these 3 reviews be selected? The placement in the newspaper is not mentioned, so order does not matter. We will use combinations. 8! C 8!/ 5!3! 56 5!3! or 8C P 8 3 or 8C3 56 3! 31

32 Chapter 4 Probability and Counting Rules Section 4-4 Example 4-49 Page #231 32

33 Example 4-49: Committee Selection In a club there are 7 women and 5 men. A committee of 3 women and 2 men is to be chosen. How many different possibilities are there? There are not separate roles listed for each committee member, so order does not matter. We will use combinations. 7! 5! Women: 7C3 35, Men: 5C2 10 4!3! 3!2! There are 35 10=350 different possibilities. 33

34 On your own: Read: TI activities on pages 208 & 235 Summary Table on page 232 Answer: Applying Concepts 4-4 on page 232 Exercises 4-4 starting with # 1 every other odd problem.