From the Ark of History to the Arc of Reasoning
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1 From the Ark of History to the Arc of Reasoning William McCallum The University of Arizona & Illustrative Mathematics JMM, 2016
2 Themes Decluttering Attending to historically unattended leaps Distinguishing between objects, uses of those objects, and ways of viewing them (why not just call a ratio an ordered pair of numbers?)
3 The number line marked off in thirds GradeThemeaningoffractionsInGrades1and2,studentsusefractionlanguagetodescribepartitionsofshapesintoequalshares.2.G.In2.G.Partitioncirclesandrectanglesintotwo,three,orfourequalshares,describethesharesusingthewordshalves,thirds,halfof,athirdof,etc.,anddescribethewholeastwohalves,threethirds,fourfourths.Recognizethatequalsharesofidenticalwholesneednothavethesameshape.Gradetheystarttodeveloptheideaofafractionmoreformally,buildingontheideaofpartitioningawholeintoequalparts.Thewholecanbeacollectionofobjects,ashapesuchasacircleorrect-angle,alinesegment,oranyfiniteentitysusceptibletosubdivisionandmeasurement.Thewholeasacollectionofobjects!Ifthewholeisacollectionof4bunnies,thenonebunnyis14ofthewholeandbunniesis4ofthewhole.Gradestudentsstartwtihunitfractions(fractionswithnumer-ator1).Theseareformedbydividingawholeintoequalpartsandtakingonepart,e.g.,ifawholeisdividedinto4equalpartstheneachpartis14ofthewhole,and4copiesofthatpartmakethewhole.Next,studentsbuildfractionsfromunitfractions,seeingthenumer-atorof4assayingthat4iswhatyougetbyputtingofthe14 stogether..nf.1anyfractioncanbereadthisway,andinparticular.nf.1understandafraction1 asthequantityformedby1partwhenawholeispartitionedinto equalparts;understandafrac-tion asthequantityformedby partsofsize1.thereisnoneedtointroducetheconceptsof properfraction"and improperfraction"initially;5iswhatonegetsbycombining5partstogetherwhenthewholeisdividedintoequalparts.twoimportantaspectsoffractionsprovideopportunitiesforthemathematicalpracticeofattendingtoprecision(mp6): Specifyingthewhole.TheimportanceofspecifyingthewholeWithoutspecifyingthewholeitisnotreasonabletoaskwhatfractionisrepresentedbytheshadedarea.Iftheleftsquareisthewhole,itrepresentsthefraction2;iftheentirerectangleisthewhole,itrepresents4. Explainingwhatismeantby equalparts. Initially,studentscanuseanintuitivenotionofcongruence( samesizeandsameshape )toexplainwhythepartsareequal,e.g.,whentheydivideasquareintofourequalsquaresorfourequalrectangles.arearepresentationsof14ineachrepresentationthesquareisthewhole.thetwosquaresontheleftaredividedintofourpartsthathavethesamesizeandshape,andsothesamearea.inthethreesquaresontheright,theshadedareais14ofthewholearea,eventhoughitisnoteasilyseenasonepartoutofadivisionintofourpartsofthesameshapeandsize.studentscometounderstandamoreprecisemeaningfor equalparts as partswithequalmeasurement. Forexample,whenarulerisdividedintohalvesorquartersofaninch,theyseethateachsubdivisionhasthesamelength.Inareamodelstheyreasonabouttheareaofashadedregiontodecidewhatfractionofthewholeitrepresents(MP).Thegoalisforstudentstoseeunitfractionsasthebasicbuildingblocksoffractions,inthesamesensethatthenumber1isthebasicbuildingblockofthewholenumbers;justaseverywholenumberisobtainedbycombiningasufficientnumberof1s,everyfractionisobtainedbycombiningasufficientnumberofunitfractions.ThenumberlineOnthenumberline,thewholeistheunitinterval,thatis,theintervalfrom0to1,measuredbylength.Iteratingthiswholetotherightmarksoffthewholenumbers,sothattheintervalsbetweenconsecutivewholenumbers,from0to1,1to2,2to,etc.,areallofthesamelength,asshown.Studentsmightthinkofthenumberlineasaninfiniteruler.Thenumberline012456etc.Toconstructaunitfractiononthenumberline,e.g.1,studentsdividetheunitintervalintointervalsofequallengthandrecognizethateachhaslength1.Theylocatethenumber1onthenumberDraft,5/29/2011,commentatcommoncoretools.wordpress.com. The number line GradeThemeaningoffractionsInGrades1and2,studentsusefractionlanguagetodescribepartitionsofshapesintoequalshares.2.G.In2.G.Partitioncirclesandrectanglesintotwo,three,orfourequalshares,describethesharesusingthewordshalves,thirds,halfof,athirdof,etc.,anddescribethewholeastwohalves,threethirds,fourfourths.Recognizethatequalsharesofidenticalwholesneednothavethesameshape.Gradetheystarttodeveloptheideaofafractionmoreformally,buildingontheideaofpartitioningawholeintoequalparts.Thewholecanbeacollectionofobjects,ashapesuchasacircleorrect-angle,alinesegment,oranyfiniteentitysusceptibletosubdivisionandmeasurement.Thewholeasacollectionofobjects!Ifthewholeisacollectionof4bunnies,thenonebunnyis14ofthewholeandbunniesis4ofthewhole.Gradestudentsstartwtihunitfractions(fractionswithnumer-ator1).Theseareformedbydividingawholeintoequalpartsandtakingonepart,e.g.,ifawholeisdividedinto4equalpartstheneachpartis14ofthewhole,and4copiesofthatpartmakethewhole.Next,studentsbuildfractionsfromunitfractions,seeingthenumer-atorof4assayingthat4iswhatyougetbyputtingofthe14 stogether..nf.1anyfractioncanbereadthisway,andinparticular.nf.1understandafraction1 asthequantityformedby1partwhenawholeispartitionedinto equalparts;understandafrac-tion asthequantityformedby partsofsize1.thereisnoneedtointroducetheconceptsof properfraction"and improperfraction"initially;5iswhatonegetsbycombining5partstogetherwhenthewholeisdividedintoequalparts.twoimportantaspectsoffractionsprovideopportunitiesforthemathematicalpracticeofattendingtoprecision(mp6): Specifyingthewhole.TheimportanceofspecifyingthewholeWithoutspecifyingthewholeitisnotreasonabletoaskwhatfractionisrepresentedbytheshadedarea.Iftheleftsquareisthewhole,itrepresentsthefraction2;iftheentirerectangleisthewhole,itrepresents4. Explainingwhatismeantby equalparts. Initially,studentscanuseanintuitivenotionofcongruence( samesizeandsameshape )toexplainwhythepartsareequal,e.g.,whentheydivideasquareintofourequalsquaresorfourequalrectangles.arearepresentationsof14ineachrepresentationthesquareisthewhole.thetwosquaresontheleftaredividedintofourpartsthathavethesamesizeandshape,andsothesamearea.inthethreesquaresontheright,theshadedareais14ofthewholearea,eventhoughitisnoteasilyseenasonepartoutofadivisionintofourpartsofthesameshapeandsize.studentscometounderstandamoreprecisemeaningfor equalparts as partswithequalmeasurement. Forexample,whenarulerisdividedintohalvesorquartersofaninch,theyseethateachsubdivisionhasthesamelength.Inareamodelstheyreasonabouttheareaofashadedregiontodecidewhatfractionofthewholeitrepresents(MP).Thegoalisforstudentstoseeunitfractionsasthebasicbuildingblocksoffractions,inthesamesensethatthenumber1isthebasicbuildingblockofthewholenumbers;justaseverywholenumberisobtainedbycombiningasufficientnumberof1s,everyfractionisobtainedbycombiningasufficientnumberofunitfractions.ThenumberlineOnthenumberline,thewholeistheunitinterval,thatis,theintervalfrom0to1,measuredbylength.Iteratingthiswholetotherightmarksoffthewholenumbers,sothattheintervalsbetweenconsecutivewholenumbers,from0to1,1to2,2to,etc.,areallofthesamelength,asshown.Studentsmightthinkofthenumberlineasaninfiniteruler.Thenumberline012456etc.Toconstructaunitfractiononthenumberline,e.g.1,studentsdividetheunitintervalintointervalsofequallengthandrecognizethateachhaslength1.Theylocatethenumber1onthenumberDraft,5/29/2011,commentatcommoncoretools.wordpress.com. 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