Journal of Avian Biology
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1 Journal of Avian Biology JAV Petersen, M. R., Byrd, G. V., Sonsthagen, S. A. and Sexson, M. G Re-colonization by common eiders Somateria mollissima in the Aleutian Archipelago following removal of introduced arctic foxes Vulpes lagopus. J. Avian Biol. doi: /jav Supplementary material
2 2 Appendix 1 Table A1. Timing of arctic fox introduction and eradication and observations of common eiders from islands within the Central and Western Aleutian Archipelago. We include only information cited in other publications or refuge reports available through interlibrary loan from the Alaska Resources Library and Information Services (ARLIS), Anchorage, Alaska, or on file with the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge, Homer, Alaska. M = male, F = female, crèche = group of ducklings and adults. Island Size of Latitude, Years foxes Year reported Observations of birds near or on islands island 1, ha longitude1 2 introduced fox free Year Status Near Islands Group Attu 90,577 52º55 N, 172º55 E Nest on grassy ledges near water*** Nesting on rocky islets*** M, 1930 F, 230 ducklings** 7 Agattu 22,475 52º35 N, 173º25 E , Common, nest on beach*** 8
3 Preparing to nest*** Nests with eggs M, 1170 F, 320 ducklings** 7 Nizki/Alaid º34 N, 173º54 E Nesting on islets in a lake*** birds, no nests*** birds** M, 500 F, 280 ducklings, many females with broods** Nearby small island with no foxes introduced: 10 nests; *** birds** >200 nests*** 11 Shemya º43 N, 177º07 E No removal Nesting on islets in lake*** M, 210 F, 5 ducklings** 7 Rat Islands group
4 4 Buldir º21 N, 175º57 E None introduced Nesting on the beach* nests in vegetation near beach*** M, 7 F** 7 Amchitka 29,553 51º32 N, 179º00 E Nesting offshore rocks*** Offshore rocks and islands*** , Nesting offshore rocks, few widely separated nests on main island*** birds counted, 48 crèches ** 15 Kiska 28,166 51º58 N, 177º30 E nests with eggs* birds** crèches, 1756 f, 626 m flightless **15 Little Kiska º57 N, 177º39 E No foxes Nesting reported by Wetmore* 6
5 birds** mostly F, a few ducklings** 15 Segula º01 N, 178º07 E Nesting reported by Wetmore* No eiders found** birds, flocks of 12 F and 12 M, each** 15 Little Sitkin º57 N, 178º31 E birds** Brood of 3, plus 1 M, 6 F** 15 Rat º48 N, 178º19 E birds ** birds, flocks all F or all M (flightless) no crèches ** 15 Semisopochnoi 22,668 51º55 N, 179º66 E eclipse M** 15 Andreanof Islands Group Adak 73,000 51º45 N, 176º45 W ? Nesting*** 6
6 6 Tanaga 51,802 51º38 N, 176º06 W nests on single rocky point*** 17 Atka 104,000 52º07 N, 174º30 W No removal Nesting*** 6 Ogliuga º36 N, 178º39 W Disappeared Many young birds* 6 Chugul º56 N, 175º48 W Disappeared Reported nesting by Wetmore* 6 *Unknown survey type, **boat surveys, *** ground observations. 1 Sekora Gibson and Byrd Bailey In. lit. Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge, Homer, Alaska. 5 Turner Murie U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Clark 1911.
7 7 9 Trapp 1975a. 10 Trapp 1975b. 11 Byrd, Trapp, and Zeillemaker Byrd and Day Krog Kenyon Byrd et al Bent Day et al Gabrielson References Bailey, E. P Introduction of foxes to Alaskan islands history, effects on avifauna, and eradication. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Resour. Publ Washington, D.C.
8 8 Bent, A. C Notes on birds observed during a brief visit to the Aleutian Islands and Bering Sea in Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 56, No. 32: Smithsonian Institution. Byrd, G. V. and Day, R. H The avifauna of Buldir Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Arctic 39: Byrd, G. V., Trapp, J. L. and Zeillemaker, C. F Removal of introduced foxes: a case study in restoration of native birds. In: Trans. of the 59 th North American Wildl. Natur. Resour. Conf.; March; Anchorage, Alaska. Wildl. Manage. Insti., pp Byrd, G. V., Williams, J. C. and Trimble, J Cormorant observations in the Rat Islands, Aleutian Islands, Alaska, in 2004, with notes on other species. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Report AMNWR 04/06. Available from Alaska Maritime Natl. Wildl. Refuge, Homer, Alaska USA.
9 9 Clark, A. H The birds collected and observed during the cruise of the United States Fisheries Steamer Albatross in the North Pacific Ocean, and in the Bering, Okhotsk, Japan, and eastern seas, from April to December, In: Proc. U.S. Natl. Museum; Vol. 38, No. 1727: Day, R. H., Early, T. J., Lawhead, B. E. and Rhode, E. B Results of a marine bird and mammal survey of the western Aleutian Islands summer Available from U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Alaska Maritime Natl. Wildl. Refuge, Homer, Alaska USA. Gabrielson, I. N Some Alaskan notes. Auk 61: ; Gibson, D. D. and Byrd, G. V Birds of the Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Series in Ornithology 1, American Ornithologists Union. Kenyon, K. W Birds of Amchitka Island, Alaska. Auk 78:
10 10 Krog, J Notes on the birds of Amchitka Island, Alaska. Condor 55: Murie, O. J Fauna of the Aleutian Islands and Alaska Peninsula. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., North Am. Fauna 61, Washington, DC, USA. Sekora, P Aleutian Islands National Wildlife Refuge wilderness study. Available from ARLIS, Anchorage, Alaska USA. Trapp, J. L. 1975a. Birds and mammals of Agattu Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska Summer Available from ARLIS, Anchorage, Alaska USA. Trapp, J. L. 1975b. Birds and mammals of Alaid and Nizki Islands, Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Available from U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Alaska Maritime Natl. Wildl. Refuge, Homer, Alaska USA. Turner, L. M Notes on the birds of the Nearer Islands, Alaska. Auk 2:
11 11 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Results of bird and mammal surveys of the Western Aleutians. Summer Available from U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Alaska Maritime Natl. Wildl. Refuge (formally Aleutian Islands Natl. Wildl. Refuge), Homer, Alaska USA.
12 12 Table A2. Numbers of nesting adult female common eiders (Somateria mollissima) implanted with satellite transmitters by island and island group then subsequently located at wintering and breeding areas. Sample sizes vary among periods due to premature transmitter failure, death of individuals, or too few locations within a time period to determine wintering or breeding area. First breeding is the first known breeding area and the year common eiders were captured and marked with satellite transmitters. 1 Island group Island First First Second Second Third Third breeding winter breeding winter breeding winter Near Islands Nizki Alaid Attu Agattu Total Rat Islands Amchitka Andreanof Adak Islands Total The number of breeding seasons prior to capture is unknown.
13 13 Table A3. Summarization of culmen1 and total tarsus (Dzuben and Cooch 1992) measurements of adult female common eiders (Somateria mollissima) captured (2006, 2008) and collected (1993) at the Near, Fox, and Andreanof Island groups, Aleutian Archipelago, Alaska, USA. Significance levels for measurements of culmen1 and total tarsus among and within island groups are tested with ANOVA 1. All measurements were taken by a single observer. Island group Year Measurement n Mean SE 95% CI (mm) (mm) Lower Upper Near Islands culmen Near Islands culmen Rat Islands culmen Andreanof Islands culmen Near Islands total tarsus Near Islands total tarsus Rat Islands total tarsus Andreanof Islands total tarsus Between Near and Rat islands groups: culman1 measurements (ANOVA: F 1,50 = , p < 0.001, n = 52) and total tarsus measurements (ANOVA: F 1,50 = , p < 0.001, n = 52). Within the Near Islands group between 1993 and 2006: culmen1 measurements (ANOVA: F 1,34 = 7.434, p = 0.01, n = 36); total tarsus measurements (ANOVA: F 1,34 = 2.04, p= 0.16, n = 36). 2 Data from Agattu, Attu, Nizki, and Alaid islands. 3 Data from Amchitka Island. 4 Data from Adak Island. Due to small sample size, data not included in analyses.
14 14 References Dzubin, A. and Cooch, E. G Measurements of geese: general field methods. California Waterfowl Association, Sacramento, CA, USA.
15 15 Table A4. Results of pairwise tests for population differentiation among common eider populations breeding on the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, (2006, 2008) including F ST and R ST for microsatellite data, Φ ST and F ST for mtdna data. Significant values (α < 0.05) are in bold text. Microsatellites mtdna Populations F ST R ST Φ ST F ST Adak Amchitka Agattu Nizki Alaid Attu Amchitka Agattu Nizki Alaid Attu Agattu
16 16 Nizki Alaid Attu Nizki Alaid Attu Alaid Attu
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