Townsend's Warbler Dendroica townsendi

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1 Townsend's Warbler Dendroica townsendi Conservation Status Heritage Agency G Rank: G5 USFWS/NOAA: S Rank: S4B SOA: Species of Greatest Conservation Need BLM: Watch USFS: Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes AA: IUCN: Least Concern Final Rank Conservation category: VIII. Yellow VIII = low status and either high biological vulnerability or high action need Category Range Status: -0 to 0-6 Biological: -50 to Action: -40 to 40 8 Higher numerical scores denote greater concern Status Population Trend (-0 to 0) In Alaska, North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data indicate an insignificant population trend, average increase of 0.7% per year (P=0.80, n=40, c=3). BBS data in the Continental US and Canada demonstrated an insignificant increase of 0.% annually between 980 and 007 (P=0.74, n=98, c=; Matsuoka and Pardieck 009). Distribution Trend (-0 to 0) May have decreased due to logging activities, but also may be expanding north (Matsuoka, USFWS, personal communication). Biological - variables measure the trend in a taxon s population status or distribution. Higher status scores denote taxa with known declining trends. Status scores range from -0 (increasing) to 0 (decreasing). Population Size (-0 to 0) Estimated at 4,00,000 birds total (Rosenberg 004a), breeding population likely over 5,000. Range Size (-0 to 0) Occurs along Tanana River in interior Alaska; common near Fairbanks and uncommon east toward Tok and Northway (Kessel and Springer 966, Spindler and Kessel 980). Abundant in Anchorage area, Kenai Peninsula, near Cordova, and Southeastern Alaska (Gabrielson and Lincoln 959, Isleib and Kessel 973, Kessel and Gibson 978). ~54,000 km calculated in ARCMAP. Population Concentration (-0 to 0) Migrate in small numbers in mixed flocks; does not aggregate during other seasons (Wright et al. 998). Reproductive Potential Age of First Reproduction (-5 to 5) Females and males with second-year plumage observed breeding (Wright et al 998). Number of Young (-5 to 5) Status Total: - variables measure aspects of a taxon s distribution, abundance and life history. Higher biological scores suggest greater vulnerability to extirpation. Biological scores range from -50 (least vulnerable) to 50 (most vulnerable)

2 Clutches in Alaska larger (5-7 eggs) than reported elsewhere (3-5 eggs; Mannan et al. 983, Matsuoka et al. 997a). Ecological Specialization Dietary (-5 to 5) Feeds mostly on insects (e.g., weevils, bugs, leafhoppers, caterpillars, etc.) and spiders gleaned from foliage on breeding grounds (Wright et al. 998). Habitat (-5 to 5) Prefers contiguous mature and old-growth forests with large (>50 year old) conifers (Mannan and Meslow 984, Kessler and Kogut 985, Wetmore et al. 985, Hejl et al. 995). Forages in conifers for insects (Mannan and Meslow 984, Matsuoka et al. 997b). Nests almost exclusively in conifers (Mannan et al. 983, Matsuoka 997a). Prefers to nest in large trees presumably due to lower nest predation. Selection of breeding territories more closely associated with selection of nest sites. Near Anchorage, territories are also selected in areas with low densities of alder and steep-sided slopes, the former potentially lowering the risk of nestling infestation by bird blow flies (Matsuoka et al. 997b). In the Tanana Valley, restricted to mature white spruce forests where breeding density is positively associated with density of white spruce (Spindler and Kessel 980). In Southeast Alaska, occurs in coniferous forests and muskegs (Andres, personal communication in Andres 999). Biological Total: Action - variables measure current state of knowledge or extent of conservation efforts directed toward a given taxon. Higher action scores denote greater information needs due of lack of knowledge or conservation action. Action scores range from -40 (lower needs) to 40 (greater needs). Management Needs (-0 to 0) Protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. Identified as a species of concern in the BPIF Landbird Conservation Plan (Cotter 007). Monitoring Needs (-0 to 0) BBS data not sufficient intensity to detect a trend (Peterjohn et al. 995). Inadequate northern coverage (Rich et al. 004). Research Needs (-0 to 0) Susceptible to timber harvest practices, including clear-cutting and even-aged management (Wright et al. 998). Breeding densities are also reduced indirectly by timber harvest due to fragmentation (Wetmore et al. 985, Freemark et al. 995) presumably due to exposure to edge related predators and parasites (Robinson 99, Hoover et al. 995). Remain at low densities in post-fire forests, but response to changes in forest structure and function from insect epidemics (spruce bark beetle a major concern), forest diseases, fire, and large scale wind storms are unassessed. This species is particularly vulnerable to habitat loss on wintering grounds (Wright et al. 998). This species has been identified as one of the longdistance migrants most likely to be affected by tropical forest habitat alterations (Petit et al. 995). Survey Needs (-0 to 0) Habitat associations studied during general bird research in Southeast Alaska (Gibson and MacDonald 975, Kessler and Kogut 985, Andres et al. 004), the interior (Spindler and Kessel 980, Benson 999, Hannah et al. 003), and the Kenai (Quinlan 979, Lance and Howell 000). Nesting ecology also studied in the Chugach Mountains of southcentral Alaska (Matsuoka et al. 997a, Matsuoka et al. 997b). Distribution captured along BBS routes (USGS 006). Action Total: 8 Supplemental Information Harvest: Seasonal Occurrence: Taxonomic Significance: - variables do not receive numerical scores. Instead, they that are used to sort taxa to answer specific biological or managerial questions. None or Prohibited Breeding % Global Range in Alaska: <0% % Global Population in Alaska: >5% Peripheral: Monotypic species No

3 Range Map References Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADFG). 005a. Our wealth maintained: a strategy for conserving Alaska s diverse wildlife and fish resources, a Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy emphasizing Alaska s nongame species. Submitted to the U.S. Fis Andres, personal communication in Andres, B.A Landbird conservation plan for Alaska biogeographic regions. Version.0. Boreal Partners in Flight Working Group. October 999. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, Alaska. Andres, B. A., M. J. Stotts, and J. M. Stotts Breeding birds of research natural areas in southeastern Alaska. Northwestern Naturalist 85: Benson, A Distribution of landbirds among habitats on the Tanana Flats and Yukon Maneuver Area Fort Wainwright, Alaska 998. Prepared for USFWS, Region 7, Anchorage, AK. Cotter, P Townsend's Warbler (Dendroica townsendi), chapter 7.6 in A Conservation Assessment and Resource Synthesis for The Coastal Forests and Mountains Ecoregion in the Tongass National Forest and Southeast Alaska. Available online at Freemark, K. E., J. B. Dunning, S. J. Hejl, and J. R. Probst A landscape ecology perspective for research, conservation, and management, Pp in T. E. Martin and D. M. Finch (eds.), Ecology and management of Neotropical migratory birds: a sy Gabrielson, I. N. and F. C. Lincoln The birds of Alaska. The Stackpole Company, Harrisburg, PA and Wildl. Manage. Inst., Washington, D.C. 9 pp. Gibson, D. D. and S. O. MacDonald Bird species and habitat inventory, mainland Southeast Alaska, summer 974. Univ. Alaska Museum report to U.S. Forest Service, no pp. Hannah, K. C., A. R. Ajmi, and T. R. Walker Distribution and abundance of landbirds in the Tanana Valley State Forest, Alaska Alaska Bird Observatory, Fairbanks, AK. Hejl, S. J., R. L. Hutto, C. R. Preston, and D. M. Finch Effects of silvicultural treatments in the Rocky Mountains, p In T. E. Martin and D. M. Finch (eds.), Ecology and management of Neotropical migratory birds: a synthesis and review o Hoover, J. P., M. C. Brittingham, and L. J. Goodrich Effects of forest patch size on nesting success of Wood Thrushes. Auk :

4 Isleib, M. E. and B. Kessel Birds of the North Gulf Coast-Prince William Sound region, Alaska. Biological Papers of the University of Alaska No. 4. University of Alaska, Fairbanks. 49 pp. Kessel, B. and D. D. Gibson Status and distribution of Alaska birds. In: Studies in Avian Biology No.. R. J. Raitt, Ed. Cooper Ornithological Society. :-00. Kessel, B. and H. K. Springer Recent data on the status of some interior Alaska birds. Condor 68: Kessler, W. B. and T. E. Kogut Habitat orientations of forest birds in southeastern Alaska. Northwest Science 59: Lance, E. W., and S. Howell A survey of songbirds during a spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis) outbreak on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Northwestern Naturalist 8:-0. Mannan, R. W. and E. C. Meslow Bird populations and vegetation characteristics in managed and old-growth forests, northeastern Oregon. Journal of Wildlife Management 48:9-38. Mannan, R. W., B. S. Hale, and M. L. Morrison Observations of nesting Townsend's Warblers in northeaster Oregon. Murrelet 64:3-5. Matsuoka, USFWS, personal communication Matsuoka, S. and K. Paredieck update on the North American Breeding Bird Survey, Alaska. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD. Matsuoka, S. M., C. M. Handel, and D. D. Roby. 997a. Nesting ecology of Townsend's Warblers in relation to habitat characteristics in a mature boreal forest. Condor 99:7. Matsuoka, S. M., C. M. Handel, D. D. Roby, and D. L. Thomas. 997b. The relative importance of nest sites and foraging sites on the selection of breeding territories by Townsend's Warblers in south-central Alaska. Auk 4: Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) of July 3, 98, Ch. 8, 40 Stat. 755 (98) (current version at 6 U.S.C ). Peterjohn, B. G., J. R. Sauer, and C. S. Robbins Population trends from the North American breeding bird survey, Pp in T. E. Martin and D. M. Finch (eds.), Ecology and management of Neotropical migratory birds: a synthesis and review of cr Petit, D. R., J. F. Lynch, R. L. Hutto, J. G. Blake, and R. B. Waide Habitat use and conservation in the Neotropics. Pages in T.E. Martin and D.M. Finch, editors. Ecology and management of neotropical migratory birds. Oxford University Pres Quinlan, S. E Effects of controlled burning and succession of white spruce forests on breeding bird communities, Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Unpublished report, Chugach National Forest, Seward, AK. 55 pp. Rich, T. D., C. J. Beardmore, H. Berlanga, P. J. Blancher, M. S. W. Bradstreet, G. S. Butcher, D. W. Demarest, E. H. Dunn, W. C. Hunter, E. E. Inigo-Elias, J. A. Kennedy, A. M. Martell, A. O. Panjabi, D. N. Pashley, K. V. Rosenberg, C. M. Rustay, J. S. We Robinson, S. K. 99. Population dynamics of breeding Neotropical migrants in a fragmented Illinois landscape. P In J. M. Hagan III and D. W. Johnson (eds.), Ecology and conservation of Neotropical migratory landbirds. Smithsonian Institution Pr Rosenberg, K. V. 004a. Partners in Flight continental priorities and objectives defined at the state and Bird Conservation Region levels, part : methods and assumptions. Unpublished report, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY. Spindler, M. A. and B. A. Kessel Avian populations and habitat use in interior Alaska taiga. Syesis 3:6-04. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) North American Breeding Bird Survey Internet data set. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. 8 December 006 ( Wetmore, S. P., R. A. Keller, and G. E. J. Smith Effects of logging on bird populations in British Columbia as determined by a modified point-count method. Canadian Field Naturalist 99:

5 Wright, A. L., G. D. Hayward, S. M. Matsuoka, and P. H. Hayward Townsend's Warbler (Dendroica townsendi). The Birds of North America. Vol.333, No. 478: American Ornithologists' Union. The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, P Version date: /3/03 Report authors: K. Walton, T. Gotthardt, and T. Fields Alaska Natural Heritage Program University of Alaska Anchorage Anchorage, AK 9950 For details on the development of the ASRS and criteria, please see: Gotthardt, T. A., K. M. Walton, and T. L. Fields. 0. Setting Conservation Priorities for Alaska's Wildlife Action Plan. Alaska Natural Heritage Program, University of Alaska Anchorage, AK. 5

Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos

Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos Conservation Status Heritage Agency G Rank: G5 USFWS/NOAA: S Rank: S4B,S3N SOA: Species of Greatest Conservation Need BLM: Sensitive USFS: Class: Aves Order: Accipitriformes