PUNASELG-OGIJA ELUPAIGAI<ASUTUS EESTIS PESAKAARDIANDMESTIKU POHJAL. Sissejuhatus
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1 Hirundo 18: (2005) PUNASELG-OGIJA ELUPAIGAI<ASUTUS EESTIS PESAKAARDIANDMESTIKU POHJAL UIO Vali EPMU P6llumajandus- ja keskkonnainstituut, Riia 181, Tartu 51014; Eesti Ornitoloogiaiihing, pk. 227, Tartu 50002; e-post: I KokkuvGte. Punaselg-dgija Lrrniics colll~rio kuulub mrie tavalisematc linnuliikide hulka, kellc arvukus on aga viirnastel aastakuinnetel margatavalt langenud. Kaesolevas toos antakse linnuhuviliste taidetud 331 pesakaardi pdhjal ulevaade liigi elupaigakasutusest Eestis 20. sajandi teisel poolel. KBige sagedarnini on punaselgdgija pesitsusbiotoobina inainitud asulat ning selle biotoobi sagedus on jarjest suurenenud. Suhteliselt sageli pesitsetakse ka raiesmikel, puisniitudel ja teistel rohumaadel ning pddsastikes-noorendilces. Kokku on pesi leitud 41 taimeliigilt vdi - liigiriilimalt, kuid tervclt 41% pesadest paikneb kuuskedel. ICeskmine pesapuu kiirgus on 2,8 ni ja pesa kdrgus 1,2 m. Edukalt ja edutult pesitsenud paaride pesade kdrguse vahel erinevust ei leitud. Sissejuhatus Punaselg-bgija Lanius colluvio l<uulub Eesti tavaliseinate linnuliikide hulka, kes pesitseb meil tanapaeval paarina, kuid tema arvukus on viimastel aastakiiinnetel margatavalt langenud (Elts et al. 2003). Selle liimu arvukus on kahanenud ka mujal Euroopas ning seetbttu maaratletakse punaselg-6gijat Euroopa mastaabis ohustatud liigina (BirdLife Internatioi~al 2004). Peamiseks liigi kadurnise pbl~juseks peetakse elupaikade havimist ning nende kvaliteedi langust (Pain et al. 1997, van Nieuwenhuyse 1999). Kui mujal Euroopas on punaselg-bgija elupaiku uuritud vaga pbhjalikult (nt. Hopfner 1993; Olsson 1995; Tryjanowski cf al. 2000; Roos & Part 2004), siis meil on sellest vaid iildshalised hinnangud (nt. Rootsmae & Veroman 1974, Leibak ct al. 1994). Kaesolevas tiiiis annan Eesti Ornitoloogiaiihingusse pesakaartidel laekunud andmete pdl~jal iilevaate praegu meil veel arvuka, kuid ohustatud punaselg-bgija elupaigakasutusest Eestis 20. sajandi teisel poolel ning piiiian analiiiisida selle perioodi jooksul toimunud muutusi elupaigavalikus.
2 Hirundo 18 (I), Materjal ja metoodika i EOU andmebaasis leiduvad andmed aastatel taidetud pesakaartidest 331 punaselg-bgija pesa kohta. Neist 304 (92%) on taidetud parast aastat, enim 1970-ndatel kaarti, jargmistel dekaadidel vastavalt 70 ja 71 kaarti. Kbige rohkem pesakaarte punaselg-bgija kohta on taitnud Endel Edula (61 pesakaarti), tanu kellele ongi Eesti maakondadest just Viljandimaalt kogunenud kbige enam andmeid (joonis 1). Parnumaa andmestikku on oluliselt taiendanud Tenno Laur (17) ja Heinrich Veromann (12). Seevastu kuuest maakonnast on laekunud alla kiimne pesakaardi. Vbimalik, et saarane andmete tasakaalustamatus mdjutab mingil maaral ka kaesoleva analiiiisi tulemusi ning teatud biotoobid (naiteks rannakadastikud) vbivad olla alaesindatud. Ehkki teatud pesakaardi andmevaljad tuli iihendada, on tulemused piiiitud siiski esitata vdimalikult detailsetena, et hblbustada hilisemaid vbrdlusi. Paraku v6ib seetbttu esineda osaliselt kattuvaid tunnuseid (naiteks mdned iiksiktalud vbivad olla esindatud hoopis asulate seas). Seda on puutud jarelduste tegemisel arvestada. Joonis 1. Punaselg-6gija pesade kohta taidetud pesakaartide arv Eesti maakondades. Figure I. Number of nesting cards with breeding duta of Red-backed Shrike in E,rtoniari coi~nties.
3 Tulemused Punaselg-bgija pesitseb vaga erinevates biotoopides (tabel 1). Kbige sagedamini on pesitsusbiotoobina mainitud asulat ning selle biotoobi sagedus on oluliselt suurenenud moodunud sajandi teise poole jooksul k 2 = 66,6; df = 4; p < 0,001). Seos jaab usaldusvaarseks ka siis kui jatta valja a. viiike valim ( ~ = 249,9; df = 3; p < 0,001). Suhteliselt sageli pesitsetakse ka raiesmikel, puisniitudel ja teistel rohumaadel ning pbbsastikes-noorendikes. Tabel 1. Punaselg-dgija pesitsusbiotoopide jaotus Eestis aastate (%,) Table I. Breeding hiotoper of the Red-htrckeu'Shr~ke rn E,/onia, (76) Aastad / Years Asula / Settleinei~t 7,4 1,3 18,8 42,9 61,5 15,8 Ralesmlk / Foiest clear-cut 22,2 14,7 6,3 6,1 15,4 12,O Pu~sni~t / Woodeil rl~eadoru 12,7 28,l 11,7 PBosast~k / Slzrubq 37,O 12,0 8,8 Noorendlk / Yoling forest 11,l 10,O 10,9 7,9 Mets / Forest 3,7 15,3 1,h 7,9 Rohumaa / Gfas~laiid 6,O 6,3 4,8 5,0 Park, kalm~stu / Pork, cct~~etery 25,4 5,0 Okaspuuhekk/Corzqer o~rs /ledge 11,l 4,7 7,l 1,6 4,4 Kadaqtlk / Iun~per sllr~tbs 60 3,8 Uksiktalu / Sinall fnirlz 3,7 4,7 7,9 4,8 3,8 V~ljapuu- vo~ marjaaedlorci~nrd 2,7 6,1 25 Palluserv / Flcld ilznrg~n 2,7 4,7 22 V~l]elusmaa / Arablr land 4,7 22 Jaatmaa / Wastelaiz~l 4,7 6,3 22 Lammlnnt / Flood plaln rneniiow 2,7 1,3 Tee- v61 raudteeserv 3,l 3,2 1,3 Road or rn117uny rtzargln Soo / M~re 2,0 0,9 Rand / Seashore 0,7 1,6 0,6 Soot / Set a q~de 1,6 0,3 Karjaar / Quarry 3,7 03 N
4 Hirundo 18 (I), 2005 Punaselg-bgija ehitab oma pesa vaga erinevatele roht- ning puittaimedele. Kokku on pesi leitud 41 eri taimeliigilt vdi -liigiruhmalt, kuid 40,6% pesadest paikneb kuuskedel (tabel 2). Kuuse osatahtsus oli vaikseiin enne aastat (17%; n=24), hiljem see tbusis (70-ndatel 43%, n=142; 80-ndatel 35%, n=66; 90-ndatel 46%, n=71; ~2 = 9,2; df = 4; p = 0,056). Tbus on markimisvaarne, kuid siiski mitte statistiliselt oluline, seda ka siis, kui aastast varasemaid andmeid vbrrelda eraldi 70-ndatega k 2 = 3,02; p = 0,08), 80-ndatega (X2 = 1,60, p = 0,21) ning 90-ndatega (X2 = 3,33, p = 0,07; kbigil df = 1). Tabel 2. Punaselg-dgija pesakohtade jaotus tainieliigiti Eestis a. andmeil Table 2. S~~b.strate.s of the Red-haclred Shrike nesf.s in Estonia, Liik N Liik N Kuusk Prcciz nb~es 122 Kuivanud puu Dend tree 2 Kadakas Itlntper tl5 ~oli~r~it~n~s 29 Kand vd~ umberkukkunud puutuv~ 2 Risuhunnik Brlrslz prlt, 13 St~lrnp or o7~ertlivo?un tree Aed-karusmari Guossulavia reclinntn 12 Lumimari Syiriplzoricnr~os izlbtls 2 Kibuvits Rosn sp. 10 Ndges Urtica sp. 2 Punane leeder Snrizbucus rncerrlosa Ounapuu MLIIUSF?. Sire1 Syrirzxa SF?. Mustsdstar Ribes rzigrurrt Mand Pinus sylurstris Paju Slllix sp. Kask Bettlln SF?. Kreek Prtlnus ii~sitia Kuslapuu Loizicera x!ylosteu~iz Mage sdstar Ribes nlpinuwl Sdstar Ribes sp. Toomingas Pndus nviuwl Vesipaju Snlix triandrn Viirpuu Cvataegus sp. Ilupadsas Orna~nerztnl si7ruh Kirss Ccrasus sp. Saar Frnxirr us excelsior 2 Sarapuu Corylt~s avellann 2 Takjas Arctizrri~ sp. 2 Vaarikas Rtlbus iiineus 2 Astelpaju Hippopllnc rhni7inoi~ies 1 Enelas Spiraen sp. 1 Haab Populus treriiula 1 Harilik pihlakas Sorbus nucupnrilz 1 Harilik puju Avteiliisin vulgnvis Harilik tainm Querctis robur Kukerpuu Bevberis vulgaris Lepp Alnlrs sp. Nulg Ahies sp. Palsamnulg Abies bnlsnnzea Pappel Populus nlba Pirn Pyrtls sp. Kokku / Totnl
5 14 VBli: Punaselg-Bgija elupaigalcasutus Eestis Pesi on leitud 0,2-6 m kdrguselt (joonis 2) ning kolmel juhul on pesa asunud paris inaas. Keskmine pesa kdrgus on 1,24 + 0,91 in (SD; n=324; mediaan 1,l m), pooled pesad paiknevad 0,7-1,5 m kdrgusel. Keskmine pesapuu kdrgus on 2,78 + 0,52 m (mediaan 2 m; n=96) ning pooled pesad asuvad 2-3 m puudel vdi pddsastel. Mida k6rgem on pesaalus, seda kdrgelnal asub vastavalt ka pesa (u = 0,51; clf = 93; p < 0,001). See seos ei tulene vaid iiksikutest kdrgetest pesapuudest, sest naiteks kahel ule 10 m kbrgusel puul (15 ja 20 m) paiknesid pesad ikka ainult 2 m kdrgusel. Siiski ei ilmne mingit erinevust edukate pesade, kust pojad lennuvdimestusid (120 cin; n = 108), ja edutute (115 cm; n = 61) pesade keskmise kdrguse vahel (Mann-Whitney U = 3184; p = 0,72) > ,s ,5 6 Pesapuu kdrgus I Height of the nest tree (m) Pesa kdrgus I Height of the nest (m) Joonis 2. Punaselg-Bgija pesapuu (n = 96; A) ja pesa (n = 324; B) kargus Eestis a andmeil. Pesapuu kbrgus on ii~nardatud lahima ~neetrini ja pesa kbrgus lahima poole nieetrini. Figrrre 2. Height of the ne.c.t free (n = 96) and the ner.1 (n = 354) of the Red-haclied Shrike in Estonia, Height ofthe nest tree is rounded to ~?enre.st meter and height ofthe nest to nearest halflmeter*. Arutelu Punaselg-dgija elupaigaks on avatud vdi poolavatud maastik, kus peab leiduma pesitsemiseks sobivaid puid-pddsaid ning jahipidamiseks vajalikke avatud alasid ja eenduvaid varitsuskohti (Hopfner 1993, Olsson , Vali 2005). Eestis pesitseb punaselg-dgija vaga erinevat tuiipi maastikel (Rootsmae & Veroman 1974, Leibak et al. 1994), mis tahendab uhest kuljest seda, et tegu on suhteliselt plastilise liigiga, aga naitab ka Eesti maastike sobivust sellele
6 Hirundo 18 (I), liigile. Ullatav vbib tunduda asulate osatahtsuse suurenemine punaselg-6gija elupaigana parast aastaid. Ehkki asulad vbivad teatud juhtudel tahendada ka uksiktalusid ning hdlmata mingeid muid biotoope (jaatmaad, teeservad, pbbsastikud, vaikesed niidud jms), vdib nii suurest osatahtsuse muutusest siiski valja lugeda inimasustusega seotuse tegelikku kasvu. Tahele- panuvaarne on, et samal ajal ( ) on punaselg-bgija arvukus meil tunduvalt langenud (ule 50%; Elts et nl. 2003), vaga tdenaoliselt on see langus seotud sobivate elupaikade kadumisega. Niisiis ei ole punaselg-bgija elupaiga- kasutuse muutuse puhul ilmselt tegu inimlembuse suurenemisega, vaid lihtsalt arvukuse vahenemisega teistes biotoopides, mis on muutunud liigile ebasobivaks. Mitmete teiste elupaigakasutuse muutuste puhul vbib aga kahtlustada metoodiliste vigade olemasolu. Naiteks ei ole iillatuslikult viimasel ajal enam laekunud pesakaarte noorendike ja pddsastike pesade kohta, samuti luhaniitudelt vbi kadastikest, kus kahtlemata punaselg-dgijaid leidub. Kullap on pesakaarditaitjate tahelepanu nendele biotoopidele lihtsalt vahenenud. Ka punaselg-bgija pesapuude ja -pbdsaste valik on vaga mitmekesine (tabel 2; vt. ka Tryjanowski ct ). Eestis pesitseb see lind kdige sagedamini noortel, 2-3 m kbrgustel kuuskedel. Ehkki kuuse ja teiste kergelt maaratavate taimede osatahtsus vdib olla iilehinnatud, pole siiski kahtlust selle puuliigi eelistamises. Kuuskedel pesitsemine aitab ilmselt suurendada pesitsusedukust, sest just okaspuudel ja -pdbsastel paiknevates pesades on roovlusoht vaikseim ja sigimisedukus suurim (Tryjanowski et nl. 2000). Pbdsastel pesitsevaid linde ohustavad peamiselt vareslased (Soderstrom et nl 1998, Roos & Part 2004). Ehkki mujal on leitud, et punaselg-dgija pesitsusedukus sbltub pesa kbrgusest - just kdrgemal asuvaid pesi ohustavad vareslased rohkem (Jakober & Stauber 1981) - ei bnnestunud sellist seost Eestis leida. Kuuselembus on olnud suurem just 20. sajandi viimasel veerandil. See ei tulene ilmselt siiski kuusenoorendike vbi teeaarsete kuusehekkide hulga kasvust aastatel, sest leitud pesade hulk nende biotoopides ei suurene- nud (tabel 1). Erinevuse pbhjus vbib peituda lihtsalt selles, et enne aastat laekus andmeid napilt ning neist pooled peamiselt paarist piirkonnast Parnumaal, kus noorte kuuskedega biotoobid vbisid puududa vdi neist lihtsalt ei otsitud punaselg-dgija pesi.
7 I6 Vali: Punaselg-6gija elupaigakasutus Eestis Kokkuvdttes vdib oelda, et pesakaardid on suureparaseks vbimaluseks liikide elupaika ja pesitsusbioloogiat puudutavate andmete koondamiseks, kuigi meil on seda vahendit suhteliselt vahe kasutatud (nt. Peterson 1989; Elts 2000). Loomulikult vdib pesakaardiandmestikus olla sustemaatilisi vigu, mis raskendavad jarelduste tegemist eri perioodide vbi biotoopide kohta (aga vt. Ldhmus 2002). Naiteks vdib see tekkida uksnes teatud tiiupi maastikes liikuvate inimeste suuremast aktiivsusest, mistdttu teistes maastikes v6ivad pesad jaada tahelepanuta. Siiski peaksid suuremad ajalised muutused vdi biotoobilised erinevused ilmnema ka pesakaartidelt, mille pluss omakorda on Eesti laialdane kaetus. Seetdttu oleks aarmiselt vajalik edaspidigi taita pesakaarte ka tavalisemate liikide kohta, et jalgida aegade jooksul toimuvaid muutusi lindude pesitsusbioloogias. Haruldaste pesitsejate puhul, kelle kohta isegi eriuuringutega koguneb andmeid vaga napilt, on pesakaardid asendamatuks uurimisvahendiks, kuid kahjuks on enamikust vahearvukatest liiki- dest isegi aastakumnete jooksul kogunenud vaga vahe kaarte (nt. Elts 2000). Tanushad. Suur aitah k6igile pesakaarte taitnud inimestele. Jaanus Elts, Andrus Kuus ja Riho Marja on andmed digitaliseerinud ja seelabi oluliselt lihtsusianud nende analuusi. Kasikirja aitasid parandada Jaanus Eltsi ning Lauri Saksa markused. Habitat use of the Red-backed Shrike in Estonia The Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio is a species of conservation concern whose numbers have declined in several regions of Europe. In Estonia, however, the species is still numerous ( pairs), but between the numbers have decreased also here (Elts ct al. 2003). In the current study I give the overview about habitat use of the Red-backed Shrike in Estonia, based on 331 nesting cards filled mainly by members of the Estonian Ornithological Society in The Red-backed Shrike uses a various habitats (Table 1). The most frequently mentioned habitat is the vicinity of human settlements, and the use of this biotope has increased significantly during the second half of the last century k2 = 66.6; df = 4; p < 0.001). Probably, this is not caused by the increase of tolerance towards
8 Hirundo 18 (1) humans but just by the disappearance of birds from other biotopes. Clear-cuts, wooded meadows, grasslands and shrubs belong also to frequently used biotopes. Nests have been found from 41 plant species but 41% of nests have been built on spruces. The importance of spruce as a nest substrate was smaller before 1970 (17%; n = 24), but increased later (43% in 1970-ies, n = 142; 35% in 1980-ies, n = 66; 46% in 1990-ies, n = 71; ~2 = 9.2; df = 4; p = 0.056). The increase is notable but not statistically significant, even when data gathered before 1970 were compared separately with 1970-ies (X2 = 3.02; p = 0.08), ies (X2 = 1.60, p = 0.21) and 1990-ies (,y2 = 3.33, p = 0.07; df = 1 in all tests). Though, the difference may be based only by small or biased sample. Nests have been found in the height of m (Figure 2) and in three cases the nest has been built on the ground. The average height of the nest is m (+ SD; n = 324) and the average height of the nest tree is m (n = 96). The height of the nest is strongly correlated with the height of the nest tree (r = 0.51; df = 93; p < 0.001). There was no difference between average nest heights of successfully (120 cm; n=108) and unsuccessfully (115 cm; n=61) bred pairs. Kiriandus: BirdLife International 2004: Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. BirdLife Conservation Series No. 12. Birdlife International, Cambridge, UK. - Elts, J. 2000: Rahnide pesitsusbioloogiast Eestis pesakaartide andmeil. Hirundo 13: Elts, J., Kuresoo, A., Leibak, E., Leito, A., Lilleleht, V., LuigujBe, L., LBhmus, A., Magi, E. & Ots, M Eesti lindude staatus, pesitsusaegne ja talvine arvulcus Hirundo 16: Hopfner, E. 1993: Siedlungsdichte des Neuntoters (Lnrliiis colliirio) im Sudharzen Zelicsteingebiet. Anz. Ver. Thuringer Orn. 2: Jakober, H. & Stauber, W. 1981: Habitatanspriiche des Neuntoters Ln~ziils colliirio - Ein Beitrag zum Schutz einer gefahrdeten Art. Okol. Vogel 3: LBhmus, A. 2002: Kullipesade kaugus metsaservast - kas pesakaardiandinestik on usaldatav? Hirundo 15: Nieuwenhuyse, D. van 1999: Global slirike conservation: problems, methods and opportunities. Aves 36: Olsson, V. 1995b: The Red-backed Shrike Li~nirrs collirrio in southeastern Sweden: Habitat and territory. Ornis Svecica 5 : Pain, D.J., Hill, D. & McCracken, D.I. 1997: Impact of agric~iltural intensification of pastoral systems on bird distributions in Britain Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 64: Peterson, K. 1989: Metsvindi pesitsusbioloogiast pesakaartide p6hjal. ljirundo 3: Roos, S. & Part, T. 2004: Nest predators affect spatial dynamics of breeding red-backed shrikes (Lnnius colliirio). J. Anim. Ecol. 73: Rootsmae, L. & Veroman, H. 1974: Eesti laululiniiud. Valgus, Tallinn. - Soderstrom, B., Part, T. & Ryden, J. 1998: Different nest predator faunas and nest predation risk oil ground and shrub nests at forest ecotones: an experiment and a review. Oecologia 117: Tryjanowski, P., Kuiniak, S. & Diehl, B. 2000: Does breeding performance of Red-backed Shrike Lnnius colliirio depend on nest site selection? Ornis Fennica 77: Vali U. 2005: 11 kaitsealust liiki - elupaigad ja nende kaitse. Hirundo Supplelnentuin 8.
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