A Survey of Native and Introduced Anolis Lizards in Southern Florida

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1 A Survey of Native and Introduced Anolis Lizards in Southern Florida Regina Honorat 1, Tracy Joseph 2, Amalia Reyes 3, Anthony Clarke 1, Francisco Irizarry 4, and Jabari Smith 5 1 John F. Kennedy Middle School, 2 North Miami Middle School, 3 Nautilus Middle School, 4 Riviera Middle School, and 5 Horace Mann Middle School Abstract We conducted a survey of native and introduced Anolis lizards in Southern Florida in an attempt to determine (1) if introduced species negatively affect the native species in the area and (2) whether more of the native species are found in native habitats compared to artificial habitats. We conducted surveys at 12 localities in Southern Florida representing both native and artificial (man-made) habitats. We used 100 m transects, counting the numbers of all lizards observed and identifying each individual Anolis to species. We found a negative correlation between an introduced species, Anolis sagrei, and the native species, A. carolinensis, in artificial habitats. This study provides preliminary evidence that an introduced Anolis to South Florida is negatively affecting the native species. We also found no significant difference in the number of native anoles encountered between native and artificial habitats. We found no evidence that the rapid development of Southern Florida is negatively affecting the native Anolis species. Introduction Our research group, Lazy Lizards, conducted a survey of native and exotic Anolis in Southern Florida. We define native anole as a species of Anolis that has not been brought to Southern Florida by humans, for example, Anolis carolinensis. We used the term exotic anole to describe Anolis that have been introduced from other geographical regions, such as Anolis sagrei. We define invasive species as an exotic species that is likely to do harm to native species. We define native habitat as an area dominated by native vegetation without irrigation. We define artificial habitat as an area dominated by exotic vegetation that is irrigated. The Anolis from our study area are comprised of the exotic species: Anolis sagrei, A. distichus, A. equestris, and A. garmani. Also present is the one native species, A. carolinensis. Male anole lizards can be differentiated from females through the presence of an extendable flap of skin below their chin called a dewlap. Males extend their dewlaps when they are making reproductive displays to females and when warning other males to stay away from their territories (Ashton and Ashton, 1985). Dewlap coloration and pattern can also be used to differentiate species (Ashton and Ashton, 1985). The Brown Anole, A. sagrei, attains a length of roughly 20 cm. ( and males have a dewlap that ranges in color from red to purple with black spots. The Florida bark anole, A. distichus, attains lengths of roughly 12 cm. and males have a dewlap that

2 ranges between yellow and light green (Ashton and Ashton, 1985). The knight anole, A. equestris, attains lengths of roughly 48 cm. and males have a pinkish dewlap (Ashton and Ashton, 1985). The Jamaican giant anole, A. garmani, attains lengths of roughly 35 cm. ( and males have an orange dewlap with yellow spots. The Green anole, A. carolinensis, attains body length of roughly 20 cm, and males have a dewlap that ranges in color from pink to red and, rarely, green (Ashton and Ashton, 1985). The Ecological Impact of Man on the Southern Florida Herpetofauna by Wilson and Porras (1983) contains information regarding dates of introduction, origins, and methods of arrival to Southern Florida of introduced species of Anolis. A. sagrei came from Cuba or the Bahamas and was reported for the first time in Southern Florida in Of all of the exotic species of Anolis in Southern Florida, A. sagrei has long history of invasions, having established itself on Cuba, Jamaica, Grand Cayman Island, and Florida (Roughgarden, 1995). A. distichus came from the Bahamas and Puerto Rico and was first recorded in Both A. sagrei and A. distichus are believed to have arrived in Southern Florida as stowaways on produce or plants. A. equestris came from Cuba and was first recorded in Southern Florida in It was allegedly introduced onto the UM campus by a student. This species is associated with the animal trade. A. garmani is from Jamaica and was first seen and recorded in 1975 but the method through which this species came to Southern Florida is unknown. A. carolinensis is the only species native to Southern Florida. According to Wilson and Porras (1983), the following is true of habitat preference by the species we have studied: A. sagrei prefers the ground or low vegetation. Of all of the Anolis in our study sites, A. sagrei is the only species that frequently is found on the ground (Ashton and Ashton, 1985). A. distichus likes trunks and high braches. A. equestris likes shady canopies and large trees. A. garmani likes big tree trunks. A. carolinensis likes trees, shrubs, walls, and fences. There are complex assemblages of Anole lizards in the Caribbean where species compete for resources on the various islands (Crother, 1999). When Anoles come into contact with one another, competition for food takes place between species (Roughgarden, 1995). The introduced species of Anolis in the Miami area live in the same microhabitats as the one native species, A. carolinensis (Ashton and Ashton, 1985). Some of the introduced species are larger than the native species (Roughgarden, 1995). Since body size can affect competition (Roughgarden, 1995), we initially hypothesized that the introduced species are affecting the native species. We decided to sample Anolis using transects. A transect is defined as a line on the ground along which observations are made and samples are collected at intervals ( Transects can be used to estimate populations or densities of animals along the line (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/transect). A transect can also be defined as an imaginary line drawn through an area in order to help scientists sample and monitor organisms or conditions along the line ( We felt that the use of transects would enable us to determine the numbers of individuals and species present in the localities examined.

3 The questions we asked in our study were: (1) Is there evidence that the introduced species eliminate or causes declines in populations of the native species? (2) Do we find more native species in native habitats? We hypothesized that the native species would be negatively impacted by the introduced species. We also hypothesized that we will find more native species in native habitats. We suspected that the rapid development of Southern Florida may be decreasing populations of the native anole. Materials and Methods For our experiment we used two 50 meter tapes, a timer or watch, data sheets, pen/pencils, fishing rods/noose, and notebooks. On the first day, Dr. O Reilly took us out to the Gifford Arboretum behind the Cox Science Center to look for lizards, catch them, and learn how to identify them. We caught anoles using a noose. A noose is a small fishing line with a slip knot in it which is attached to a fishing rod. The noose works using the lizards weight. As the fishing pole is drawn away, the noose closes itself through the resistance produced by the lizard and its own weight pulling the knot tight. Catching lizards and looking at them up close helped us learn how to identify them. That day we learned to properly identify different species of Anolis so we could conduct our research. Every day we started by breaking into two groups of three along with the supervisors after determining the type of habitat in that particular location. One person recorded data, another kept track of time, and a third person was dedicated to look for lizards, although each group member had to look for Anolis as well. Then we laid out the two 50 meter tapes end-to-end on the ground. After we filled out a data sheet for locality, time, temperature, and date, we started the survey. During the transects, we would look for, visually identify, and count different species of Anolis for two minutes every five meters. Every transect was a hundred meters in length which caused us to stop twenty times to look for lizards in each transect performed. We then recorded our data on our data sheets. We analyzed our data by calculating an encounter rate. Encounter rates were calculated for every species in every transect. Encounter rates reflect the proportion of sightings of a given species during a transect relative to the total number of possible observations. For example, if a given species is observed across nine stops along a transect, then that observation number is divided by the total number of observation opportunities (20), producing an encounter rate of 0.45 for that species along that transect. We compared encounter rates using t-tests. T-tests were preformed using Statview 5.0 on a Macintosh 64 computer. We examined the potential effects of introduced species on the native species through regression analysis, also preformed using Statview 5.0 on a Macintosh 64 computer.

4 Results We sampled 12 localities (Fig.1) in the greater Miami area for Anolis lizards: University of Miami campus, Coral Gables; Baracoa St., Coral Gables; Trillo St., Coral Gables; Ancona St., Coral Gables; Metro Zoo, Miami; Going Bananas, Miami; Dr. Green s Lychee Farm, Miami; Kennedy Park, Miami; Larry and Penny Memorial Park, Coral Gables; Barnes park, Coral Gables; Tropical Park, Coral Gables; and American Park, Coral Gables. We performed a total of forty-one 100 m transects (14 in native habitat, 27 in artificial habitats). Throughout our surveys, we encountered a total of 961 Anolis sagrei, 168 A. distichus, 54 A. carolinensis, 10 A. equestris, 10 A. garmani, and 85 unidentified Anolis for a total of 1,193 observations. Of the lizards encountered, 119 were observed in native habitat and 1,169 in artificial habitat. The greatest encounter rate value we recorded for each species was 0.87 for A. sagrei, 0.85 for A. distichus, 0.23 for A. carolinensis, and 0.05 for A. equestris. In native habitat we found more A. sagrei (80) than any other species. In artificial habitat we found more A. sagrei (881) than any other species. The only native species to our study region, A. carolinensis, was most commonly observed in one of our neighborhood localities, Baracoa St., Coral Gables. We tested the null hypothesis that there would be no difference in the numbers of the native species, Anolis carolinensis, between native and artificial habitats. The results of our t-test indicated that there is no statistically significant difference in our surveys of the two habitat types (p = 0.43) and the number of the native species observed. Next, we tested the null hypothesis that there would be no impact on the native species by the introduced species. We found a statistically significant negative correlation (r 2 = 0.64, p = 0.03) between the presence of the invasive species Anolis sagrei and the native species A. carolinensis in artificial habitat types (Fig. 2).

5 Figure 1. A map of the greater Miami area showing all localities sampled.

6 Figure 2. A negative correlation between the presence of the invasive species Anolis sagrei and the native species A. carolinensis exists in altered (artificial) habitats of Southern Florida. This provided evidence that at least one species of invasive Anole is negatively impacting the native species.

7 Total Number of Anolis Encountered by Locality Dr. Green's Lychee farm Kennedy Park 28 U.M Baracoa St Trillo St Ancona St Metro Zoo Going Bananas Larry & Penny Memorial Park Barnes Prk. Tropical Prk. American Prk Figure 3 Across 12 localities, we encountered 1,193 individual Anolis. A. carolinensis ER by Locality U.M Baracoa St Trillo St Ancona St Metro Zoo Going Bananas Dr. Green's Lychee farm Kennedy Park Larry & Penny Memorial Park Barnes Prk. Tropical Prk. American Prk Figure 4. The native anole to Southern Florida, A. carolinensis, was encountered in every locality sampled. The greatest encounter rate was in artificial habitats.

8 Discussion Throughout our surveys, we encountered Anolis sagrei and A. carolinensis at all locations. Based on our surveys and the fact that we found A. sagrei at every locality surveyed, we conclude that this introduced species has been highly successful in Southern Florida. Conversely, we found A. garmani at only one locality. We concluded from our surveys that Anolis are doing well in artificial habitats. Based on our findings, we rejected the null hypothesis that there would be no impact on the native species by introduced species. In fact, we found that in artificial habitats, there is a negative correlation between A. sagrei and A. carolinensis. This provided preliminary evidence that an introduced species is harming the native species in Southern Florida. This finding changed the terminology we should use with A. sagrei, from the title of introduced species to the categorization of invasive species. Initially, we thought that the large size of Anolis equestris would enable it to negatively impact the native species but our findings did not support that argument. However, owing to the low number of encounters we made of Anolis equestris we were not able to test this hypothesis with any power. We failed to reject the null hypothesis that there will be no difference in the numbers of A. carolinensis between native and artificial habitats. Because we found no statistically significant difference in the numbers of A. carolinensis found in native vs. artificial habitat, we have no evidence to suggest that the rapid development of Southern Florida will negatively impact the species. Interestingly, we observed the greatest number of the native species, A. carolinensis, in a locality within an artificial habitat (Fig. 4). For future research, we recommend several studies that would help clarify the impact that introduced Anoles may have on the native Anoles. Firstly, we recommend a study examining the density of populations of A. carolinensis where A. sagrei does not occur. This would provide a comparative measure of density between populations living with and without other introduced Anoles. Secondly, we recommend a study examining populations of A. carolinensis in Southern Florida to determine where the greatest densities are located. This study would provide important information regarding preferred habitat and densities of other species where A. carolinensis is greatest. Finally, we suggest a controlled experiment where all Anoles are removed from a patch of habitat. Subsequently, equal populations of A. sagrei and A. carolinensis are introduced. This study would provide critical information regarding all of the potential interaction(s) between these two species. In addition, it would allow for a greater resolution of the ability of A. sagrei to negatively affect densities of A. carolinensis.

9 Literature Cited Ashton, R.E. Jr and P.S. Ashton Handbook of Reptiles and Amphibians of Florida, Part Two :Lizards, Turtles, and Crocodilians. Windward Publishing Inc., Miami. 191 Pp Crother, B.I. (Ed.) Caribbean Amphibians and Reptiles. Academic Press, San Diego. 495 Pp. Roughgarden, J Anolis Lizards of the Caribbean Ecology, Evolution, and Plate Tectonics. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford. 200 Pp. Wilson, L.D. and L. Porras The Ecological Impact of Man on the Southern Florida Herpetofauna. The University of Kansas Museum of Natural History and World Wildlife Fund-U.S. 89 Pp.

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