Report on monitoring of the wind farm near Gnieżdżewo impact on birds (gmina Puck, pomorskie voivodeship) Autumn 2011

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1 Report on monitoring of the wind farm near Gnieżdżewo impact on birds (gmina Puck, pomorskie voivodeship) Autumn 2011 Piotr Zieliński, Gerard Bela, Andrzej Marchlewski Gdańsk, December 2011

2 PRO ORNIS Monika Zielińska The Studio of Nature Research Hoża 6c/ Gdańsk phone Authors: Piotr Zieliński Ornithological Station Museum and Institute of Zoology PAS Nadwiślańska Gdańsk phone Gerard Bela Os. Słoneczne 13/ Garzyn phone Andrzej Marchlewski Wejherowska Puck Picture on the cover: Golden Plovers Pluvialis apricaria (photo P. Zieliński). 2

3 Table of contents 1. INTRODUCTION METHODS Counting from the observation point Searching of dead birds RESULTS Brief description of migration Conservation status of birds Avoidance behaviour Migration altitude Mortality of birds caused by collisions with turbines COLLISION RATE OF BATS INTENSITY OF AIRSPACE USE BY BIRDS COLLISION RATE OF BIRDS IN THE YEARS SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS LITERATURE

4 1. Introduction The report concerns the autumn migration of birds on the wind farm area near Gnieżdżewo gm. Puck, pomorskie voivodeship and has been prepared upon the order of DIPOL Spółka z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością seated in Warsaw, Wiertnicza str Field studies were the continuation of monitoring started in spring Data gathered during next autumn enable more precious estimation of the wind farm impact on avifauna, in case of this location especially on migrating birds. The collected data enable to estimate the area use by birds, their collision rate and deterring effect. The report includes also data on bats collisions. 2. Methods Methods of data collecting have not been changed in comparison to previous study periods. Data have been gathered on the observation point and while penetrating the area around turbines. Results enabled to describe the species composition of birds and their number on the wind farm area during migration and mortality rate resulted from collisions with turbines. The monitoring was carried out under all 11 Dipol turbines. Field works were based on: - counting of birds from the observation point; collected data will enable to estimate airspace use by birds; enable to describe the species composition that occur on this area; enable to estimate the area use as a foraging and resting place. - searching of dead birds and bats; enable to estimate mortality rate of birds and bats due to collisions with turbines Counting from the observation point As in previous years bird studies were carried out between the middle of September and the middle of November ( ). Methods of counting have not been changed in comparison to previous years. Data on migration were collected during a few-hour field observations conducted during different weather conditions on the observation point. In total, the team of observers spent 57 hours on field studies (the range 1-4 hours a day, without the 4

5 searching of victims), and mean time of counting on the point was more than 2 hours per a session (2.3 hours). Counting of birds started in early morning hours and lasted up to max. 4 hours. In total, observers spent in a field 24 days. On average, on-site visits were carried out every 2.5 days. In September, 7 field visits were done, In October - 11, and 6 in November. Time of migration studies depended on weather conditions time of counting on the point was shortened while raining of during fog, and elongated when the migration was very intensive. Observations were carried out with use of binoculars 10x40 and a telescope 20-60x80. To estimate airspace use by birds and composition of birds that are most susceptible for collisions with turbines, migration altitude was classified into one of 3 categories: 0-40 m (from the ground to the top of a blade of rotor in lower position), m (working rotor level) and more than 120 m (above the top of a blade of rotor in upper position). Flight direction was also noticed. Weather conditions having the significant impact on direction and altitude of birds flight have been obtained from the internet ( Following meteorological data have been collected: direction and velocity of wind, a cloud cover and precipitation that were enriched in own data noticed in a field. Data on birds behaviour in response to turbines present on the migration flyway were also collected (so called avoidance behaviour) changes of flight direction from 0 o (the lack of change) to 180 o (max. change of flight direction), flight altitude changes and other kinds of atypical behaviour, e.g. changes of a flock formation. Data on farm area use by birds to resting and foraging were gathered especially while walking between particular turbines, but also while counting on the point. Precious data on foraging places were also noticed. All more numerous flocks of birds staying on a ground were mapped in a scale of 1: to show area use as a foraging place. The number of birds migrating in numerous flocks were estimated by enlarging the unit of measure. The methods was based on precious counting of 10 birds and then the count was done by tens to 50. The rest of the flock was counted by 50s. Similar method was used to estimate the number of birds foraging or resting on fields. Field studies did not include birds migrating at night. 5

6 2. 2. Searching of dead birds Searching of birds died due to collisions with turbines were carried out during each on-site visit on average every 2.5 days. The area in a radial of 70 m from a tower around each of 11 turbines were inspected. This part of studies lasted usually 4-6 hours after counting on the observation point. When searching did not include all turbines on the day, this was continued on the next day. In a case, when a dead bird was found and carcasses was not strongly decaying, the species of a bird, age, sex and kinds of injuries were noticed. Also the date, a distance to a tower and approximate time of a collision were recorded. All dead birds found under turbines have been collected. For majority of them, the photographic documentation has been taken. During all searching sessions under turbines also dead bats were collected. Individuals have been identified by chiropterologists from Gdansk University. To increase the detection of birds that collided with turbines in autumn was used the trained hunting dog of the breed Epagneul breton/brittany (from the group of pointing dogs). Under the command, the dog searched the area around the turbine, and after finding a dead bird or a bat showed the place his owner. The observer came to this place and made all standard actions, e.g. identified the bird species, took photographic documentation etc. The ability of the dog were checked during a test based on searching dead birds intentionally left on previous day, that came from the collection of Ornithological Station Museum and Institute of Zoology PAS. First the area was always searched by the observer. Thanks to this, it was possible to compare mortality to previous years, when searching was carried out without a dog. After searching by the observer, the area was inspected by the dog. In field studies took part: Andrzej Marchlewski, Gererd Bela, Piotr Zieliński. 3. Results Brief description of migration During autumn migration birds from 49 species were recorded (Table 2). The wind farm near Gnieżdżewo was used by birds for migration (long-range flight) usually at high 6

7 altitude and in a given direction, but also for short-distance migration and local moving. The described area was also the stopping place for migrating birds where they foraged and rest. The species of great majority of birds have been recognized, and only 16% (N=1826 ind.) were identified only to a genus: gulls Laridae (N=847 ind.), geese Anserinae (597 ind.) and Passerines Passeriformes (N=382 ind.) (Table 2). Difficulties with identification have been caused mostly by long distance between birds and a observer (geese high altitude, Passerines long distance) and by the big number of mixed-species flocks (gulls) especially during worse weather conditions. To illustrate the migration dynamics, the number of birds from particular orders have been shown in 5-day periods (Fig. 1). The autumn migration dynamics varied. Birds migrated intensively in the first half of study period (52th-58th 5-day periods) when 79% of all birds were recorded (N=8908 ind.). However, in the second half of migration (59th-64th 5-day periods) only 21% of birds were recorded (N=2350 ind.). The mean number for all 5-day periods was 866 ind. Intensity of migration in the first half of the period was very high. Only in the first 5-day period were recorded only 200 individuals. Then, the least number for a 5-day period was a bit more than 500 ind. in the 54th. In the rest of 5-day periods at the beginning of migration intensity was very high exceeding 1000 ind. In the second half of migration only in the 60 th 5-day periods were noticed almost 2000 birds, but in other from 27 ind. to 267 ind. Table 1. Birds recorded during autumn migration on the wind farm area near Gnieżdżewo in P birds in flight, Z foraging birds. % rec. the number of field visits when the species had been recorded during migration. Migration Species autumn Total % P Z rec. Pluvialis apricaria Golden Plover Alauda arvensis Skylark Sturnus vulgaris Starling Carduelis cannabina Linnet Larus sp. gulls Anser sp. geese Corvus frugilegus + Corvus monedula Rook + Jackdaw Passer sp. Passerines Emberiza citrinella Yellowhammer

8 Migration Species autumn Total % P Z rec. Emberiza calandra Corn Bunting Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow Larus ridibundus Black-headed Gull Larus argentatus Herring Gull Grus grus Crane Anthus pratensis Meadow Pipit Corvus corax Raven Larus canus Common Gull Columba palumbus Wood Pigeon Phalacrocorax carbo Cormorant Passer montanus Tree Sparrow Buteo buteo Buzzard Motacilla alba White Wagtail Fringilla coelebs Chaffinch Cygnus cygnus Whooper Swan Falco tinnunculus Kestrel Anser fabalis Bean Goose Carduelis carduelis Goldfinch Accipiter nisus Sparrowhawk Hydrocoloeus minutus Little Gull Calidris alpina Dunlin Columba oenas Stock Dove Pica pica Magpie Carduelis chloris Greenfinch Haliaeetus albicilla White-tailed Eagle Lanius excubitor Great Grey Shrike Carduelis flavirostris Twite Branta leucopsis Bernacle Goose Turdus pilaris Fieldfare Carduelis spinus Siskin Accipiter gentilis Goshawk Ardea cinerea Grey Heron

9 Migration Species autumn Total % P Z rec. Buteo lagopus Rough-legged Buzzard Cygnus olor Mute swan Corvus cornix Hooded Crow Emberiza schoeniclus Reed Bunting Calcarius lapponicus Lapland Bunting Gallinago gallinago Snipe Mergus merganser Goosander Motacilla flava Yellow Wagtail Philomachus pugnax Ruff Turdus merula Blackbird Total Number of individuals day periods Wild Pige Gull Rapt Wade Pass Cran Corm Hero Fig. 1. Changes of the number of birds in 5-day periods in autumn 2011 divided into orders and species. Wild wildfowl, Pige pigeons, Gull gulls, Rapt raptors, Wade waders, Pass passerines, Cran cranes, Corm cormorants, Hero Grey Herons. 52th 5-day period September, 64th November. 9

10 The study area was used by birds from several taxonomic groups, with most numerous Passerines (N=6523 ind.; 57%), waders (N=2243 ind.; 19%), gulls and terns (N=1423 ind., 12%), wildfowl (N=650 ind.; 5%), cranes (N=160 ind.; 1%), (Table 1). The percentage of other groups was lower than 1%. During 24 days spent on field studies, the number of birds from different groups much fluctuated. Passerines were recorded during each field visit (N=24 days; 100% field visits). Only during one on-site visit no individuals of raptors was recorded - noticed during 23 days, 95% field visits (Table 1). In autumn, there was no one bird species which had been recorded during each field visit. However, most frequently were recorded Linnets, Ravens and Buzzards (16 field visits). Each of these species were noticed during 66% of field visits. A bit less frequently were recorded Skylarks (15 days; 62% field visits), Yellowhammers (12 days; 50%) and Kestrels (12 days; 50%). Table 2. Frequency of records of birds from particular taxonomic groups during autumn migration near Gnieżdżewo. N the number of days when they were recorded. Taxonomic groups N % of field visits Passerines Passeriformes Raptors Accipitriformes + Falconiformes Wildfowl Anseriformes Gulls, Terns Lari Cranes, Rails Gruiformes Pigeons Columbiformes Waders Charadrii Cormorants and other Pelecaniformes Storks, Herons Ciconiiformes + Ardeiformes First time, while monitoring of birds near Gnieżdżewo, the most numerous bird species was not a Passerine, but a wader Charadrii the Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria. In total, 2230 Golden Plovers were recorded more than 19% of all birds. Golden Plovers were observed during flight, but also during departure or landing on the study area. They used the farm intensively. More numerous flocks of 500 and 700 ind. were noticed only while raptors hunting that frightened flocks of plovers from farm fields. Flocks of plovers sitting between vegetation are very difficult to find. Golden Plovers used for local moving mostly 2 altitude 10

11 categories: m 63% (N=1406 ind.) and >120 m 33% (N=724 ind.). Low over ground flew only 4% of individuals (N=100 ind.). The main place of resting and feeding were rape fields located along the road Gnieżdżewo Łebcz. All Golden Plovers were recorded during 7 field visits (29%). During this study period flocks being while long-range migration were not recorded, but only birds moving locally. Other numerous bird species was the Skylark Alauda arvensis 2020 ind.; 17% of all birds. It was noticed mostly in flight 89% of Skylarks (N=1798 os.). Feeding individuals were rare - 11% of Skylarks (N=222 ind.) and did not gather in numerous flocks. Most frequently they used for migration altitude 0-40 m, where 66% of them (1183 ind.) have been recorded (N=1183 ind.), but also the working rotor level ( m) (34% of individuals; N=609 ind.). Skylarks were noticed during 15 field visits (62%). The third bird species according to the number was the Starling Sturnus vulgaris which in previous autumn 2010 was the most common bird on this area. The percentages of Starling were in % of all birds, but this autumn only 9%. More than 96% of Starlings (N=1065 ind.) have been recorded in flight, and only 4% (N=39 ind.) while feeding on farm fields. As usual, Starlings moved between different foraging placed at altitude up to 40 m (88% of Starlings; N=937 ind.), higher at the rotor level were noticed only 9% of Starlings (N=95 ind.). Starlings were recorded during 10 field visits (41%). Interestingly, very numerous were also Linnets Carduelis cannabina 1090 ind. (9% of all birds) that were recorded during 16 field visits (66%). In autumn 2011, on large areas between turbines EW05-EW06 corn was cultivated. After harvesting, such fields are very attractive for feeding for many species of birds. They gather big numbers of geese, swans and cranes. In Gnieżdżewo, use of fields by these groups was not observed, but bigger flocks of some Passerines were recorded: Linnets, Skylarks and Corn Buntings. Farm fields after corn harvesting were, however, more frequently used by Kestrels for hunting. About 25% of all records of this species were done in this place while hunting for numerous rodents. As usual, most common group of birds recorded during autumn migration were Passerines - 58% of all birds (N=6523 ind.). Almost 20% (N=2243 ind.) of all birds were waders with most numerous in this group - Golden Plovers. More than 12% of birds (N=1423 ind.) in this period were gulls. The species composition of small Passerines included 25 species, waders and gulls were represented by 4 species. 11

12 Birds used the wind farm area near Gnieżdżewo in autumn for long-range migration migrating flocks did not stop on the farm. Some other birds used the farm fields for feeding and resting. Migrating birds were 86% (N=9742 ind.), and individuals that stopped for foraging - 14% (N=1522 ind.). The vicinity of the farm was an attractive feeding place for Passerines and for raptors. Other bird orders, e.g. wildfowl were noticed only while longdistance migration at high altitude. Gulls, due to the neighbourhood of the rubbish-dump were very numerous on the study area especially during farm works. Interestingly, also 4 cranes feeding on the area were recorded nearby the Płutnica river valley. Such observations are seldom on the farm. Most intensively used during autumn migration of birds near Gnieżdżewo was the western direction (Fig. 2). From among 9717 individuals with recognized direction, 28% (N=2756 ind.) migrated toward west. Some birds migrated also toward north 16% (N=1538 ind.) and toward south 7% (N=748 ind.). In autumn, toward west migrated mostly Passerines. From among all individuals with described direction (N=3757 ind.) 52% (N=1974 ind.) flew just toward west. Also the majority of geese chose this direction during autumn migration. There were recorded 87% (N=569 ind.), mostly geese, but also 24 Whooper Swans migrating toward west at altitude higher than 120 m. This direction has been preferred also by raptors 52% (N=26 ind.). Toward north, has been observed, mostly migration of Golden Plovers 85% (N=457 ind.) and Passerines 24% (N=923 ind.). Southern direction was chosen mostly by Passerines. 12

13 N NW NE W E SW SE S Fig. 2. Directions of birds migration over the study area in autumn N 1538 ind., NE 67 ind., E 126 ind., SE 5 ind., S 748 ind., SW 221 ind., W 2756 ind., NW 11 ind. During autumn migration exceeded days with very weak and moderate wind blowing with velocity lesser than 20 km/h. During 8 days the velocity was in the range 0-10 km/h, and during other 10 days the velocity was km. However, strong wind and very strong was noticed during 3 and 2 days. Intensity of autumn migration was related to wind velocity and decreased along growing velocity (Fig. 3). Most preferred velocity for migration was km/h. In such conditions, migration of 2666 ind. (49%) was recorded. Big number of birds were noticed also during very weak wind, below than 10 km/h (N=1225 ind.; 22%), but also during very strong wind in the range km/h (N=1473 ind., 27%). 13

14 Number of individuals y = -217x ,4 R 2 = 0, Velocity of wind km/h Fig. 3. Intensity of birds migration in relation to velocity of wind. Velocity for given days have been obtained from the website: Conservation status of birds During autumn migration, the wind farm area was used by birds protected under the Act on the Nature Protection of (Dz. U. Nr 92, poz.880) and the Regulation of the Ministry of Environment of (Dz. U. Nr 237, poz.1419), but also listed in the Annex I to the Birds Directive, SPEC 1 and 2 categories of BirdLife International and Polish Red Data Book of Animals. The results of field studies showed the occurrence of 17 bird species with unfavorable status (Głowaciński 2001, BirdLife International 2004) 7 species listed in the Annex I to the Birds Directive, 4 species listed in Polish Red Data Book of Animals and so called species of European conservation concern from categories SPEC 1 and 2 (6 species), (Table 3). The Annex I to the Birds Directive includes species of birds that shows a significant decline of the number in European Union. Polish Red Data Book of Animals includes basic information on birds (and other vertebrates) that population in different degrees are vulnerable to significant decline of the number and in extreme cases to the extinction in the country. There are also on the list such species that the number declined to critic level, that are threatened due to their small population or unexpected decline of the number (Głowaciński 2001). Birds from the SPEC list under the criteria of Birdlife International (2004) this is a group of priority species in order that conservation action can be taken to improve their breeding status in Europe. There are a few SPEC categories with most important: 14

15 SPEC 1 species of global conservation concern; SPEC 2 birds not threatened globally, but with unfavorable conservation status in Europe and with global population concentrated on the continent. Table 3. Bird species with so called unfavorable conservation status recorded in autumn near Gnieżdżewo. SPEC 1 and 2 species threatened under the criteria of BirdLife International, Ann. I BD species listed in the Annex I to Birds Directive, PRDB species listed in the Polish Red Data Book of Animals (Głowaciński 2001). Species SPEC Ann. I BD PRDB 1, 2 Pluvialis apricaria Golden Plover yes yes Carduelis cannabina Linnet yes Emberiza calandra Corn Bunting yes Grus grus Crane yes yes Larus canus Common Gull yes Cygnus cygnus Whooper Swan yes Hydrocoloeus minutus Little Gull yes yes Haliaeetus albicilla White-tailed Eagle yes yes yes Branta leucopsis Bernacle Goose yes Philomachus pugnax Ruff yes yes yes Total Avoidance behaviour During autumn migration only 0.8% of birds (N=86 ind.) showed any kind of avoidance behaviour resulted from the presence of wind turbines (table 4). In comparison to previous years, the number of such kinds of behaviour decreased. There were recorded only changes of flight direction and nervous behaviour of 3 species. Most frequently, birds changed the direction by about 45 o (N=73 ind.). Such kinds of behaviour concerned mostly Golden Plovers (N=70 ind.) and a small group of Herring/Yellow-legged Gulls (N=3 ind.). However, nervous behaviour (unstable flight, changes of the flock formation, sudden increase of altitude) has been observed at 13 Little Gulls that migrated in a flock at altitude much higher than 120 m. In spite of high altitude birds distinctly responded to wind turbines. Sudden 15

16 reactions of migrating birds to the presence of wind turbines often concerned species of birds that were very seldom recorded on the study area or young individuals. Table 4. Avoidance behaviour of particular bird species that result from the presence of wind turbines, recorded in autumn Avoidance behaviour Species Number of Direction changes other individuals 45 o - Golden Plover o - Herring/Yellow-legged Gull 3 - nervous behaviour altitude changes Little Gull 13 Total Migration altitude Near Gnieżdżewo, birds used for migration 3 categories of altitude: 0-40 m, m and > 120 m. In autumn, at altitude lower than 40 m only 45% (N=4314 ind.) of all birds in flight were recorded. At rotor level, ( m) migrated 36% of birds (N=3522 ind.). Altitude above 120 m was used by 19% of birds (N=1881 ind.) (Fig. 3). There was only difference 9% between the first and the second altitude category. Use of altitude zones in the years differed from this year. At altitude 0-40 m migrated from 56% to 65% of birds. Higher, at the collision zone 23% - 33%, and over turbines (>120 m) in each autumn were observed 10%-11% of birds. The impact on preferred altitude zone use in autumn 2011 had numerous flocks of Golden Plovers that used all three altitude categories. The highest species diversity has been recorded up to 40 m 38 species. In other two categories ( m and > 120 m) have been recorded adequately 25 and 21 bird species, by 10 more than in autumn Small Passerines moved most frequently up to 40 m over ground 73% of all Passerines (N=3934 ind.). Along with growing altitude, the number of birds from this order decreased: m 24% (N=1330 ind.), > 120 m 3% (N=165 ind.), (Fig. 3). The species diversity of this order also changed along the altitude. Up to 40 m over ground was highest 23 species, in the collision zone 12 species, and above 120 m only 5 species. 16

17 The least number of waders was recorded at altitude up to 40 m 5% (N=113 ind.). Much intensively they used altitude m, where 63% of them were recorded (N=1406 ind.). Altitude above > 120 m also was used frequently by birds from this group 32% (N=724 ind.), (Fig. 3). Most common wader was the Golden Plover, so used altitude zones results from preferences of this species. Other waders were represented by the Dunlin, the Ruff and the Snipe (N=13 ind.). In previous years, in autumn Golden Plovers did not reach such big numbers. They were rare and recorded only on single days, e.g. only 3 records in autumn However, in 2011 Golden Plovers were noticed more than 2 times more frequently than in Gulls moved only locally, between the rubbish-dump near Władysławowo, the Puck Bay and farm fields. Occurrence of gulls on the farm was related to farm works - the lack of farm works makes the area non-attractive. However, during farm works (ploughing) were recorded bigger flocks. At altitude up to 40 m were noticed local moving of gulls 19% (N=190 ind.) between fields where ploughing was carried out. Also altitude m (66% of gulls; N=675 ind.) was used for local moving. However, altitude above 120 m birds used for longdistance flight (15% of gulls; N=153 ind.), (Fig. 3). The breakdown of altitude categories used by raptors includes also individuals hunting in flight - 20% (N=20 ind.). Most raptors were recorded at altitude up to 40 m 48% (N=49 ind.). In the working rotor zone ( m) migrated 24% of them (N=24 ind.), and over turbines (>120 m) 28% (N=28 ind.), (Fig. 3). From among 6 raptor species most numerous was the Buzzard - 55% (N=56 ind.), and the second according to the number was the Kestrel 15% (N=16 ind.). Buzzards moved usually at altitude up to 40 m. In this category have been recorded 24 ind. In two other zones by 16 individuals have been noticed. Almost 100% of Kestrels in flight have been recorded at altitude 0-40 m, and only 1 individual at m. 17

18 Passerines Waders Flight altitude (m) > Flight altitude (m) > Number of individuals Number of individuals Gulls Raptors Flight altitude (m) > Flight altitude (m) > Number of individuals Number of individuals All species of birds Flight altitude (m) > Number of individuals Fig. 3. Approximate flight altitude of migration of Passerines, waders, gulls, raptors and all species near Gnieżdżewo in autumn Mortality of birds caused by collisions with turbines In the study period, between no one dead bird was found under turbines. 18

19 4. Collision rate of bats Between under turbines was found 1 dead Parti-coloured Bat Vespertilio murinus (Table 5), (Map 1). Mortality of bats for this period was very low 0.09 ind./turbine. Table 5. The dead bat found under the turbine EW9 between Age juv. young individuals born in summer. Date Species Distance to tower (m) Dir. Sex Age No. of turbine Vespertilio murinus Parti-coloured Bat 20 NE juv? EW09 The Parti-coloured Bat was found in the second half of September under the turbine EW09 and it was probably young individual born in summer. The species is related to wet forests and water reservoirs. Occurs mostly in rural habitats and open wetlands. As a synantropic species uses for roosts crevices in buildings and tree holes nearby human settlements. This bat does not take long-range migration. There are known moving up to 20 km between summer and winter roosts. Not threatened in Poland, protected under the Act on the Nature Protection of (Dz. U. Nr 92, poz.880) and the Regulation of the Ministry of Environment of (Dz. U. Nr 237, poz.1419) (Sachanowicz, Ciechanowski 2008). 19

20 Map 1. The finding place of the dead bat (blue dot) under the turbine near Gnieżdżewo in autumn Digits wind turbine numbers. 5. Intensity of airspace use by birds In autumn, mean intensity of airspace use by all species of birds was ind./60 min., a median 71.1 ind./60 min., with the range individuals (Table 6). Mean intensity of 20

21 airspace use by particular bird orders includes the Table 6. Airspace use throughout the autumn fluctuated. The highest intensity were recorded at the beginning of migration with the peak fallen in the 56th 5-day period (05.10). In the 52th-56th 5-day periods one recorded the mean number 439 ind./60 min. In the middle of migration (57th-60th 5-day periods) airspace use was two times lower ind./60 min. In November (61th-64th) migration was very poor, almost non-noticeable 17 ind./60 min. (Fig. 5). Table 6. Intensity of airspace use on the farm by chosen groups of birds. SE standard error, 95% CI confidence interval. Intensity (ind./60 min.) Groups of birds mean SE 95% CI All species Passerines Waders Gulls, Terns Raptors Number of ind. /60 min day periods Mean Standard error Standard deviation Fig. 5. Intensity of airspace use by all birds recorded in flight in autumn Mean intensity (squares) per 60-minute session have been shown, standard error and standard deviation, in particular 5-day periods. 21

22 Raptors used the airspace in the range 0-15 individuals per 1-hour (Fig. 6). The mean number for this group was 2.2 ind./60 min., and a median 1.0 ind./60 min. Only one day, no one raptor was recorded. Airspace use throughout the autumn fluctuated with the highest numbers recorded in 53th, 55th-56th and in 60th 5-day periods. In the 53rd 5-day period (2. half of September) migrated on average 2.8 ind./60 min. (Fig. 6). However, during the best day were noticed 8 ind./60 min. (N=17 ind.). In the 55th-56th 5-day periods migration reached max. level for this autumn adequately for each 5-day period 5.9 ind./60 min. and 6 ind./60 min. (Fig. 6). In this time, the highest number of birds was noticed in the 55th 5-day period 38 ind ind./60 min. during one day. In the second half of migration airspace use did not exceed on average 2 ind./60 min. excluding the 60th 5-day period. In this time were recorded 2.6 ind./60 min., and on the best day 8 migrating individuals were seen 5.1 ind./60 min. The analysis of airspace use includes also individuals hunting in flight Buzzards and Kestrels. Airspace use by most common raptor the Buzzard was on average for all 5-day periods 2.2 os./60 min. (a median 1.0 ind./60 min.). In particular periods airspace use by this species varied along migration dynamics. Mean intensity in the period when the Buzzard was most numerous (53th, 55th, 56th and 60th 5-day periods) was from 2.6 to 6 ind./60 min. In autumn 2011, the only raptor species which crashed with a turbine was the Kestrel. Airspace use by this species stayed on a low level 0.4 ind./60 min. In similar period of the year 2010, the mean number for each field session was 0.7 ind./60 min. The highest intensity of airspace use by Kestrels was recorded in autumn 2009 (1.0 ind./60 min.) and in that time 2 individuals crashed with turbines. 22

23 Number of ind./60 min day periods Mean Standard error Standard deviation Fig. 6. Intensity of airspace use by raptors recorded in flight in autumn Mean intensity (red squares) per 60-minute session have been shown, a standard error and standard deviation in particular 5-day periods. Mean intensity of airspace use by Passerines varied from 1.6 to ind. in particular field visits. The mean number for all 5-day periods was ind./60 min., and a median 30.5 ind./60 min. (Fig. ). Throughout bigger part of study period airspace use by birds was similar and did not exceed 200 ind./60 min. (Fig. 6). However, the highest values for Passerines were recorded in the 56th 5-day period (the beginning of October). In this time, during one field session airspace use reached value ind./60 min. Such as other bird species, Passerines were rare at the end of migration period. 23

24 Number of ind. /60 min day periods Mean Standard error Standard deviation Fig. 6. Intensity of airspace use by Passerines recorded in flight in autumn The mean intensity (red squares) per 60-minute session have been shown, a standard error and standard deviation. 6. Collision rate of birds in the years Data on the number of bird collisions on the wind farm near Gnieżdżewo are most precious for 11 turbines inspected in the years during spring and autumn migration. During 5 years of field studies searching was widened by breeding period and dispersal (May 16th September 14th). In short time field studies included also turbines belonging to the other investor and located within the same farm area. In that time searching was carried out under all 19 turbines. It seems that changes of the number of turbines that have been included by searching did not affect assessment of collision, which stays on a low level. However, ceased searching under several turbines limited knowledge about birds mortality on this farm. In the years under all Dipol turbines were found 38 dead birds that collided with them (rotors, towers). Victims belonged to 12 bird species and one hybrid of the Peregrine and the Gyrfalcon escaped from the falconry. During long-term monitoring most susceptible for collisions was the Skylark (N=13 ind.) which crashed especially in spring and in breeding period (Fig. 7). The percentage of Skylarks among all victims was 34%. From among all phenological periods, the higher number of Skylarks crashed in spring (N=7 ind.; 53%) and in summer (N=5 ind; 38%), and only exceptionally in autumn (N=1 ind.; 7%). In total, in 24

25 breeding period (March-July) have been found 12 ind. - 92% of victims of this species. Big number of collisions while breeding results from high activity of displaying Skylark males. The majority of collisions were noticed in May (N=4 ind.) and in March (N=3 ind.) when migration of this species finished and they started to set up their territories. In other parts of study period only 1-2 dead individuals were found (IV 2 ind., VI 1 ind., VII 2 ind.). In a long-term cycle the collision rate of Skylarks fluctuated. In the years the least number of birds has been found at the beginning of study periods (0-1 ind.). From 2009 when 3 individuals were found the number of collisions start growing. In individuals were found, but in the last year the collision rate decreased to 4 victims. Other species which frequently collided with turbines is the Goldcrest (N=8 ind.) - 21% of all crashed birds. Collisions of this species took place more often in autumn (N=5 ind., 62%) than in spring (N=3 ind., 38%) (Fig. 7). In spring, they crashed with turbines in April and May ( ). However, in autumn, the first individual was found in September, and the last one in November. In October, the number of found dead individuals was highest (N=3 ind.) especially in the first half of this month what agrees with the peak of migration of this species on the coast (Busse, Halastra 1981). While monitoring also 3 Linnets and 3 Kestrels crashed with turbines. Both species were by 6% of all dead birds. Collisions of Linnets took place in spring (N=2 ind.) and in autumn (N=1 ind.). Dead Kestrels were found in 2009 (N=2 ind.) and 2011 (N=1 ind.). They crashed with wind turbines at the beginning of November (N=2 ind.) and in September (N=1 ind.). The Kestrel, due to its peculiar behaviour (hunting in flight) in a collision-prone species. From among species - listed under the criteria of BirdLife International in categories SPEC 1, 2, in Annex I to the Birds Directive and Polish Red Data Book of Animals (BirdLife International 2004, Głowaciński 2001) that died due to collisions with wind turbines most valuable decidedly were White-tailed Eagles. Two individuals were found in autumn 2009 and in spring From among small Passerines most valuable were 3 Linnets and 1 Redbacked Shrike. All these birds in Poland are protected under the Act on the Nature Protection of (Dz. U. Nr 92, poz.880) and the Regulation of the Ministry of Environment of (Dz. U. Nr 237, poz.1419). 25

26 L J W A RR AB FAT HA S PNI EI E FPR LC R CLU Fig. 7. Dead birds found under turbines in the years during spring migration ( ), breeding period and dispersal ( ) and autumn ( ). Black colour spring, red colour autumn, green colour breeding period and dispersal. A Skylark Alauda arvensis, RR Goldcrest Regulus regulus, AB Linnet Carduelis cannabina, FAT Kestrel Falco tinnunculus, HA White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla, S Starling Sturnus vulgaris, PNI Snow Bunting Plectrophenax nivalis, EI Yellowhammer Emberiza citrinella, E Robin Erithacus rubecula, FPR hybrid of the Peregrine and the Gyrfalcon Falco peregrinus x Falco rusticolus, LC Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio, R Sand Martin Riparia riparia, CLU Feral Pigeon Columba livia f. urbana. Throughout 5 years of monitoring the number of collisions in particular phenological periods varied. As during autumn and spring migration as in breeding season the collisions rate fluctuated (Fig. 8). Till 2010 annual number of collisions was growing. In 2010 the number of collisions decreased such as in 2011 in autumn no dead bird was recorded similar to the year 2007 (Fig. 8). In the years birds more frequently crashed in spring than in autumn migration. In this time, 17 birds, in total, were found in spring (63%) and 10 in autumn (37%). Throughout 5 years, the least number of birds crashed in March and only a bit more in April and in May (adequately N=5 ind., 7 ind., 7 ind.). However, in autumn the highest number of collisions was recorded in September, less in October and the least number in November (adequately N=6 ind., 4 ind., 3 ind.). In summer, from June to August the number of collisions was small by 2 ind. in each month (Fig. 9). Using the dog for searching of dead birds increased the number of victims in 2011 only by 2 individuals. During tests of dog ability, after leaving 5 dead birds, the dog have found 2 individuals and the observer no one. 26

27 Using the dog for searching did not caused sudden increase of victims detectability. Searching dead birds by dogs is used successfully also on other wind farms (Kočvara et al ) Number of birds J L W Fig. 8. Changes of the number of birds that crashed with wind turbines in the years during spring (black columns), breeding period and dispersal (red columns) and in autumn (green columns) near Gnieżdżewo. Data from the year 2011 included 2 birds found by the dog. 8 7 Number of individuals I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Months Fig. 9. Changes of the number of dead birds in particular months. 27

28 Dead birds have been found at a distance of 0.5 m to 58 m to towers. Along the growing distance to turbines, the number of birds was decreasing (Fig. 10). In two categories of a distance: m and m the bigger number of birds has been found. Farther (30-40 m) the number of victims suddenly decreased, and in next categories fluctuated between 1-2 ind. Most individuals (N=33 ind.) have been found up to 30 m around turbines 82 % of all dead birds. Small-size birds most frequently lay up to 30 m from a turbine and at other distance categories were seldom. Middle-size birds (Kestrels, the Feral Pigeon) were found only at distance m. However, large-size birds have been found at the distance between m and m. 14 Number of birds y = -0,2143x + 14 R 2 = 0, Distance to tower (m) Fig. 10. Distribution of dead birds in relation to distance to towers. Total number of birds in particular categories of the distance and the trend line have been shown. Throughout 5 years of monitoring, dead birds were found under all 11 turbines (Fig. 11). Most birds collided with the turbine EW9 (N=7 ind.). A bit less were found under EW6 and EW11 5 birds under each of them. Lesser number of birds collided with the turbines EW10 and EW13 by 4 ind., and 3 ind. found under the turbine EW15. Under other wind turbines have been found by 1 bird. The group of 6 turbines that birds collided most often, caused the death of 28 individuals more than 73% of all victims. Analysis indicates that birds more often collided with exterior turbines adjacent to farm fields (e.g. EW6) or to the Płutnica river valley (EW10, EW11, EW13 and little away EW15). The turbine EW9 departed, however, from this pattern. This turbine which most often birds collided, is located relatively far from 28

29 the Płutnica valley. Obtained results on mortality throughout the years concern 11 turbines that monitoring was carrier out regularly around. However, in the northern part of the farm are located turbines that searching was carried out in short time (Łebcz autumn 2009, spring 2010). Their location is in fact, more extreme than Dipol turbines. One can not exclude higher mortality in comparison to Dipol turbines. There were found in the northern part of the farm (agreed border between EW9 and EW15) in total, 18 dead birds, and in southern 20 individuals. 8 7 Numbers of dead birds EW 5 EW 6 EW 7 EW 8 EW 9 EW 10 EW 11 EW 12 EW 13 EW 14 EW 15 Turbine numbers Fig. 11. The number of dead birds found in the years under Dipol turbines. 7. Summary Birds, in environment more and more converted by people, are killed due to collisions with different kinds of human-made structures. It has been estimated that only in United States millions of birds died due to collisions with buildings, windows, vehicles, electricity cables or communication towers. Collisions with wind turbines kill thousands of birds (Erickson et al. 2001). Many publications, however, indicate that negative impact of turbines on rare and threatened bird species occur seldom and concern small areas. In extreme cases the wrong location may cause the death of many birds, e.g. on the wind farm in Spain more than 7000 birds is killed including many raptors Griffon Voltures Gyps fulvus (409 ind.) and 29 Eagles Aquila sp. (Kikuchi 2006). The other wrong location is the farm dividing the breeding colony and foraging places of gulls and terns on the sea which killed 64 Common Terns Sterna 29

30 hirundo, especially males and between other birds, mostly gulls. In this situation additive mortality may negatively affect the breeding success, because males gain food for females and for chicks (Everaert 2003, Stienen et al. 2008). Significant percentage of victims are raptors, especially in some regions what results from their big numbers (numerous local breeding population, migration corridors high intensity of migration, e. g. between Europe and Africa) and their behaviour poor maneuverability, hunting in flight (Barrios, Rodriguez 2004, Wuczyński 2009). On German wind farms the majority of breeding raptors is considered as high collision-prone species. The number of collisions is high and affects significantly breeding population (Illner 2011). For large-size birds with high maturation age and low reproductive rates (small number of nestlings, long period of adolescence), even little additional mortality due to collisions may affect their local population significantly (European Commission 2010). In Gnieżdżewo, in comparison to other wind farms in Europe, the number of collisions is small, especially of rare and valuable species. However, throughout 5 years of monitoring 2 White-tailed Eagles Haliaeetus albicilla were killed. One of them was a young individual hatched in 2009 breeding period and died at the end of October the same year. It is possible that this individual came from local breeding population, because in this time young birds stay nearby breeding territories (Mizera 1999). However, the second one, immature individual found in March came from local population or wintered at the Gdańsk Bay region which is the wintering place of White-tailed Eagles from the north and the east of Europe. Susceptible to collisions are also Kestrels that were found in September and in November. Interestingly, all collisions took place at relatively low intensity of airspace use which for White-tailed Eagles was 1.5 ind./60 min. the collision of 1 individual, and for Kestrels 0.4 ind./60 min. the collision of 1 ind. and 1.0 ind./60 min. collisions of 2 individuals. In spite of a few tens of collision near Gnieżdżewo mortality of birds due to collisions in the years may be considered as low. In comparison to other wind farms, annually only 3-11 birds have been killed here. Higher collisions rate has been found in the Netherlands birds/turbine/year. In Sweden near Nasudden a single turbine killed during one night 43 birds, and a farm located in Belgium nearby breeding colony killed birds/turbine/year (Krijgsveld et al. 2009, Wuczyński 2009). However, mortality of birds on the wind farm in the Czech Republic consisted of 5 turbines was 22 individuals during one year (4.4 ind./turbine) (Kočvara et al ). The impact on the number of birds collisions have three basic factors: the number of birds, field topography and weather conditions (Kingsley, Whittam 2005). Birds are killed under 30

31 bad weather conditions when visibility is limited during fog, while raining and snowing or cloud cover what makes birds decrease flight altitude. Additively, in such conditions lighting of turbines decoy birds nearby them. Studies with using of a radar showed that birds more often are decoyed by red light than by white (Kerlinger et al. 2010). Depending on migration period (spring or autumn) and on birds migrating at night or daily migrants migration takes place under different weather conditions. Night migrants prefer stronger wind up to 50 km/h, higher air pressure and lesser cloud cover. In such conditions migration take place also higher over ground (Thomas et al. 2011). 31

32 8. Conclusions 1. In autumn birds from 49 species were recorded. 87% of birds used the farm area for migration, and 13% for feeding. Migration was more intensive in the first half of the study period than in second one. 2. The study area was used by birds belonging to 9 orders with most numerous of them: Passerines 57% (N=6523 ind.) of all birds, waders 19% (N=2243 ind.) and gulls 12% (N=1423 ind.). Other orders were less than 10% of birds. 3. The most numerous bird species was the Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria 19% (N=2230 ind.) of all birds. They gathered in big flocks even up to 700 individuals. Other common species was the Skylark Alauda arvensis 17% (N=2020 ind.) of all birds. The great majority of them has been recorded in flight. Third species, according to the number, was the Starling Sturnus vulgaris 9% (N=1065 ind.), which throughout the years was most numerous and e.g. in autumn 2010 was 25% of all birds. 4. In 2011, the area between the turbines EW05 and EW06 was used for corn cultivation. After harvesting such fields are attractive foraging place for many bird species. While monitoring higher attractiveness has not been noticed excluding higher intensive using this place by Kestrels Falco tinnunculus. Moreover, expected higher collision number with turbines adjacent to corn fields has not been recorded. 5. Directions, most frequently used for birds migration, were western (28%) and northern (16%). Birds migrated more numerously during weak wind. 6. On the farm near Gnieżdżewo were recorded birds with so called unfavorable conservation status. There were recorded 6 species from categories SPEC and SPEC 2, 7 species listed in the Annex I to the Birds Directive and 4 listed in Polish Red Data Book of Animals. 7. Only one case of avoidance behaviour was observed - 0.8% of birds (N=86 ind.) and there were mostly changes of the direction. 8. In autumn, birds migrated at altitude 0-40 m 45% (N=4314 ind.), m 36% (N=3522 ind.) and > 120 m 19% (N=1881 ind.). The number of birds that used the collision zone increased. 9. Between under wind turbines near Gnieżdżewo ( Dipol turbines) no dead bird was found. 32

33 10. Between under wind turbines near Gnieżdżewie ( Dipol ) only 1 dead bat was found and it was the Parti-coloured Bat Vespertilio murinus. Mortality of bats in this period was 0.09 ind./turbine. 11. Mean airspace use during autumn for all birds was ind./60 min. (SE=87.71). For Passerines this parameter was ind./60 min. (SE=50.9), and for waders ind./60 min. (SE=35.09), for gulls ind./60 min. (SE=10.85), and for raptors 2.25 ind./60 min. (SE=0.72). 12. In the years on the farm in Gnieżdżewo ( Dipol and Łebcz turbines) were recorded collisions of 45 birds from 15 species. In comparison to previous years (2010) in this autumn the number of collisions declined from 15 in 2010 to 9 in

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