March 2002 No. 64 FUNDACIÓN

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1 March 2002 No. 64 FUNDACIÓN

2 Cyanopsitta is printed using environment friendly, recycled, woodfree coated paper: Symbol Freelife Satin, FEDRIGONI Cyanopsitta Cyanopsitta - Latin for blue parrot. The only member of this genus is Cyanopsitta spixii, the Spix s Macaw. It is a highly endangered species, symbol of Loro Parque Fundación, and of the need to conserve our planet. Message from the Founder 2 LPF: Principal Projects and Small-scale Grants 3 Back to the wild 4 Meeting Point 6 Loro Parque Hotline 7 Foundation News 8 Blue-throated Macaw Conservation: a project visit and a recovery plan 10 Wax palms and the Yellow-erad Parrot The most successful Echo Parakeet season ever 20 Front Cover: Blue-throated Macaw (Ara glaucogularis) Photo: Karl-Heinz Lambert Editorial Office: Loro Parque S.A Puerto de la Cruz Tenerife, Canary Islands Spain Tel.: Fax: <loroparque@loroparque.com> <dir.general@loroparque-fundacion.org> Editorial Committee: Dr. Javier Almunia, Corinna Brauer, Inge Feier, Wolfgang Kiessling, Matthias Reinschmidt, Yves de Soye, Prof. David Waugh and Rafael Zamora. Visit our websites: Visit the website of Loro Parque Fundación, which provides you with detailed information on our programmes at: < For the website of Loro Parque, please check out < Membership: Become a member of Loro Parque Fundación to support us in our activities. You will then receive our trimestral newsletter Cyanopsitta, as well as a supporter s card permitting free entry to Loro Parque during the validity of your membership. The current annual membership fees are: Adults (non-resident): Adults (resident) & children (non-resident): Children (resident):... 22,50 Please send us your membership subscription by mail, fax or , or call us, and we will sign you up immediately. Bank Account: Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria (BBVA) Swift Code BBVA ESMM Message from the Founder In this year's first edition of Cyanopsitta, we have decided to dedicate our main article to the conservation project of the Blue-throated macaw Ara glaucogularis in Bolivia. As mentioned in Nº 63, the reproductive success of the species in our installations is considerable, for with good reason the foundation houses the largest captive population of this species, and, moreover, coordinates the international studbook of the Blue-throated macaw. Consequently, we have decided to increase our conservation efforts for this parrot species, preparing an Action Plan for its recovery, and getting more actively involved in the field aspects of the project. At the same time, we keep you informed of the activities which IBAMA has put under way to establish a new structure for the recovery of the Spix's macaw. To express it with their own words, this will be the last effort the Brazilian Government is going to make to save the species. Indeed, it is alarming that it has come to such a situation, nevertheless, the foundation maintains its position, still wanting to help save the Spix's macaw. To this end, all the parties involved have been called to attend a meeting which is supposed to take place in May in Brazil, to decide once and for all which will be the direction the recovery programme is going to take. Among these reports that hint at a re-start of urgent conservation activities, you will also find important news on successful activities. Among these is the Echo parakeet breeding season report (Mauritius), a conservation project that has improved its results year after year, strengthening the parrot's status in the wild. I am utterly satisfied that our help has contributed to improve the future expectations of the parakeets on the island of Mauritius, and I very much hope that this will have a contagious effect on other conservation initiatives throughout the world. Another initiative, though modest as far as conservation outcome is concerned, but still one of great significance to us in arousing many expectations, is the liberation of the two hooded seals housed in the installations of Loro Parque during the last few months. In February, Majo and Guanche returned to the chilly waters of Scotland. Many institutions and companies such as the Government of the Canary Islands, Thomson, Britannia, the NGO British Divers Marine Life Rescue, and of course Loro Parque and its foundation, have worked hard and placed all their hopes in the rescue, recuperation and liberation of these seals. On this occasion, I would like to express my gratitude and admiration to them for this huge effort and for their generosity in favour of nature conservation. Meanwhile, Loro Parque is preparing itself for the forthcoming Spring and Summer seasons with the additional perspective of my son Christoph returning to this project to which I have dedicated my entire life. I trust that this new phase will be successful for all of us. Wolfgang Kiessling 2

3 US$ 300,000 for 2002 The LPF - the 100 % Parrot Conservation Fund - renews its commitment and expands its approach At the last meeting of the Loro Parque Fundación s Board of Advisors and Trustees, which took place during two days in September 2001, several critical decisions were taken that will greatly influence the future development of the Foundation. PROACTIVELY ENSURING CONSERVATION SUCCESS In addition to renewing the LPF s commitment to parrot field conservation and allocating a maximum budget of US$ 300,000 for projects in 2002, the Board endorsed internal proposals for the LPF to increasingly become a proactive organisation that will not exclusively depend on those applications for project support it receives, but will itself select and co-implement those programmes that it has identified as being of highest priority. The LPF thus makes immediately available to these in-situ projects its extensive experience and expertise in the field of parrot conservation. PRINCIPAL PROJECTS At the same time, the LPF has decided to formally distinguish between those increasingly proactive, longterm PRINCIPAL PROJECTS, which have over the past years obtained an average of around US$ 30,000 annually, from short-term and smaller-budget projects for which it will primarily make available the necessary financial resources. The following nine we now count among those PRINCIPAL PROJECTS: Spix s Macaw Cyanopsitta spixii (Brazil); Red-tailed Amazon Amazona brasiliensis (Brazil); Blue-throated Macaw Ara glaucogularis (Bolivia); Yellow-eared Parrot Ognorhynchus icterotis (Colombia/Ecuador); Red-necked and Imperial amazons (Dominica); St Vincent Parrot Amazona guildingii (St Vincent & the Grenadines); Protection of Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary (Thailand); Red-vented Cockatoo Cacatua haematuropygia (Philippines); Endemic Parrots on the Tanimbar Islands (Indonesia). The first two proactive measures within the PRINCIPAL PROJECTS framework are 1. an upranking of the Blue-throated Macaw Conservation Programme within the LPF s project portfolio and a far deeper involvement in the pertaining decision-making process to ensure that this critically endangered, beautiful parrot survives into the future (discussed in this issue of Cyanopsitta); and 2. a simultaneous census of the Red-tailed Amazon in SE Brazil across its distributional range to finally establish the status and seasonal movements of this species (the proposal and results will be detailed in future Cyanopsitta issues). THE LPF SMALL-SCALE GRANT SCHEME The LPF decided to allocate up to US$ 25,000 of its annual spending budget for short-term and small-budget projects, to address urgent conservation research priorities. Many gaps in knowledge remain in the field of parrot biology species distributions, population sizes and trends, questions relating to taxonomy and systematics, etc and while much past support has been directed to the big and famous parrot species, many others still remain relatively unknown and may face considerable conservation problems. The aim of the SMALL-SCALE GRANT SCHEME is to gradually fill the knowledge gaps that remain on the one side, and to identify and support leading parrot research teams on the other side for future collaboration. Currently, two projects fall under this category: The nesting ecology of Yellow-crested Cockatoo Cacatua sulphurea on Sumba (Indonesia); and the Conservation of the El Oro Parakeet Pyrrhura orcesi (Ecuador). The latter project, implemented by Martin Schaefer of the Vogelwarte Helgoland (Germany) in collaboration with the Ecuadorian NGO Fundación Jocotoco, is the only new project the LPF approved for the year 2002 (10,000 USD). HELP US CONTRIBUTE TO PARROT CONSERVATION! Unfortunately, the need for parrot conservation programmes is ever-increasing, in spite of our efforts. The LPF is fully prepared to augment its capacity to address the priorities it has identified and is actively looking for new funding partners. Under the Small-scale Grants Scheme, even relatively small amounts may already facilitate a new and relevant project and make a difference. The Loro Parque Fundación is unique in that it can guarantee that 100 % of incoming donations are used to fulfill its objectives, because income generated from its activities and the generous donations from our principal Sponsor, Loro Parque S.A., cover all administrative costs. Please contact us if you wish to discuss the possible avenues of support. 3

4 Recovery and release of two hooded seals rescued in the Canary Islands Back to the Wild In an international operation organised by the conservation body Fundación Canaria Loro Parque two hooded seals, Majo y Guanche, were released after 4 months recuperation in the Canary Islands, 4,000 miles south of their arctic home. The recovery, transport and release were possible thanks to the enthusiastic help of the staff of Loro Parque and its Foundation. The story began in September 2001, when a group of tourists found a stranded seal on El Jablito beach (Fuerteventura, Canary Islands). The animal, a small pup of only 25 kg body weight, was presumed to be a Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus), a highly endangered species once abundant in the Mediterranean and East Central Atlantic, and whose current nearest population is on the coast of Mauritania. It was a hot summer Sunday, and all the Government Environmental Offices were closed. Fortunately, two students from the Veterinary Faculty in Gran Canaria Island were on their summer holidays, and were able to rescue and take care of the animals, spending all night in a warehouse keeping the seal wet and refreshed. The following day, Pascual Calabuig, a veterinarian from the Wildlife Rescue Centre in Tafira (Gran Canaria) traveled to Fuerteventura and transported the seal back to the Sealife Rescue Centre in Taliarte (Gran Canaria) by helicopter. There, Majo (named after Majorero, as the local inhabitants of Fuerteventura are known) was placed in the only installation suitable to fit such animal in the whole Rescue Centre, an indoor pool used to recover rescued sea turtles. Here he was given treatment to reduce his extreme heat exhaustion and dehydration, and to maintain the appropriate temperature the pool had to be cooled with ice, which was kindly donated (up to 2,000 kg daily) by the local fishermen. Surprisingly, two days later another seal pup appeared stranded on the coast of Tenerife, and it too was rapidly transported by helicopter to Sealife Rescue Centre in Taliarte. At the same time, Majo had been identified as a Hooded Seal (Cystophora cristata), and so was the newly found pup, named Guanche after the indigenous inhabitants of Tenerife. At this point their keepers realised that those ten month old pups were more than 4,000 miles south of their natural range! Once identified as arctic seals, a long recuperation in an ice cooled pool seemed unsustainable, and the staff at the Sealife Rescue Centre started to look for alternatives. They approached Loro Parque, in Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife, which was delighted to offer the use of its penguin quarantine installations, incorporating a large air-conditioned area with a refrigerated pool. These installations would provide the ideal conditions for a long period of recuperation, allowing easy health monitoring 4

5 This two pictures clearly illustrates the complete recovery of the seals. On the left Majo right after its rescue, on the right Majo a week before the release. of the two individuals during the process. Thus, Majo y Guanche were transported from Gran Canaria to Tenerife by helicopter, and were rapidly carried to the refrigerated installations. IATA regulation special containers were constructed by Loro Parque carpenters to transport the seals on a 4 1/2 hour flight from Tenerife to Glasgow on the first of February Britannia Airways offered a free ticket to the seals and to Loro Parque's senior veterinarian, Lorenzo Crosta, and the trio then coped with a further 30 minute flight from Glasgow to Wick, where British Divers Marine Life Rescue National Scottish Coordinator Dr Kevin Robinson and team were awaiting their arrival. During the following four months the seals were kept in Loro Parque, fed and managed by Loro Parque keepers, and their health was monitored by Loro Parque veterinarian team headed by Dr. Lorenzo Crosta. Thanks to the excellent environmental conditions provided in the refrigerated installations, the seals started to gain weight rapidly, reaching more than 100 kg by the end of December, at which point the Loro Parque staff considered that they were fully recovered, and ready to be released. Then Fundación Canaria Loro Parque started the logistics phase, to find the more suitable place for release, and also the most rapid least-stressing transportation. Taking into account several issues, including the commercial killing of hooded seals in Norway, the environmental requirements of this species, and the existence of organisations with experience in seal rescue and release, it was finally decided to release Majo y Guanche in the North of Scotland, an area close to the species southernmost range. The final stage of the seals journey was a short trip by road in the British Divers Highlands Region trailer to Skarfskerry, where a temporary holding area had been prepared by Alistair Jack Sr and his team for the animals to rest overnight. The following morning the pups were fed and tagged before returning them to their containers for the short trip to Dunnet Bay, just 10 minutes away. On arrival at the release site, the containers were moved onto the slipway west of Dunnet Head where the sea conditions were calm. Although Guanche was first to be encouraged out of his container, Majo was well ahead of Guanche in reaching the sea. Twenty minutes later, and with a little more encouragement, Guanche was also on his way to join Majo. The happy ending to this story wouldn't have been possible without the efforts of the student volunteers, the Tafira Sealife Rescue Centre staff, the helicopter and crew of the Airborne Emergency Service, the Loro Parque installations and staff, the Fundación Canaria Loro Parque, Britannia Airways and Thomson tour operator, Highland Airways, Wick Airport operating authority, the CRRU medic team, BDMLR medics from Caithness and Aberdeen, and the SSPCA. All of them played an important role in the return of these animals to their natural habitat, and without their enthusiastic help both would probably not be alive today. 5

6 MEETING POINT - MEETING POINT - MEETING POINT - MEETING POINT The music band "Los Reyes", internationally known as "The Gipsy Kings" visited Loro Parque's installations. The Gypsy Kings, that reached fame with songs such as "Volare", "Bamboleo" and "Djobi Djoba", visited Tenerife for the annual Easter Concert, which is broadcasted by channel two in Germany ZDF Easter Sunday. The Gypsy Kings, who had a busy agenda with their tours in the United States, Asia, Germany and France, were delighted with their participation in the concert and impressed by the beautiful nature of Loro Parque. The famous Spanish humorist duo "Cruz y Raya", composed of Juan Muñoz and José Sánchez, have been shooting the last chapters of their TV programme Cruz y Raya.com, which is broadcasted by Spanish television (TVE) on Friday nights. Hotel Botanico and Loro Parque will be exceptional sets for one of the most famous TV shows in Spain. In mid March, a delegation of the Porous Semiconductor Science and Technology Congress visited Loro Parque. This visit was organised and co-ordinated by the University of La Laguna and Promoción Exterior del Cabildo Insular de Tenerife. Almost 150 participants in the congress, from more than 50 countries all around the world, spent a wonderful day in Loro Parque. Among them was the prestigious scientist Prof. Leigh Canham, whose avant-garde investigations are internationally acclaimed, and can possibly be nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics. As in previous years, delegations from the Düsseldorf and Duisburg carnival visited Loro Parque. This visit has become a tradition that both parts sustain with great care, to the point that penguins and gorillas can be seen in the traditional carnival medals of Duisburg. This is always a nice way to strengthen old friendship bonds between Puerto de la Cruz and these two German towns. Once again Loro Parque's candidate to be the Queen of Puerto de la Cruz Carnival 2002 was the winner of the contest. After the first prize costume "Barbarella" in the last carnival, also produced by Loro Parque and Agrupación Lía Tavío, this time it was Abenchara Melián with the costume "Benévola", designed by Alexis González, who was crowned as Queen of the Carnival in representation of Loro Parque. This traditional carnival visit to our facilities was also attended by the Queen of Carnival Puerto de la Cruz 2002 and by the first finalist of the children s contest. 6

7 LORO PARQUE HOTLINE - LORO PARQUE HOTLINE - LORO PARQUE HOTLINE During the last months we have received numerous television companies to use the wonderful set that is Loro Parque: Televisión Española with Ay mi madre!, Antena 3 Televisión with El poder del amor, British television with Telle toll, The History Channel, The Biographic Channel, Canal 7 with Mundo Animal, the German channel WDR which interviewed our founder Mr. Wolfgang Kiessling, the Uruguayan television withviajar, Televisión Española with Así son las cosas, German television with Adventure and Travel, English TV with Viewing 4 Leisure, the German channel ZDF with the Easter Concert, Canal Canarias with the program Viajar, the Israeli television, Televisión Española with Cruz y Raya.com, the German channel WDR with the programme Veterinarians in the Zoo and Televisión Autonómica de Canarias with the programme Club Minimal. In March we celebrated a happy event in Loro Parque, the 30 anniversary of our western lowland gorilla Schorsch. This male was born in the Nuremberg Zoo the 3rd of March 1972, and since 1994 he has been a member of the bachelor group established in Loro Parque. He is the oldest member of the group. Loro Parque has renewed this year its commercial video. From January it is available in all the park stores, and it contains the latest attractions which were added after the previous edition of the video. The film has been produced by the local company Mastervideo, and is being distributed in 6 languages: Spanish, English, French, German, Italian and Russian. An additional Swedish version is almost finished, and it is planned to produce Hebrew and Finnish versions in the near future. The video tape costs 15 Euro, and over 45 minutes it conects with the soul of the "Must" of the Canaries. The Chimpanzee exhibit in Loro Parque, Chimpland, has been refurbished to improve the environmental enrichment offered to the animals, and also complement its natural appearance. New trunks and ropes have been installed in the interior of the exhibit, as well as a termite mound to satisfy the foraging nature of the chimpanzees. The structure was built with iron and fibreglass to resemble a termite mound. A door gives access to the interior allowing the keepers to place tubes with different kinds of food. The implementation of this new environmental element on the exhibit has been a complete success, and our chimp family spent a lot of time playing and collecting food from the termite mound. Meanwhile, the preparations for the International Parrot Congress in September are nearing an end. To date we have doubled the reservations made by the same date for the last congress. So, if somebody is waiting till the last minute, you d better hurry up and contact as soon as possible the Congress Secretary to formalise your inscription. We also have received a lot of works of art to be exhibited, sold or auctioned during the Congress. All the benefits obtained from these art works, donated by our friends and collaborators, will be used 100% in the conservation projects of Loro Parque Fundación. 7

8 FOUNDATION NEWS - FOUNDATION NEWS Over the past months, the Loro Parque Fundacion received several important letters from the Brazilian environmental authority IBAMA, regarding the Spix's Macaw Recovery Programme. In the first one, all the Members of the Permanent Committee for the Recovery of the Spix's Macaw (CPRAA), were officially informed by Maria Iolita Bampi, Vice-President of the CPRAA, about the immediate transfer of two International Studbooks - those of the Spix's macaw and the Lear's macaw - from Ms Natasha Schischakin to Carlos Bianchi and Wanderlei de Morais. In another letter the LPF was asked to transfer one of the two females it keeps to the breeding centre of Mauricio dos Santos in Pernambuco in Brazil, who holds an unpaired male. In a subsequent letter, IBAMA informed the LPF that the carcass of the Spix s Macaw male which died at Loro Parque in December 2000 should be shipped and deposited at the Zoological Museum of the University in Sao Paulo, to increase the representation of the species in Brazilian collections (where there are less than ten specimens so far). As a result, and in full compliance with the requests of the Brazilian government, the LPF has asked the Spanish CITES authorities to issue the according export permits, and expects that both the live female and the carcass will leave Tenerife for Brazil in the course of the coming months. Finally, the LPF also eventually received from IBAMA, together with the other CPRAA members, a proposal for the future structure and rules of the recovery committee. The proposed structure is ultimately based on two documents to be signed by the private holders, the CITES Secretariat and IBAMA, which aims at returning sovereignty over the birds' destiny to the Brazilian Government. A decisive meeting proposed to take place in Brazil in May 2002 will be crucial with regard to the future of the CPRAA and its composition. The close relationship between Loro Parque Fundación and worldwide academia is not new for our members, as collaborations with several universities around the world were mentioned in earlier issues of Cyanopsitta. A good example is the collaboration with the University of Georgia (USA) to study the Proventricular Dilatation Disease (PPD) carried out by Prof. Branson Ritchie, which produced extraordinary success with the isolation of a PDD related virus (Cyanopsitta 45 and 47). But many other scientists have developed veterinary and management techniques in collaboration with Loro Parque Fundación; such as Prof. H. Müller (University of Leipzig), Dr. Susan Clubb, Prof. Eberhard Kaleta (University of Giessen), Prof. Isenbügel and Dr. Jean Michel Hatt (University of Zürich), Dr. Schmäschke (University of Leipzig), Tiawanna Taylor (University of Nottingham), Ingrid and Günther Schliebusch (University of Bonn), Prof. Josef Kamphues and Dr. Petra Wolf (University of Hannover), Prof. Helga Gerlach (München-Oberschleissheim), Matthew I. Williams (University of Florida), Olivier Robinet (National Science Centre, France), Jim Groombridge (Royal Zoological Society, London), Jessica R. Eberhard (California University), etc. Furthermore, it is planned to establish new collaborations with scientists from other institutions such as the New York Museum of Natural History and the Durrell Institute for Conservation Ecology at the University of Kent. Our bonds with universities are mainly based on LPF's parrot collection. Our collection represents an incomparable resource for researchers, and this is the reason why many scientists and students have been working on several psittacidae management projects in Loro Parque over the past years, and their results have been published in both national and international journals. So, it is not only an honour, but an obligation to intensify our relations with the nearest educational institutions. With this aim in mind, a general agreement between Loro Parque Fundación and the Universidad de La Laguna (Canary Islands) was signed in October The goals of this agreement include the organisation of workshops, courses, promotion of scientific activities, etc. This line of collaboration with educational institutions in the Canary Islands was continued in 1997 with one agreement between Loro Parque Fundación and the Education Department of the Canarian Government, the other between LPF and the Department of Universities and Investigation of the Canarian Government. The former is oriented towards the promotion of environmental education and development of didactic materials, and the latter focuses on collaboration in the training of scientific and technical personnel. Finally, our relations with the Canarian Universities were completed with the agreement signed between the Universidad de Las Palmas and Loro Parque Fundación in 1998, in the same terms as the previous one signed with La Laguna University. Future collaborations with this University are promising, especially because several scientists from this University are involved in conservation biology of endangered species, as for example the Monk seal (Monachus monachus) or the Giant lizard from El Hierro, Canary Islands (Gallotia simongi). This good relationship with the local and regional educational authorities has been extended to the institutions for environmental protection, as proves the recent memorandum of agreement with the environmental department of the Tenerife Island Government and another, which is about to be signed, with the environmental department of the Canary Islands Government. During the exhibition "Animal" celebrated in Stuttgart, Germany, at the beginning of December 2001, 8

9 FOUNDATION NEWS - FOUNDATION NEWS Mrs Rolf and Ellen Pape, residents from Adeje, Tenerife, adopted the Moluccan King Parrot Alisterus amboinensis in November 2001; the couple have been supporting the Foundation for many years as members, and had previously run a pet shop in Germany. They had successfully bred a large number of parrot species such as the Moluccan King Parrot. We are very happy with both adoptions and thank the sponsors for their generous help and contribution to Loro Parque Fundación. Peter Graf handed over a donation of 500,00 to Inge Feier on behalf of the parrot association Vogelfreunde Achern e. V.('parrot friends of Achern'). This association has been supporting LPF for many years, and has already donated 500,00 in the year 2000 on the occasion of the biggest parrot exhibition throughout Germany which is celebrated yearly in the town of Achern. The foundation has participated in this event on a regular basis, however, in 2001, there was no exhibition in Achern for the first time in 15 years, so that the members could have a break and relax. However, for the current year, Achern's Fair will again open its gates for all parrot fanciers, and Loro Parque Fundación will again be represented with a boot. Moreover, the 'parrot friends' have already anticipated that they will continue to support the foundation with an important donation. To the present, the association Vogelfreunde Achern e.v. have donated a total of 5.500,00 to the field projects of Loro Parque Fundación. The Eichorst family, proprietor of the Cash and Carry Foodbroker, S. L., has been maintaining its generous relationship with the Loro Parque Fundación. Since 1996, their extraordinary donations and membership fees have summed up to 10,000. In the photo, Mrs Eichorst (right) hands to Mrs Kiessling (left) a 2,500 cheque, their sponsorship for the year Furthermore, we are delighted to take account of two new adoptions of parrot species. In October 2001, the publishers Michael Biedenbänder (Dietzenbach, Germany) adopted the Senegal Parrot Poicephalus senegalus of the Loro Parque Fundación collection shortly after publishing a new book on the parrot written by the author Rudolf K. Wagner, showing their special interest in this species and its family. Moreover, Mr and The Advisory Board of Loro Parque Fundacion Povl Jorgensen Aviculturist Haslev, Denmark Nigel J. Collar Birdlife International Leventis Fellow in Conservation Biology Cambridge University, England Jørgen B. Thomsen Senior Vice-President Conservation International Washington DC, USA Wolfgang Grummt Animal Park Friedrichsfelde Berlin, Germany Tomás de Azcárate y Bang Ministry of the Environment of the Canary Islands Tenerife, Spain Ian R. Swingland Founder Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology Kent, England Susan L. Clubb Avian Veterinarian Florida, USA Roland Wirth President Zoological Society for the Protection of Species and Populations Munich, Germany 9

10 The Blue-throated Macaw Conservation Programme New insights and a Species Recovery Plan Heading out at dawn on the search for the Blue-throated Macaw - field assistant Sixto Alejandro Angulo Alpire and field coordinator Alan Hesse (in the back). Photograph: YdS/LPF. The Loro Parque Fundación has for seven years, since 1995, supported the efforts of the NGO and BirdLife International partner Armonía to save the critically endangered Bluethroated macaw, endemic to the department of Beni in northern Bolivia. To date, the LPF has made available US$ 63,474 to this programme, which was able to identify a number of sites of occurrence of the macaw, distributed over a vast area of seasonally inundated floodplain savannas, and to install an education programme in the area. In the face of the apparent continuing decline of the species, the LPF made a visit to the project area in August 2001, which led it to proactively develop an expanded strategy. The aim will be to produce a Species Recovery Plan within 6 months to fill the knowledge gaps and guide all future implementation efforts in collaboration with the government authorities and local stakeholders. To this aim, the LPF has allocated US$ 30,000 for the year After many vain attempts by a series of parrot researchers, the Blue throated Macaw Ara glaucogularis was officially discovered in the wild only in the year This was almost a decade after the peak of the international wild bird trade, and the Blue throated Macaw was already well established in aviculture, albeit from unknown origin. The residents of the northern Bolivian department of Beni can still clearly remember the early 80 s as a time when large numbers of macaws were exported from the country. In the years following its eventual discovery it was found that the Blue-throated macaw was endemic to the characteristic floodplain savannas of the Beni department, of which the frontier town Trinidad is the capital. These Benian savannas form a basin flanked to the west by the foothills of the Andes and to the east by the Brazilian or Precambrian Shield. To the north are the continuous humid forests of the Amazon basin and to the south the savannas give way to a more arid zone, transitional towards the Chaco biome of southern Bolivia. The savannas are thus in reality a vast ecological transition zone, which is reflected in the habitat composition of the range of the Blue-throated macaw, historically situated 10

11 both to the east and to the west of the Rio Mamoré (a sub-tributary to the Amazon): whereas the north-western reaches are of a markedly more humid nature indicative of Amazonian influence, the eastern and southern extremes are less prone to long periods of inundation and are more related to the drier ecosystems of southern Bolivia. Traditionally the range of the Bluethroated macaw, estimated to be about 8,000 sqkm, has been characterised as seasonally inundated savanna interrupted by a mosaic structure of marshland and raised outcroppings of low forest fragments. While irregular forest fragments are natural and result from the change of water courses, smaller and often ovaloid islands tend to be the result of agricultural activities of pre-colombian human civilizations that thrived in the area but have entirely disappeared. Importantly, these forest fragments were seen to be consistently associated with the Blue-throated macaw. The land use in the savannas relevant to the Blue-throated macaw is primarily cattle ranching, an activity introduced by Jesuits in the 17th century and of crucial relevance to the conservation of the species for a variety of reasons. The dominant species in most of the forest islands is the Motacú palm, Attalea phalerata or Scheelea princeps, and it affords both nutrition and nest sites to the different species of macaws that live in the area, including Ara glaucogularis. The palm species appears to be reasonably resistant to trampling by cattle, and is reported to colonise islands highly impacted by cattle due to its superior resistance over other, less robust plants. In general it is known to be more or less continuously fruit-productive. Other important tree species are the Guayabochi Calycophyllum spruceanum, a strangler fig Ficus trigona, and Muellera fluviabilis. Blue-throated Macaw Conservation from 1993 to 2000 Soon after the discovery of the species, a research expedition initiated by the volunteer-organisation Earthwatch to work on the species Transport in the Beni Department between different Blue-throated Macaw localities: by car in the dry season (upper left, in front of the central market in the departmental capital Trinidad; upper right on the northbound main road); by car in the wet season (lower left); by small aircraft (lower right) between those localities that have landing strips. Photographs: Olivier Morvan & Philippe Garguil (lower left); YdS/LPF. 11

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13 biology led to the establishment of the Bolivian NGO Armonía, founded by the French bushpilot and naturalist Lois Jammes and a select group of former Earthwatch volunteers. This NGO over the years became the official partner of the UKbased organisation BirdLife International in Bolivia, and is the only one specialising in bird conservation in the country. In 1995, the Loro Parque Fundación decided to become a donor to Armonía s Blue-throated Macaw Conservation Programme, and it has become and remained its major sponsor since. Mostly with the financial resources from the LPF, the Armonía field team, led by the Anglo-French coordinator Alan Hesse, was able to identify sites of occurrence of the macaw, define local population sizes and trends, and to establish environmental education programmes at the sites of greatest importance. Importantly, close links could be formed with a crucial partner: the Federation of Cattle Ranchers of the Beni and Pando (FEGABENI), which brings together all the landowners in both these Bolivian departments; this area encompasses the entire known range of the macaw. Except for a few stateowned properties, all the lands in the Beni are under private management, and the willing collaboration of the owners is an essential prerequisite since any conservation initiative or field investigation in the area will necessarily involve access to private cattle ranching land. FEGABENI therefore plays a key role in facilitating introductions and interactions between the landowners and project personnel. Other important links that could be forged are with the biodiversity office of the national government (DGB) in La Paz, and with the departmental wildlife authority in Trinidad. By 1998, surveys and censuses using Geographical Positioning System had revealed 8 locations of the macaw and the remaining population of the macaw was believed to stand at individuals. However, in spite of these efforts, since 1998 the census work by the Armonía team revealed that Blue-throated macaw numbers dropped at virtually each known location. The LPF therefore decided to conduct a thorough field evaluation in order to contribute its expertise to the conservation programme. In August 2001, LPF Director Yves de Soye visited the project area in Bolivia for two weeks and was able to identify an expanded strategy that will lead to a renewed effort on the road to the recovery of this beautiful and critically endangered macaw. Status Quo: At first sight, there can be no doubt that the Bluethroated macaw is facing serious conservation problems and faces imminent extinction. Surveys conducted by the field team during the year 2001 indicated a general severe decline across the known sites of occurrence and produced a population figure of only 30 remaining wild birds in disjunct sub-populations of a few birds only. Although the reason cannot finally be established, there is sufficient evidence that trapping for the bird trade continues in the area and may have contributed to the decline. Reports of both opportunistic and organised macaw sales were recurrent. However, at the same time, several new sites could be confirmed near the formerly known localities, and evidence has emerged that further new localities of the species may exist and that Facing page: Aerial survey photos demonstrating the range of habitats in the southeastern section of the Beni, part of the Blue-throated macaw s distributional range. Left, from top to bottom: small anthropogenic Attalea palm island of about ha amidst floodplain savanna; natural Attalea palm islands spawned from gallery forest by changing river courses; lagoons partly fringed with a strip of woodland; dried out river course and gallery woodland; small stream fringed with a strip of gallery forest. Right, from top to bottom: medium-sized stream with a broader band of gallery forest with Attalea palms; a wide band of forest with Attalea palms; extensive Copernicia alba palm groves, a typical habitat of the drier south-eastern section of the distributional range; overgrazed savanna resulting from cattle overstocking; yearly fires to refresh cattle grass: this one set too early in the dry season. Bottom of this page: The Bolivian departments of Beni and Pando - land of the cattle ranchers. Photographs: YdS/LPF. 13

14 14

15 Facing page: Needle in a haystack - searching for the Blue-throated macaw. Left, from top to bottom: seasonally inundated floodplain savanna in the morning light; LPF Director Yves de Soye during the project visit in August 2001, with a local guide; the field team, Sixto Alejandro Angulo Alpire, Alan Hesse and a local guide; Alan Hesse taking a GPS reading in the shade with the ubiquitous cattle in the background; crossing the inundated savanna in the rainy season: cattle pulling flat-bottom boats; Photographs: Olivier Morvan & Philippe Garguil (left, bottom); AH/LPF (left, second highest); YdS/ LPF. Right, from top to bottom: young palms inside an Attalea palm island; riding through a typical Attalea palm island with lacking palm regeneration; strangler figs Ficus are a prominent feature in many palm islands and are also used by the macaw. Bottom of this page: Importance of the Motacú Palm, Attalea phalerata, for the Blue-throated macaw (from left to right): feeding on fruits of Motacú; the 10 cm large palm fruits; young in a nest inside a hollow trunk of a Motacú. Photographs: Olivier Morvan & Philippe Garguil; YdS/LPF (left). the range of the Blue-throated macaw may be far larger than previously thought. Inherent problems in establishing the species status are its high mobility and its low (current) density. Comprehensive surveys in the area are expensive, extremely time consuming and impeded by the immense distances that need to be covered between different localities and by the difficult access, particularly in the rainy season, which requires frequent air transport. Even at a given ranch, many hours on horseback may be necessary to reach only one of the known sites not to speak of surveys between previously unvisited areas of suitable habitat amidst the savanna. The overall impression therefore was that complete and comprehensive surveys with adequate search effort are still missing and that further intense survey work should be one of the priorities before a decision on the future strategy to save the species is taken. It thus also became clear that the alleged habitat specialisation of the species, i.e. its restriction to palm islands, rests on relatively weak evidence. While physiognomy and composition of habitats across the species range vary considerably, the important palm species Attalea phalerata occurs in a variety of habitats that are supposed to be unused by the macaw. There is therefore every reason to speculate that the species may be ecologically far more flexible than previously thought. A Species Recovery Plan The LPF has proposed that a Species Recovery Plan be formulated between all the parties involved in Blue-throated macaw conservation, and has allocated US$ 10,000 to this aim. The aim of the Species Recovery Plan is that it will provide a comprehensive and integrated framework to guide future efforts to save the Blue-throated macaw, and that the strategies identified obtain full endorsement by the national and regional governmental authorities, the regionally represented NGOs and the local stakeholders. The compilation of the Plan will require significant additional research and is scheduled to take 6 months. Additional surveys in and outside the known range of the species, including the verification of recent new records will be essential in the process, as well as a permanent presence of an expanded field team and new field coordinator in Beni and its departmental capital Trinidad, to strengthen existing relations. The Recovery Plan will summarise the available knowledge on the Blue-throated macaw and objectively discuss options for the future of the conservation programme: research priorities (habitat requirements, limiting resources, seasonal movements, radio-tracking, breeding seasons, breeding ecology, antagonistic interaction with 15

16 other macaw species, palm regeneration etc.) and conservation action (traffic control, awareness programmes, nest protection schemes, etc.). Subsequent to the establishment of the current distributional range, a decision may need to be taken about the sites for the future project implementation. The dispersed nature of the species will likely prevent the option of working all across its range. Instead, the most suitable sites in terms of accessibility, landowner collaboration, habitat suitability, remaining macaw populations, etc. will need to be chosen to guarantee the highest conservation impact. Other aspects that will need to be discussed are the viability of land purchases or leases; the need for habitat rehabilitation due to a lack of palm island regeneration; the cattlemacaw relationship which although long thought to be mutual may need to be re-evaluated; and the possibility of in-situ breeding and re-introduction from the global captive population with the assistance from the LPF, which holds the International Studbook of the species and, with over 50 individuals, the largest number of these birds in Europe. Lastly, also the role of ecotourism in the conservation of the Blue-throated macaw will need to be explored. The Beni is sometimes called the Bolivian Pantanal due to its abundant wildlife. But at present, only a single Bluethroated macaw site exists that offers suitable infrastructure for tourists: El Cutal, the ranch owned by Fernando Avila Chavéz, General Secretary of FEGABENI. Only selected groups, including those led by Armonía and a local tour operator are allowed to visit (you are welcome to contact LPF to obtain details). The LPF looks forward to collaborating in the writing of the Recovery Plan. For the follow up implementation, the LPF has already earmarked another US$ 20,000 but is searching for additional funding partners to set up a programme of maximum effectiveness. Please consider to help us in our efforts to save this macaw, now one of the most endangered species on the planet. Blue-throated Macaw looking out of its nest in a hollow trunk of a Motacú palm Attalea phalerata. Photograph: Olivier Morvan & Philippe Garguil/Productions Pygargue. 16

17 Religion joins forces with Parrot Conservation Palm Sunday celebrates Wax Palms and the Yellow-eared Parrot Proyecto Ognorhynchus, one the Loro Parque Fundacion s Principal Projects continues to deliver some of the most encouraging parrot conservation news received in years. Shortly after informing the project leader, Dr Paul Salaman, that the Foundation allocated US$ 35,000 for the programme in the year 2002 (bringing our total Yellow-eared conservation support to US$ 146,044), we received the following exciting report. By Paul Salaman, Proyecto Ognorhynchus, salaman@ognorhynchus.com The euphoria of discovering a population of Yellow-eared Parrots Ognorhynchus icterotis in Western Colombia, was short-lived as our worse nightmares were realised when thousands of people waved Wax Palm (Ceroxylon quindiuense) fronds to church on a glorious Palm Sunday morning in Wax palms the world s tallest palm and an endangered species were felled in the hundreds to provide palm fronds for the Palm Sunday processions and used to adorn the church throughout the Colombian Andes. Unfortunately, the Endangered Yellow-eared Parrot is dependant on the wax palm for nesting and roosting, so the parrots survival is inextricably linked to the plight of the wax palm. Behind the palm fronds being proudly waved Yellow-eared Parrots, highly dependent on the endangered wax palm, Colombia s national tree. Photo: Carlos Adolfo Sasloque. Wax palm seedlings distributed for planting by the team of Proyecto Ognorhynchus replaced cut palm fronds. Photo: Proyecto Ognorhynchus by the majority of the 2000 strong procession crowd on Palm Sunday in 2001 was the massacre over 100 wax palms. Given that there are less than a thousand wax palms scattered across the region, their survival and that of the Yellow-eared Parrot appeared depressing remote. The Project Ognorhynchus team knew we had to act quickly and effectively to avoid the impending catastrophe for the Wax Palm and Yellow-eared Parrot. There and then and with the gritted teeth of determination, the project team made a pact to do everything possible to avoid the sight of another wax palm frond in a parade. But how to change the centuries old tradition of the Catholic Church celebrating Palm Sunday? Whilst the national laws were on our side, we had to change the fundamental mentality of the community and, critically, gain the support of the Catholic Church. So the Project team, led by Alex Cortés, Pablo Florés, Jose Castaño, and Marcela Vargas, immediately implemented an action plan with the support of Loro Parque Fundación to change the attitude of the local people surrounding the Yellow-eared Parrot nesting and foraging areas. After Palm Sunday 2001, the Project made great leaps towards the conservation of the parrot and palm. We contributed to a national workshop for wax palm conservation, conducted a highly successful 17

18 World Birdwatch day featured on regional TV, and established an intensive environmental awareness campaign, including founding an ecological group called Friends of Nature that rapidly grew to over 100 students and a further 500 keen to join! Research successes were equally impressive, with the roosting and nesting sites uncovered revealing the total population at a staggering 277 individuals two thirds of the global population! Clearly, much was at stake on Palm Sunday in protecting the parrots stronghold. Yet, as we approached Palm Sunday in March 2002, one final daunting obstacle seemed impassable the Catholic Church in the study area was reluctant to change the tradition of using wax palms, even though it is now illegal, to alternatives such as other flags, balloons, tree branches, and some other species of palm (similar to Ceroxylon). After months of fruitless discussions with the Church our campaign looked doomed to fail. So with weeks to go, we kicked off a last ditch intensive campaign to get community support and convince the Church authorities of the importance of protecting and celebrating Colombia s national tree - the wax palm. With the backing from the US-based organisation Conservation International, we embarked on a national and regional publicity campaign that included radio broadcasts, TV presentations and adverts, and national and international newspaper articles. The campaign captivated national attention, and even spread global, particularly through the Christian community media. But the fruits of working and acting locally provided critical support, especially with the kids of the Friends of Nature group that undertook numerous community awareness tasks, from distributing palm and parrot posters to musical concerts and theatre productions. Educating the local police to the issues and problems was successful as they actively monitored the situation and informed all that they would enforce a ban on cutting down wax palms. Also, the regional environmental agency CorAntioquia greatly supported our efforts by paying 15 men, that normally cut down and sold wax palms for Palm Sunday, to plant wax plant seedlings across the parrots foraging range for one week. With days to go before Palm Sunday and with overwhelming community support for the campaign, the Catholic Church, particularly led by the Priest Mario Agudelo, changed their position to actively support alternatives to cutting down wax palms for the procession. With the Church s blessing, we provided over 2500 balloons (2000 with children and 500 adorning the procession route), 2000 tree branches (from coffee plants, Eucalyptus and Pine trees), flowers, and some 500 palm fronds from abundant lowland species. However, the most popular alternative was 600 wax palm seedlings in soil bags given as gifts for people to plant at home afterwards. On March , double the number of people participated in the Palm Sunday procession, especially more children. Yet only four wax palm fronds (from one felled palm) were found and confiscated by No cut wax palm fronds could be seen in the crowd during the entire procession. Photo: Proyecto Ognorhynchus 18

19 A class of school children carrying balloons distributed by the team of Proyecto Ognorhynchus. Photo: Proyecto Ognorhynchus the police, whilst not a single cut wax palm frond could be found in the procession of 5000 people! A triumph for the wax palm, for the Yellow-eared Parrot and for the Catholic Church, plus 600 new palm recruits in the town from the seedlings and many more planted in the countryside. Certainly, Palm Sunday this year was a fine day to celebrate! The campaign was a successful example of how environmental awareness and capacity building within the community can lead to real change and positive action for conservation by the community, even in the face of hundreds of years of tradition. Fundamental to this change were the children of the town and the Catholic Church. However, after the procession we sadly heard discontent from some elderly people that were not happy with the absence of the wax palm and were determined to return to old traditions next year. It is also a sombre thought that in other parts of the Colombian Andes, wax palms are still massacred for Palm Sunday processions. So whilst our concern for the palm is still very real, we re now optimistic that a new tradition to celebrate the wax palm, not threatening it, is possible. Current Parrot Field Conservation Projects of Loro Parque Fundación * Brazil: Spix's Macaw Cyanopsitta spixii Recovery Programme * Brazil: Environmental Education Programme for the Red-tailed Amazon Amazona brasiliensis in Superagüi National Park, Paraná * Bolivia: Blue-throated Macaw Ara glaucogularis Conservation * Ecuador: Conservation of the El Oro Parakeet Pyrrhura orcesi * Colombia: Conservation of the Yellow-eared Parrot Ognorhynchus icterotis * Dominica: Conservation of the endemic Red-necked and Imperial amazons * St Vincent & the Grenadines: Conservation of the St Vincent Parrot Amazona guildingii * Thailand: Protection of Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary * Philippines: Red-vented Cockatoo Cacatua haematuropygia Conservation Programme * Indonesia: The nesting ecology of Yellow-crested Cockatoo Cacatua sulphurea on Sumba * Indonesia: Conservation of Endemic Parrots on the Tanimbar Islands 19

20 The most successful Echo Parakeet season ever In September 2000 Loro Parque Fundación decided to support the efforts by Dr Carl Jones and the Mauritius Wildlife Foundation, through a partnership with the Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, with US$ 20,000 to ensure the continuation and further improvement of the recovery activities. In this article Jason Malham, visiting scientist from the Kakapo programme on New Zealand, explains the latest news on the programme, and summarises the most successful Echo Parakeet (Psittacula equus) season ever. The 2001/2002 echo season has finally wound down, and what an outstanding season it has been! It was a year of new records, several "firsts", and the most productive breeding season since the conservation management programme began in A total of forty-two new chicks survived to fledge. Twenty-one birds fledged largely unassisted in the wild (including one aviaries produced bird, fostered to wild parents), and twenty-one hand-raised birds, a mixture of wild rescues and captive-bred, were released into the wild. At the seasons end the wild population was estimated to stand between 153 and 171 birds, up from last season! As in past years the programme focused on two key initiatives. The first was intensive management of the wild breeding population with the objective of maximising productivity by protecting nests from predators, downsizing broods, fostering chicks amongst nests, and rescuing ill or underweight nestlings. The second was breeding from captive birds and handraising surplus and or ill chicks from both captive and wild nests. Management of the wild population was led by Jason Malham from New Zealand's kakapo programme, with a team of three very able colleagues. David Rodda, also from New Zealand's kakapo programme led the hand-raising team of seven highly dedicated people and Frederique Koenig continued to manage the captive breeding in the Gerald Durrell Endemic Wildlife Sanctuary (G.D.E.W.S.) aviaries. The Wild Season This year there was an abundance of native fruits from early on in the season, which was a sign of great things to come. The first clutch of two eggs was laid at the start of September. By mid November, fifteen pairs had laid a total of forty eggs. One pair had relaid after Indian mynah birds, during an attempted cavity takeover, removed their first clutch. Thirty-two of the wild eggs hatched, with twenty-nine chicks surviving to fledge. Twenty of these chicks fledged unaided in the wild, with the other nine hand-reared at Echo parakeet aviary at Plaine Lievre field station (Photo: Diane Casimir) the G.D.E.W.S. and fledging in aviaries at the release site. Of the nine-hand-raised wild chicks, four were from eggs removed from nests and five were underweight chicks removed from nests. Good chick growth The abundance of native fruits this season resulted in strong, healthy hatchlings and very good chick development in almost all cases. This allowed a record nine pairs to comfortably raise two chicks each (previous best was six pairs in 1999/2000). Only two young chicks were rescued due to malnutrition, with a third being rescued four days after it fledged, in a severely weakened and dehydrated state. A fourth chick was removed to the G.D.E.W.S. with a weight 20% below the average for its age (10 days). The chick was still healthy, but its health would have declined if it had been left in the nest. The fifth chick to be moved to the G.D.E.W.S. had been mildly plucked. Nest-fly Tropical nest-fly is always a potential problem with the echos, but it is one that is generally easily overcome. Nest-fly larvae embed themselves in the nostrils of the chicks where they feed on blood. Dayold chicks can actually be killed by this parasitisation. In order to combat this threat, wood-shavings treated 20

21 Macumba, the youngest Echo Parakeet of the bunch needed to be fed well into the release. (Photo: Diane Casimir) with an insecticide and fungicide are placed in the cavities prior to the eggs hatching and then during the chick raising period. This usually stops fungal growth (which can cause Aspergillosis), and kills any nest-fly in the cavity. This season, the third chick at the cavity named 'Nowhere', was discovered on hatch day with nest-fly larvae in both nostrils. An unsuccessful attempt was made to remove the larvae, so the chick was removed to the G.D.E.W.S. where it received intensive care. It not only survived but thrived and was released into the wild shortly after fledging. Snail deaths The 'Nowhere' cavity must have been jinxed this year because it became the site of the strangest circumstances of chick death ever recorded with echos, or probably any parrot! The day after the nest-fly incident, the other two chicks (which were very strong and healthy) were discovered dead in the cavity. Beside them on the cavity floor were two African giant land snails (Achatina immaculata). The chicks were covered in snail slime, and were later diagnosed to have died from asphyxiation caused by the slime. The entrance to this cavity is only three metres above ground and the cavity floor drops back down 2m inside the tree. These snails, normally considered terrestrial, had crawled 3m up a vertical tree trunk and then about 2 metres back down the inside, very strange. Aviaries to wild transfer Dummy eggs were placed in the 'Nowhere' cavity after the snail incident and a couple of days later a captive bred chick was successfully fostered with the Laphroaig, the female at the cavity. This is the first time that a captive-bred echo chick has been fostered to a wild nest. The ability to foster aviaries chicks to wild nests is a useful "card to have up our sleeve" for maximising the productivity of wild nests. Use of nest boxes and release birds Last season the programme made a significant step forward with the first recorded nesting of echos in artificial nest boxes. Nest boxes are easier to manage than natural cavities so we are very happy to see the birds using them. This season four females nested in boxes. Three of the females were previous year's release birds but the most exciting and significant result was that a fully wild pair of birds used a box for the first time. Both birds were young (female two years old), and it is quite likely that we will see more young wild pairs using boxes in future years. This is because older pairs usually have well-established cavities (which they use in successive seasons) and they may not recognise the boxes as potential cavities. In contrast, the young birds probably see the boxes as a natural part of their environment and a perfectly acceptable nest site. There are now nineteen nest boxes in the Black River Gorges National Park. We are hopeful that a good number of them will be used in the next couple of years. Four hand-reared females, released in previous years, nested this year. Another two prospected cavities but they were both only one-year-old and should nest next year. Five new pairings of two-yearold females were discovered this season and it is hoped that they will nest next year. The wild echo population 21

22 Left: During releases the birds health is monitored by their weight. Attaching a perch to a spring scale the field team obtained weights accurate to about 2 grams without physically handling the birds. Right: Johnny (Photos: Diane Casimir) should therefore increase quite dramatically in coming seasons due to the number of young birds reaching breeding maturity. Hand rearing and releases Twenty-seven echo chicks passed through the hand-rearing room this season, a new record and nearing capacity of the facilities and staff. The captive birds at G.D.E.W.S. also broke a record laying seventeen fertile eggs. Unfortunately the resulting chicks were plucked by their parents and required hand-rearing. A further nine wild chicks were rescued and required hand-rearing. One other wild chick was brought to the hand-rearing room four days after it had fledged, severely weak and dehydrated. It required intensive care for a couple of weeks before being released back into the wild. The hand-rearing team made some significant advances this season with assisted hatching and oxygen therapy for ill chicks. The huge number of chicks that went through the hand-rearing room this season placed a great strain on the facilities and the staff. It is a credit to their dedication that so many chicks survived to fledge and be returned to the wild. Releases The objective this year was to release echos at three field sites - Plaine Lievre (release site for past seasons), Bel Ombre in the south of the National Park and Combo in the south-east. Previously all echos have been released at Plaine Lievre (also known as Camp) and we hoped to spread the echo population within the National Park by increasing our release sites. The first few birds were released at Plaine Lievre using new techniques, building on the experience of previous seasons. Birds were released at a younger age, were fledged and weaned in the release aviary, and the release process lasted only four days instead of two weeks as in the past. The next group of birds was to be released at Bel Ombre. However about two weeks into the programme (chicks are weaned off tube feeding in an aviary on site before the actual release process begins) three chicks developed serious yeast infections, resulting in the projects only death this season. The other two sick birds were removed to the G.D.E.W.S. where they were successfully treated and rehabilitated. The rest of the release group was temporarily quarantined at Combo. Happily, all were later released at Plaine Lievre after being cleared of any further illness. A review of the facilities at Bel Ombre has been carried out and significant modifications will be made before the coming season in order to ensure that this site can be our future focus of reintroduction. By the end of the season, twenty-one birds had been released at the Plaine Lievre field station. Radio-transmitters have been placed on a number of these birds so we can monitor their survival, activity and dispersal, study how they interact and socialise with other echos, and observe how they begin to use and feed from the forest. It is simply fantastic to be woken every morning, by young echos flying around the clearing. 22

23 Sponsors and Donors of S Loro Parque Fundación Loro Parque is the Foundation s principal sponsor and covers its most important expenditures such as salaries and administration costs. Therefore, the financial support provided by our sponsors, members and donors can be dedicated entirely to our conservation projects. Over Euros Over Euros Hotel Botanico, Bernd Wolber, EMCADISA, PANALU, Vogelfreunde Achern, Verein der Vogelfreunde Iserlohn, HARIBO, Emerencio e Hijos, La Oficina, Georg Fischer, CITA, BETACAR, Malinda Chouinard, Grupo CODORNIU, GRUMBACH, Agencia Guimerá, ROHERSA, Rotary Club Distrito 2200, MRW, Artecolor, Cash and Carry, Manuel Fraga Alba, Verein für Vogelliebhaber Kevelaer, MATUTANO, Viajes Santa Lucía, Kanarien- u. Exotenzuchtverein Forchheim 1963, Bruño, Renate Brucker, PAKARA, Carolyn Debuse & Kim Fondrk, CAVAS CATALANAS, CELGAN, Gisela Tiemann. Donations since January 2000 Up to Euros We want to thank all our sponsors and donors 23

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