Candidate butterflies 11/13/08 Nathaniel B. Hawley, USFWS, Saipan, MP Antonio Castro, Division Fish and Wildlife, CNMI, Tinian, MP

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1 Candidate butterflies 11/13/08 Nathaniel B. Hawley, USFWS, Saipan, MP Antonio Castro, Division Fish and Wildlife, CNMI, Tinian, MP Introduction A survey was conducted on the island of Tinian, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) from June October, 2008 to determine the presence or absence of two butterfly species, Vagrans egistina and Hypolimnas octocula mariannensis (Family Nymphalidae). Currently, V. egistina and H. octocula mariannensis are listed as candidates for listing under the Endangered Species Act. Both butterfly species are considered rare and were only recorded on the islands of Saipan, Rota and Guam (Schreiner and Nafus 1996). V. egistina was last collected on Guam in the late 1970s and on Rota in the1980s and H. octocula mariannensis is historically known from Guam and Saipan and after an intensive survey for this species in 1995, investigators found only 10 populations on the island of Guam and none on the island of Saipan (Schreiner and Nafus 1996). Based on a literature review, very few entomological studies have been conducted on the island of Tinian. The most comprehensive report found was delivered to the United States Navy (Contract N C-0141) from Hawaiian Agronomics (International), Inc. in December, Hawaiian Agronomics spent a total of seventeen days from November 1984 to November 1985 collecting insects (including Lepidoptera) utilizing various methods of collection and accounting for temporal differences. However, they did not collect Vagrans egistina or Hypolimnas octocula mariannensis during their survey. This was not surprising as both species have not been recorded on the island of Tinian, CNMI. However, it is possible, due to the close proximity of the islands in the Marianas archipelago and with episodic weather events, such as typhoons, that Vagrans egistina or H. octocula mariannensis may have been distributed to islands outside of their known ranges in the past. It is also possible that if the islands outside of their known ranges also supported their host plants that V. egistina or H. octocula mariannensis may also be found on those islands though they have not been previously recorded there. The recorded host plant for V. egistina is Maytenus thompsonii (Family Celastraceae), a small tree/shrub endemic to the Marianas and found primarily in the understory of native limestone forests (Vogt and Williams 2004, Schreiner and Nafus 1996). The recorded host plants for the H. octocula mariannensis are Procris pedunculata and Elatostema calcareum, both forest herbs (Family Urticaceae) found growing on limestone outcrops in native limestone forest (Schreiner and Nafus 1996). Methodology The primary objective of this survey was to determine the presence or absence of both Candidate species Vagrans egistina and Hypolimnas octocula mariannensis by locating host plant sites for each species and monitoring sites for life cycle stages. Since a large

2 group of biologists were involved in surveying the flora and fauna on the island of Tinian, CNMI from June to August, 2008 an information guide (Attachment 1) was produced and distributed to each biologist. The guide provided photographs of both butterflies and their host plants as well as descriptions of the caterpillars. The goal of guide was help identify host plants and V. egistina and H. octocula mariannensis in the field in order to collect GPS points of their locations for additional monitoring. Four host plant sites (identified by GPS points) were identified by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Department of Defense biologists from June to August, Two host plant sites were located on Department of Defense leased land (Japanese Cave and Chiget Cliff) and two (Carolinas Nature Trail and Sisonyan Makpo) on CNMI Public Lands (Attachment 2). A host plant area is an area with host plants for either Vagrans egistina or Hypolimnas octocula mariannensis within a 25 meter perimeter. For the purpose of this survey, only visual search hours were recorded while the observer was in a host plant area. Each identified host plant site was visually scanned for life cycle stages (eggs, caterpillar, chrysalis, and imagoes/adults) by one or two observers for up to two weeks at various time of the day. As time permitted a further scan of the area was conducted of up 1500 meters to determine if additional host plant sites had gone undetected. Due to time constraints, this survey was unable to account for seasonal variation. The bulk of the survey occurred during the months of September and October which are considered part of the rainy season. Therefore, limited sampling was done during the dry season. However, Schreiner and Nafus (pers. comm., 2008) observed both species to be more numerous during the rainy season although adults were observed year round. Comment [A1]: Do you want to include any searches of the plants by Mike, Cory, and Stephan in August? Two butterfly bait traps (lip type obtained from BioQuip.com) were set at each host plant site for up to two weeks. The butterfly bait traps were re-baited every three days with locally obtained mashed, rotting bananas, a liberal dose of raw cane sugar, and a dash of water. The bait was prepared on the afternoon prior to the morning of use and typically became well fermented prior to being placed in the field. The traps were positioned within 5 meters of a host plant cluster and at approximately 3-4 meters above the ground. Results A total of four host plant areas were identified and monitored from 9/10/08 till 10/21/08. A description of the search effort at each site is outlined below. Carolinas Nature Trail (CNT) Area Two sites, greater than 50 meters apart, were monitored at the Carolinas Nature Trail Area (UTM 55 P ). A total of 13 days were spent conducting visual searches (1,574minutes) with 624 hours spent trapping with 2 traps (Table 1). Common melon flies (Bactrocera sp.) were observed during thirteen of the fifteen times the traps were checked and were only recorded at one of the other monitoring areas, Chiget Cliff. However, no Vagrans egistina or Hypolimnas octocula mariannensis were recorded at

3 this site. This area is not in the Military Lease Area and supported the single largest cluster of Elatostema calcareum found during this survey. Japanese Cave (JC) Mount Lasu Area The Japanese Cave Mount Lasu area (UTMs 55 P and 55 P ) is located in the Military Lease Area and consisted of several small clusters of host plants (Maytenus thompsonii and Elatostema calcareum). The two fruit baited traps were stationed at the two largest clusters (UTM site-1 = 55 P and site- 2 = 55 P ). At Japanese Cave site-2, 2 caterpillars and 4 chrysalises of Hypolimnas bolina were found feeding/pupating on E. calcareum, the chrysalises were reared in the lab for confirmation. Additional smaller clusters were visited several times over the 15 monitoring period with 1765 visual search minutes recorded and the two traps produced 696 total traps hours (Table 1). According to a Garmin GPS 205 Edge (Garmin International, Inc., Olathe, KS), over 8 kilometers of cliff line in the Mount Lasu area was surveyed for additional host plant sites during this period. Several small pockets consisting of 1-5 E. calcareum individuals were identified and scanned for life cycle stages of the candidate species, but none were found. Three Melanitis leda (Family Satyridae) and one H. bolina (Family Nymphalidae) were found feeding in the traps at Japanese Cave site-2. In addition, large congregations of mating H. bolina and Hypolimnas anomala were observed, which supports Kemp s (2000) finding that the reproductive activity increases in H. bolina during months of higher rainfall and humidity levels. Chiget Cliff (CC) -Laderan Chiget Area Only one stand of Elatostema calcareum was identified and monitored at the Chiget Cliff site (UTM 55 P ) after an extensive search (4 km) of the area. The site had approximately 175 individual Elatostema calcareum stems that were scanned for life cycle stages. Approximately 960 minutes were spent monitoring this site during the 12 day period, with 408 total trap hours (Table 1). No Vagrans egistina or Hypolimnas octocula mariannensis were recorded at this site. However, three Gehyra oceanica (Oceanic Gecko) were observed in the traps gorging themselves on melon flies (Bactrocera sp.). This site is entirely in the Military Lease Area. Sisonyan Makpo (SM) Area The Sisonyan Makpo site (UTM 55 P ) was surveyed for 6 days with 505 visual search minutes and 120 total trap hours (Table 1). No Vagrans egistina or Hypolimnas octocula mariannensis were recorded at this site. This site is not in the Military Lease Area and was only surveyed as time permitted. Discussion The primary objective of this survey was to determine the presence or absence of candidate species, Vagrans egistina and Hypolimnas octocula. mariannensis After 4806 documented minutes (approx. 80 hours) of visual searching and 1848 documented trap hours (approx. 77 days) during the months of September and October, 2008 no life cycle stage of either species was collected. This finding was not entirely surprising as neither

4 V. egistina or H. octocula mariannensis were previously collected or observed on Tinian despite the fairly comprehensive surveys conducted by Hawaiian Agronomics Inc. from The bulk of the survey was represented by only two months of the rainy season, September and October, Several biologists however were actively investigating areas for host plant sites and individuals for at least 2 months prior to the survey, July and August, Even though the survey did not account for seasonal variation, it can be concluded that some life cycle stage of either species (Vagrans egistina and Hypolimnas octocula mariannensis) should have been collected after this level of effort. Tinian is not known to be part of either species historical range. However, the likelihood of introduced pests arriving to Tinian due to an increase in sea and air transports is a concern for a suite of native butterfly species. Additionally, any reduction of host plant sites for Vagrans egistina and Hypolimnas octocula mariannensis should be a conservation concern if translocation is considered as part of any future recovery or enhancement plans. Table 1. Level of effort: Visual and trap hours at four host plant sites, Tinian, CNMI. Site codes are CNT- Carolinas Nature Trail, JC Japanese Cave, SM Sisonyan Makpo, and CC Chiget Cliff. Weather codes are CC Cloud Cover, W Wind, and R Rain. Site Date Observation Time (minutes) Staff # of Traps Trap Hours Weather Notes CNT Site Set Up 9/10/ na CNT 9/11/ CNT 9/12/ CNT 9/13/ CNT 9/14/ CNT 9/16/ CNT 9/17/ CNT 9/18/ CNT 9/20/ CNT 9/21/ CNT 9/22/ CC:40% W:1-2 CC:90% W:1 CC:90% W:1-2 CC:95% W:2-3 CC:90 W:1-2 CC:80% W:1-2 CC:70% W:2-3 CC:70% W:2-3 CC:65% W:1-2 CC:65% W:1-2

5 CNT 9/23/ CNT 9/24/ CNT 9/25/ CNT Total 13 days CC:65% W:1-2 CC:65% W:1 CC:65% W:1 JC Site Set Up 9/25/ JC 9/26/ Set up traps host plant visual CC:65% W:1 JC 9/27/ CC:45% W:1 JC 9/28/ CC:70% W:1 JC 9/29/ CC:75% W:1-2 JC 9/30/ CC:80 W:2-3 JC 9/31/ CC:70% W:1 JC 10/1/ CC:75% W:1-2 JC 10/2/ CC:65% W:1 JC 10/3/ NA JC 10/4/ NA JC 10/5/ CC:35% W:2 JC 10/6/ CC: 50 W:1-2 JC 10/7/ CC:40 W:1 JC 10/8/ JC 10/9/ JC Total SM Site Set Up 15 Days CC: 65% W:1-2 CC:40% W:1 10/9/ NA SM 10/10/ SM 10/11/ SM 10/12/ SM 10/13/ CC:35% W:1 CC:35% W:1 CC:40% W:0 CC:65% W:1

6 SM 10/15/ SM Total 6 days CC Site Set Up 10/10/ CC 10/11/ CC 10/12/ CC 10/13/ CC 10/14/ CC 10/15/ CC 10/16/ CC 10/17/ CC 10/18/ CC 10/19/ CC 10/20/ CC 10/21/ CC Total 12 days CC:30% W:1 CC:40% W:1 CC:30% W:1 CC:35% W:2 CC:50% W:1 CC:40% W:1 CC:65% W:1-2 CC:95% W:2-3 CC:70% W:1-2 CC:40% W:1 CC:40% W:1 CC:30% W:1 CC:40% W:1-2 Literature Cited Bourquin, O Invertebrate Collections Northern Marianas Islands Status CREES Program Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas College, Saipan. unpublished report. Comment [A2]: Not cited Hawaiian Agronomics (International), Inc Final Report for Flora and Fauna Survey of Tinian, Northern Mariana Islands (U.S. Navy Contract N C- 0141) Volume I of II. Honolulu, HI. Schreiner, I.H. and D.M. Nafus Survey of rare butterflies in the Mariana Islands. Preliminary report. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service unpublished report. 10 pp.

7 Schreiner I.H. and D.M. Nafus Butterflies of Micronesia. Agricultural experiment station college of agriculture and life sciences. University of Guam. Mangilao, Guam. 30pp. Comment [A3]: Not cited United States Fish and Wildlife Service Region 1. March Species Assessment and Listing Priorirty Assignment Form Hypolimnas octocula mariannensis. Unpublished report. United States Fish and Wildlife Service Region 1. March Species Assessment and Listing Priorirty Assignment Form Vagrans egistina. Unpublished report. March Vogt, S.R. and L.L. Williams Common Flora and Fauna of the Mariana Islands. WinGuide Publishers, Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands. 158pp. Personal Communications Schreiner, I.H., Oct. 3, 2008 note via communication.

8 Figure 1. Butterfly Information Guide Looking for these rare butterflies!!!! Or their Host Plants!!!! On Tinian and Goat Island. Please record GPS data, collect specimens and report findings to Nate Hawley at or at Ton Castro Tinian DFW BTS may also be contacted for assistance. [ inches ] Known distribution-guam, Saipan. Presumed to occur on Rota, possibly Tinian and Northern Islands. Host plants Procis pedunculata and Elatostema calcareum. Caterpillars are black with red spikes and black heads. This is a small butterfly with a two inch wing span that prefers native forest areas and forest clearings Known distribution-guam and Rota. Host plants Maytenus thompsoni (Chammorro Lulujut). Caterpillars are green or brown with black brached spikes, with horns on head and white line on either side of abdomen. This is a small butterfly with a two inch wing span that prefers native forest areas and forest clearings. It may be attracted to human sweat and is a rapid flyer often returning to the same spot Host Plant Elatostema pics Host Plant Maytenus pics Native Forest understory sp.

9 Figure 2. Host Plant Sites for Vagrans egistina and Hypolimnas octocula near the Carolinas Nature Trail, Tinian, CNMI.

10 Figure 3. Host Plant Sites for Vagrans egistina and Hypolimnas octocula near the Japanese Caves, Tinian, CNMI

11 Figure 4. Host Plant Sites for Vagrans egistina and Hypolimnas octocula near Sisonyan Makpo, Tinian, CNMI Sisonyan Makpo

12 Figure 5. Host Plant Sites for Vagrans egistina and Hypolimnas octocula near Chiget Cliff, Tinian, CNMI

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