Protected Species Booklet

Transcription

1 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd Andrews Farm Burnham Road Althorne Essex CM3 6DS Tel: Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

2 Contents Contents Page Number Ecological Survey Calendar 3 What is a Phase 1 Habitat 4 Features that may indicate further surveys. Reptiles 9 Bats 25 Great Crested Newts 38 Water Voles 46 Badger 52 Dormice 57 Otter 61 Birds 63 Reference 65 6 Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006 s.(40) Every public authority must, in exercising its functions, have regard, so far as is consistent with the proper exercise of those functions, to the purpose of conserving biodiversity 2 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

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4 Phase 1 Habitat Survey Phase 1 Habitat surveys/ecological assessments/ecology walkovers are carried out to identify whether protected species or habitats are present on site, or whether the habitats on site have potential to support protected species. They rarely confirm presence of protected species, and do not contain information regarding population sizes or the importance of the site to protected species. Phase 1 Habitat surveys may or may not recommend further survey for individual protected species. Where no further surveys are recommended there should be full explanation of why the author considered protected species are likely to be absent and/or unaffected. Each species / group of species e.g. Reptiles should be referred to directly. Unless a site entirely comprises of, and is entirely surrounded by, any of the following: hard standing, amenity grassland, flower beds or bare ground, then some form of ecological assessment is likely to be required. Phase 1 Habitat Survey 4 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

5 It is best practice to survey for protected species prior to the submission of a planning application. Planning permission should not be granted without consideration of the potential impacts on protected species. In order to assess the impact, up-to-date survey results ( 2years old) following best practice guidelines should be provided by the applicant. Where surveys do not follow best practice guidelines, this should be explained by the author. Details all reports should provide Names of all surveyors Professional memberships and qualifications Equipment used Method followed Date and time of all surveys conducted Type and number of relevant licences used Weather conditions Results of surveys Potential implications of the proposed development on habitats and species present Description of development 5 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

6 Protected Species to be considered if the habitats are present Grass greater than 100mm high: Consider - Reptiles Great Crested Newts Badgers. Trees: Consider - Bats Birds Ponds or water bodies: Consider - Great Crested Newts Water Voles 6 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

7 Woodland: Consider - Great Crested Newts Badgers Bats Birds Dormice Reptiles Scrub: Consider - Great Crested Newts Reptiles Badgers Birds Great Crested Newts Dormice Hedges: Consider - Birds Great Crested Newts Badgers Bats Dormice Reptiles Buildings: Consider - Bats Birds 7 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

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9 REPTILES Reptiles are cold blooded animals meaning they control their body temperatures by harnessing heat directly from the sun rather than from food. Unless they are warm, reptiles are fairly immobile and become easy prey for predators such as cats, foxes, badgers and birds. Reptiles generally bask in the morning to warm their bodies and enable them to become mobile. They may move into shaded areas during hot days to prevent overheating. Slow worms and lizards feed upon insects, slugs and snails. Grass snakes and adders generally eat small mammals, amphibians and other reptiles. All British species hibernate during the winter months in burrows, under logs or aggregate. They shed their skins at least once a year to allow them to grow and rid themselves of parasites. Adders and common lizards give birth to live young whilst all other species lay eggs. 9 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

10 Reptile habitat Species There are six native species of reptiles in England, all of which have legal protection. Two of these species - sand lizard Lacerta agilis and smooth snake Coronella austriaca - are not found in Essex. Adult common Lizard Zootoca vivipara All British reptile species are Biodiversity Action Plan Priority species, which means they have been identified as being the most threatened and requiring conservation action under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (UK BAP). Slow worm Anguis fragilis Legal status Adder Vipera berus, common lizard, grass snake Natrix natrix and slow worm are protected against intentional killing or injury under Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended). Sand lizard and smooth snake are fully protected under Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended) and Schedule 2 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010 making them European Protected Species. Common lizard and slow worm are the two most commonly encountered species in Essex. Both species like long grassland and almost any variation on this type of habitat. Slow worms are particularly associated with grassland adjoining scrub habitats e.g. bramble stands, hedges, woodland edges and allotments. Railway lines and some road verges are good examples of everything these species need - long grass for hunting, bare ground for basking, and scrub for seeking shade or shelter. Mammal holes found at the base of areas of scrub and woodland will be used for hibernation. Both species will also use piles of logs and stone to hibernate - anything which provides sufficient insulation to prevent the reptiles freezing. Slow worms and lizards are frequently found on typical brown field sites such as overgrown gardens, factories and similar derelict sites. Grass snakes may also found on these types of site in low numbers, particularly if water bodies are nearby. Adders tend to be found in large areas of grassland or heath e.g. railway lines, sea walls, road embankments and verges. 10 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

11 Initially a Phase 1 Habitat Survey or walkover will provide an assessment of habitat quality of the application site and give a general view of the likelihood of reptile presence, especially when combined with information on local recorded distribution. If it is concluded there is suitable habitat within the application site to support reptiles and therefore they could be potentially killed or injured during construction, a reptile presence/ absence survey will be required. The results of which should be submitted to the Council prior to determination of a planning application. Depending on the species searched for and the habitats present, surveys will normally be a combination of direct daytime searches and the use of artificial refuges such as corrugated iron sheets, placed in suitable warm areas, under which reptiles may hide or bask on top. Tins and felts used to survey for reptiles. Survey Effort All surveys should be undertaken by suitably experienced surveyors. Generally speaking, reptiles are most effectively surveyed in April, May and September. Surveys should not be undertaken during times of inactivity, which are typically from November to February inclusive, and occasionally during very hot, dry weather in July-August. There can be variation in these timings due to local weather patterns or species differences. Ideal conditions for survey are dry, bright conditions with a temperature of between 10 C and 20 C. Note that it does not necessarily need to be sunny, and at lower temperatures, extensive cloud cover may result in unsuitable surveying conditions. The anticipated Natural England Reptile Mitigation guidelines will expect the following survey effort for a presence/absence survey. The table below provides the minimum number of surveys required when surveying for each species during the year. Current survey effort is a minimum of 7 survey visits between April and September inclusive, in appropriate weather conditions. For example, if an application site has been assessed as having potential to support slow worms and the survey is scheduled to be undertaken in April, then a minimum of 5 surveys will be required. In contrast, if the survey was undertaken in August then at least 13 surveys will be required. Careful planning and forecasting by the applicant can minimise the cost of reptile surveys dramatically. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Slow worm NS NS NS NS Common lizard NS NS NS Sand lizard NS NS NS NS NS Grass snake NS NS NS NS Adder NS NS NS Smooth snake NS NS NS NS NS NS = No Survey due to reptiles hibernating 11 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

12 Factors increasing probability of reptile presence Rough grassland (tussocky / >150mm height) and scrub mosaic Piles of rubble or deadwood nearby which could be used to hibernate South and east facing slopes Areas of bare ground for basking bare earth, concrete, walls, logs, metal surfaces, roofing felt - adjacent rough grassland or scrub Overgrown orchards and gardens Juvenile slow worm Compost heaps Overgrown brownfield sites Ponds or streams nearby - grass snakes are strongly associated with water Good connectivity to areas of suitable off-site reptile habitat e.g. Railway lines, road embankments Male adult slow worm 12 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

13 Factors decreasing probability of reptile presence Habitat monoculture e.g. short grassland, arable field Poor grassland structure no tussocks, no litter layer r Historical land use e.g. former short grassland only recently been allowed to grow >150mm Poor habitat connectivity / site isolation Heavily shaded site Manicured, tidy gardens Adult adder - distinctive zig-zag pattern along back Juvenile common lizards 13 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

14 Suitable Reptile Habitat Tussocky grass is excellent habitat for reptiles - particularly where associated with adjacent scrub. This is well established habitat which reptiles may have been able to colonise - they could have colonised from adjacent residential gardens or be remnants of a larger population. Tussocky grassland with scattered stands of nettles or similar vegetation. This is clearly established grassland which reptiles may have had time to colonise. Large expanse of long grassy meadow which may be suitable for slow worm, lizard, grass snake and / or adder. Adjacent habitats may provide opportunities for hibernation, and may provide connectivity to further areas of suitable reptile habitat. 14 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

15 Suitable Reptile Habitat Aggregate or rubbish piles can provide good hibernation habitat for reptiles. This pile is surrounded by long grassland which is suitable for reptiles. A mosaic of long grassland and short, mown / grazed grassland is valuable for alternate basking and hunting. This field also has suitable habitat for hibernation (also see below). 15 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

16 Suitable Reptile Habitat Overgrown gardens are often used by reptiles which may have originally been surviving at the bottom or edges of gardens. Tussocky grassland surrounded by trees which may cast some shade, however the open central section provides a potential area for reptiles to bask. Tussocky grassland beneath an open woody area. The suitability of this habitat for reptiles is greatly reduced by the shade cast by the trees. However, the sparse nature of the trees results in sunlight reaching some areas which could be used by reptiles to bask. 16 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

17 Suitable Reptile Habitat Moderately long grassland mixed with stands of nettles, willowherb etc (ruderal vegetation) is also suitable for reptiles. However there must be some areas of lower vegetation amongst the ruderals otherwise reptiles would find it difficult to bask and warm up prior to hunting. The arable field is not suitable for reptiles. However, the thick grassy margin may be used by reptiles, particularly as it backs on to residential gardens. This is an instance where a destructive search to push what is likely to be a small number of reptiles back into the adjacent gardens may be acceptable. An excellent example of reptile habitat - within close proximity there is tussocky grass for hunting, bare ground for basking, and scrub for shelter or hibernation. 17 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

18 Unsuitable Reptile Habitat Very tall, dense and continuous vegetation growth greatly reduces the suitability for reptiles as there are no opportunities for basking. If there are areas of short vegetation or bare ground around the edges of the site then there is some potential for reptiles. Arable field and recent, lush green growth along the field margins. Indicates that the field margins are regularly cut and therefore may not be suitable to support reptiles. Area of nettles in the centre of an area of shaded habitat beneath trees. Not suitable for reptiles. If the nettles were in full sunshine with graduating / short edges, they may be suitable for reptiles. 18 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

19 Unsuitable Reptile Habitat Short grassland adjacent to a railway line. The short grassland is not suitable for reptiles - even if any did use it to bask they would soon move away if disturbed and so works on site are unlikely to result in death or injury to a reptile. Former amenity grassland which has been allowed to grow longer, but is not yet sufficiently long to support reptiles. An area such as this would also need at least a year or two for any reptiles from adjacent sites to colonise the new grassland. Whilst not considered obviously ideal for reptiles, the adjacent site would need an experienced ecologist to assess the potential, taking into account local records and adjacent habitats. The site could be considered borderline. 19 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

20 Unsuitable Reptile Habitat Very open habitat with sparse vegetation growth does not provide shelter or hunting habitat. Very lush green growth around 150mm in height suggests that this grassland was previously less than 150mm in height and is unlikely to have supported reptiles in the recent past. The grass is not currently long enough to encourage reptiles to colonise the site. A mix of grass, ruderals (nettles etc) and scrub beneath a group of trees. Unlikely to be used by reptiles as a stand alone habitat. However, if these trees were located in the centre of a large meadow there is a small chance that this area would be used by reptiles in periods of hot weather. 20 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

21 Unsuitable Reptile Habitat Bare ground surrounded by groups of mature trees and no grassy margins. Pile of spoil. Not suitable for hibernating reptiles in this case due to the fine and compacted nature of the spoil - there are no gaps or crevices for reptiles to access the centre of the pile where they are protected from frost and predators. Amenity grassland. No opportunity for shelter or hunting. 21 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

22 If reptiles are found on site, the Local Authority should request a detailed reptile mitigation strategy from the applicant prior to granting planning permission. Reptiles should not normally be removed from development sites before the planning decision is made. The mitigation strategy may involve the following approaches (listed in order of decreasing desirability): Keeping the reptiles on site, i.e. changing the layout so that areas used by reptiles are not developed. Moving reptiles to areas within the site which are to be retained, enhanced and managed for conservation purposes, whilst developing remaining areas. Moving (translocating) reptiles away from the development site to another specially prepared area. The time and effort needed for a successful mitigation exercise should not be underestimated, and can take a number of years for large reptile populations. NOTE: Only reptiles themselves are protected, not their habitat. As long as mitigation measures ensure reptiles are not killed or injured during works, legal obligations under the Wildlife and Countryside Act have been fulfilled. However, there are duties under planning policy e.g PPS9 to ensure that local populations of reptiles are not adversely affected, and their long term survival must be ensured. Reptile Mitigation Reptile exclusion fencing installed to prevent translocated reptiles from moving back into the area to be developed. Receptor sites need to: Provide varied habitat for shelter, foraging, breeding and hibernation. Secured in the long-term from development Have a very low or absent population of reptiles Be managed sympathetically for reptiles Have written permission of the landowner Be enhanced by the mitigation proposals e.g. By habitat creation or management. The exact location of receptor sites may not always be finalised at the pre-planning stage. However all details should be presented to the local planning authority prior to commencement of works on site to ensure that the reptiles present on site are adequately mitigated for. NB. REPTILE MITIGATION WORKS MUST ONLY TAKE PLACE DURING THE ACTIVE SEASON - April to September inclusive, with possibly one month either side if weather conditions are suitable. 22 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

23 Destructive searches For small numbers of reptiles, or where areas of habitat are very small and are likely to support only occasional individuals, a destructive search of the site may be acceptable. If supervised destructive searches are proposed in order to clear reptiles from the site, consider: Whether there is suitable adjacent habitat for reptiles to move into Whether the adjacent suitable habitats are large enough to support the displaced population Whether management of these offsite adjacent habitats will ensure long term survival of the displaced reptiles. Destructive searches may also be carried out following a trapping and translocation programme, to catch the last few reptiles which may remain on site. Until the new Reptile Mitigation Guidelines are issued, recommended trapping and translocation periods can be found in: Herpetofauna Groups of Britain and Ireland (1998) Evaluating local mitigation/translocation programmes: Maintaining Best Practice and lawful standards. HGBI advisory notes for Amphibian and Reptile Groups (ARGs). HGBI, c/o Froglife, Halesworth. Unpubl. The photos below show a timeline of clearance of reptile habitat using destructive search methods. The vegetation is cut in stages to ground level and then cleared. All in warm, bright weather conditions 23 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

24 The flow chart below can be used to as guidance on how to assess a reptile survey and mitigation strategy. The purpose of the chart is to assess whether the recommendations made in a Phase 1 Habitat report are likely to be justified and also whether the mitigation proposals are suitable. Yes Is the application site within or close to a SSSI of Local Wildlife Site designated for reptiles? Accept findings of the report. Consult Natural England on the potential implications for designated sites. Further survey effort is required in accordance with good practice guidelines. Request additional information from applicant. If not provided, then the application should be refused. No No Does the report highlight that their are suitable features on site for reptile presence, such as grassland habitat, heathland, bare ground, previously developed brownfield land? See previous page for examples of suitable habitat. Yes Has a detailed reptile survey been carried out in accordance with Natural England guidelines? i.e. correct number of surveys at a suitable time of year etc. See table for NE reptile survey guidelines. Yes No Consider requesting biodiversity enhancements in accordance with PPPS9. No Have reptiles been found on the application site/in the study area and will they and/or their habitat be impacted? Is mitigation proposed that will: Ensure no net loss of habitat Maintain habitat links Secure long-term management of the site for benefit of reptiles Includes sufficient capture and translocation effort No Yes Yes Further details of the mitigation proposed are required. Request more For developments affecting adders, detail from applicant. If not common lizards, grass snakes and provided then the slow worms permission may be application should be granted requiring a detailed refused. mitigation and monitoring strategy to 24 be submitted and approved. Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

25 BATS Bats are mammals and like all mammals they are warm blooded and give birth to live young; however, bats are the only mammals that can fly. All bat species hibernate during the winter to conserve energy in the colder months when insects are scarce and emerge when the weather becomes warmer. They will forage for food most nights when active and can consume up to 3,000 insects in one evening, feeding on midges, moths and beetles. The smallest British bat is the pipistrelle weighing between 4-7g, with a wing span of 18-25cm, whilst the largest is the noctule which can weigh up to 40g with a wingspan of between 33-45cm. The average lifespan of British bat species is thought to be between 4 5 years; the maximum recorded age of a common pipistrelle in captivity was 16 years! 25 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

26 In Britain, all bat species and their roosts are legally protected by domestic legislation. It is a criminal offence to: Deliberately capture, injure or kill a bat; Intentionally or recklessly disturb a bat in its roost or deliberately disturb a group of bats; Damage or destroy a bat roosting place (even if bats are not occupying the roost at the time); Possess or advertise/sell/exchange a bat (dead or alive) or any part of a bat; Intentionally or recklessly obstruct access to a bat roost All British bat species and their roost are protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act (1981) (as amended) and by the Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations (2010). British Bat Species There are 18 species of bats living in the UK (17 of which are known to breed here). Some of the UK bat species are very rare, whilst others are relatively common and widespread throughout the UK. Species Name Distribution Status Common pipistrelle Widespread Common Soprano pipistrelle Widespread Common Nathusius pipistrelle Restricted Rare Noctule Widespread Frequent Daubenton s Widespread Common Greater Horseshoe Restricted Rare Lesser Horseshoe Restricted Rare Brandt s Widespread Scarce Whiskered Widespread Scarce Natterer s Widespread Frequent Bechstein s Restricted Rare Serotine Restricted Frequent Leisler s Widespread Rare Barbastelle Widespread Rare Brown long-eared Widespread Common Grey long-eared Restricted Rare Alcathoe Restricted Rare 26 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

27 A Phase 1 Habitat Survey or walkover combined with a local records search should identify the possible effects of the development on bats and set the future survey objectives. Any further bat survey should be undertaken at a suitable time of year and the results gathered prior to determination of an application. Throughout the year, a bat s behaviour and location can change dramatically, predominantly due to the weather. Therefore, it is vital that any bat survey is undertaken at the correct time of year and during suitable weather conditions. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Emergence and activity survey Winter hibernation survey Inspection of buildings for roosts Out of season building inspections These can be used to confirm recent presence of bats (e.g. from droppings or feeding remains), but can rarely be used to confirm absence unless the author has thoroughly explained why the building is not suitable for bats. If concluding absence, it must be clear that there are no potential roosting areas which could not be inspected, and bats are therefore not using areas of the building which were simply inaccessible during the building survey. Bat Surveying Surveyor qualifications You do not need a bat licence to carry out bat surveys using bat detectors or when initially inspecting a building / tree. If bats are confirmed to be present, unlicensed surveyors must withdraw from the roost and surveying can continue from outside the building or tree. However, a survey carried out by a licensed surveyor is much more credible. Surveyors should provide a summary of their experience of surveying bats. Emergence and activity survey Moderate to high potential 3 surveys during May September. At least one of the surveys should comprise dusk and dawn within one 24 hr period. Low potential 2/3 surveys during May September. An initial ecological assessment will determine whether the buildings are of low / moderate / high for bats. Any categorisation should be fully explained by the author. Best practice is to space the surveys evenly throughout the season. A dusk survey should commence ¼ to ½hour before sunset to 2 hours after sunset. A dawn survey should commence2 1½hours before sunrise to sunrise. 27 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

28 The following advice is based upon Natural England s Technical Information Note TIN051. Siting of wind turbines should aim to maintain a minimum 50m (high AND wide) buffer around any feature into which no part of the turbine intrudes. Natural England s advice is that in many cases, if the turbine and its blade tips are at least 50m from any habitat features or structures used to roost, then there will be a very low risk of impact with bats. Where high or medium risk species are present (e.g. noctules or pipistrelles) then a different (but unspecified) approach should be taken. In practice this is likely to mean carrying out surveys to determine whether high risk species are present in the local area, and whether they are likely to be using habitat close to the proposed wind turbine locations. Bats and Wind Turbines Any surveys undertaken as part of a planning application for wind turbines should provide the following information: Whether the site is considered to be low risk or high risk in accordance with Natural England s TIN051 advice Results of desk top data searches Whether the site is used by bats, at any time of year The level of bat activity across and within the site The location of any roosts on site Where important flight paths are located Survey effort should be spread across April to October inclusive Survey design should follow the most up to date guidelines provided by the Bat Conservation Trust 28 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

29 The type of roost preferred by bats varies across species and throughout the year. In summer bats generally require warm, dry, dark roosting areas. In winter bats need cool, damp roosts with relatively constant temperatures and humidity. Many species roost in buildings (old and new), with key roost features being behind hanging tiles, beneath ridge tiles, in soffit boxes, behind barge boarding, between tiles and underlining, tenon and mortise joints of old barns, or in open roof spaces. Some species prefer hollow trees or caves. Roosting sites may be temporary and used by a single individual, or used regularly for a prolonged period by many bats. Bat Roosts Types of roost: Maternity Hibernation Spring swarming Autumn swarming Mating Transitory The age of building does not necessarily determine its bat roosting potential. If new boards or tiles have become loose or warped, and a bat can find access, roosting is possible. Bats have been known to roost in crevices 5mm wide. 29 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

30 Factors increasing probability of use of site by bats Undisturbed Large, unobstructed flying space in roof Large timbers with cracks and crevices Gaps in roof covering, easy flying access Hanging tiles, weather boarding Pre year 2000 construction Bat droppings - look like mice or rat droppings (depending upon the bat species) but will crumble when rubbed against a hard surface Staining from fur oils around a well-used roost entrance Close to woodland or mature trees / hedges Roof / roost feature warmed by the sun Large trees with complex growth forms, cavities, splits or tears, loose bark, ivy Underground features - icehouses, mines, air raid shelters, cellars Nearby (within approximately 400m) water features e.g. lakes, rivers, canals, streams 30 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

31 Factors decreasing probability of use of site by bats Urbanised area with few feeding places / trees Highly disturbed Modern construction with few gaps / access points Metal girder and sheeting construction (which are generally subject to extreme changes in temperature) Tight timbers with no gaps or crevices Active industrial buildings Roof fully shaded from sun (which may not be warm enough for a summer roost, but not consistently cool enough to be a hibernation roost) Roof very open and draughty Young trees with no damage, cavities or loose bark Feeding remnants found below a feeding perch or roost. SUMMARY There are no hard and fast rules on what sort of building may be used by bats. To summarise, if a building does not provide any cracks of crevices which can either be used by roosting bats, or which provides access into a cavity which can be used by roosting bats, then it is unlikely that bats are present. Bats have been known to fit in gaps 5mm wide, but as a general rule if you can fit your little finger into a gap then a bat can fit through. Urine staining around beam joins indicating roosting bats 31 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

32 Bat Roost Features Small gaps under boards can be utilised by roosting bats. Soffit boxes and barge boards can provide ideal roosting opportunities. Old barns, in particular old timber framed Essex barns, have high potential for roosting bats. Cracks and crevices in mature trees provide ideal roosting locations. 32 Splits in tree trunks and branches provide Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd Loose fitting roof tiles give access into roof voids and under roofing access for bats into roosting spaces. felt. A very common place for several species to roost.

33 Bat Roost Features Gap where ceiling of porch meets brick wall above door frame Wooden ridge beam and gap between top of ridge beam and underside of ridge tiles Gap around eaves, where brick wall meets roof. Provides access into roof Gap around eaves on gable end of building, where roof meets top of brick wall. Provides access into roof Gap where vertical wall beams meet wall plate 33 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd Hanging tiles on dormer window, allowing access into wall cavity behind. Gaps also providing access beneath flat roof

34 Whether assessing the results of a building inspection, or of an emergence survey, it is important to consider whether the author has made a convincing case based on survey data to back up the conclusions that the report has drawn. If there are trees or buildings on site which could be used by bats, these should be referred to. The report should describe the tree / building, and explain in full whether the feature(s) are suitable for bats or not. If carrying out dusk / dawn surveys, the author should have gathered sufficient data to provide the following information: Species of bat present How the bats are using the site e.g. to forage or roost The status of the roost e.g. maternity, hibernation, mating, feeding, transitory, swarming Details of suitable mitigation features - these should be compared against Natural England s guidelines on the following page The status (rare, common) of bat species are listed on the page British Bat Species Interpretation of Results If bats are present and the report does not provide enough information for you to be able to assess the proposed mitigation against Natural England s mitigation guidelines, you should ask the ecological consultant for clarification of how the proposed mitigation meets the mitigation guidelines. The report should demonstrate that the proposed mitigation will result in retention of bat populations on site i.e. how it would ensure maintenance of bat populations at favourable conservation status. Surveying trees Trees are difficult to survey for bats, because during any one year bats may use a tree roost for one week only. The chances of carrying out bat surveys during this particular week and identifying the roost are quite low. For this reason, it is also difficult to conclude absence of bats from a tree, and supervised, sectioned felling of trees following surveys is often necessary as a precaution. NOTE: this does not mean that surveys can be avoided, and should be carried out where there is moderate to high potential of bats using a tree. Surveying habitat features e.g hedges / wood edges Some features may be important to the local bat population for foraging and / or commuting between roosts and foraging areas. The current survey guidelines for transect surveys are the same as for buildings, but surveys should last around an hour longer and the number of surveyors should reflect the size of site. Ideally the surveys should be spread evenly throughout the survey season. 34 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

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36 Decreasing order of preference The potential impacts of a development should be considered at the outset, so that, where possible, plans can be modified early on to avoid an adverse impact upon bats. This could entail the use of alternative sites, or the repositioning of structures to avoid impacts. At least one of the following options should be sought: Avoidance of impact; no negative impact on bat populations or existing roosts and hence bat populations On-site mitigation; compensation by the improvement of existing roosts or the provision of new roost opportunities within the site or building Off-site compensation; where on-site mitigation is not possible, the creation of new roosts of an appropriate type in an appropriate nearby location. Natural England s Bat Mitigation Guidelines (2001) provide a basic overview of the extent of mitigation required in relation to the number and species of bats recorded. Licensing Prior to carrying out works which may affect bats, all developments affecting bats need a licence from Natural England, and in most cases planning permission will be required before the licence application is made. Bat Mitigation If planning permission is granted for proposals that Natural England considers does not satisfy the licensing requirements, the license application may be refused and the development cannot proceed. It is for the developer to ensure that the mitigation scheme is going to be accepted by Natural England, but by comparing the mitigation proposals against the table on the previous page, LA s can assess whether mitigation is likely to meet Natural England s requirements. The adjacent flow chart may also be of use when assessing reports. A licence permits an action that is otherwise unlawful e.g. disturbance of bats, destruction of roost (even when bats are absent). It is recommended that a licence is applied for if, on the basis of survey information and specialist knowledge, it is considered that: The site in question is demonstrably a breeding site or resting place for bats The proposed activity is reasonably likely to result in an offence. 36 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

37 No No further survey required Does the application site contain any buildings, trees or structure or potential ecological value such as bridges etc? Yes Request further details on ecological value of the application site. Has a Phase 1 Habitat survey or walkover inspection been undertaken? No Yes Has the site been identified by a suitably experienced ecologist as having potential to support roosting bats? No Works should proceed with caution and vigilance for unexpected bats. Yes Has an appropriate and proportionate bat survey been undertaken by a suitably experienced ecologist at a suitable time of year? No Request results of an appropriate bat survey before validating planning permission. Yes Are bats present? No Works should proceed with caution and vigilance for unexpected bats. Yes Is mitigation proposed that will: Ensure no net loss of habitat Maintain habitat links Secure long-term management of the site for benefit of bats No Further details of the mitigation proposed are required. Request more detail from applicant. If not provided then the application should be refused. Yes Permission may be granted subject to appropriate conditions including a detailed mitigation and monitoring strategy. Yes Would the proposal be licensable? No Application should be refused as it does not comply with relevant legislation 37 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

38 GREAT CRESTED NEWTS There are 6 species of native amphibian in England: Common frog Rana temporaria Palmate newt Triturus helveticus Common toad Bufo bufo Natterjack toad Bufo calamito Smooth newt Triturus vulgaris Great crested newt Triturus cristatus The great crested newt (GCN) is the only amphibian found in Essex that is protected. Great crested newts are ectotherms meaning they rely on external heat sources to raise their body temperature to a level that allows activity. For their size, GCN are relatively long-lived and can live for over 15 years. They have a high mortality during the egg and larval stage with 50% of all eggs not hatching due to a chromosome abnormality. 38 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

39 Legislation: Great crested newts are a European protected species. They are protected under The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010 and the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended). Under this legislation, it is illegal to: Intentionally kill, injure, or capture great crested newts or their young; this includes the eggs of great crested newts Intentionally or recklessly damage, destroy or obstruct access to areas used by great crested newts for shelter or protection Intentionally or recklessly disturb great crested newts while they are occupying a habitat, structure or place which is used for that purpose. The great crested newt is a priority species under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP). The species action plan aims to maintain and enhance current populations with a target of the restoration of populations to at Great Crested Newt Habitat Habitat Great crested newts only breed in water bodies, and spend most of the year outside the pond in long grass or rough vegetation up to 500 metres from their breeding pond. However, recent studies by Natural England in associated with Cresswell Associates (English Nature Research Report no. 576, 2004) has found that trapping and translocation is generally only appropriate up to 250m from a breeding pond. On land, newts use very similar habitat to reptiles for foraging, shelter and hibernation, but do not require areas of short vegetation or bare ground for basking. Woodland is a valuable habitat for newts. GCN will breed in a variety of water bodies from small garden ponds to farm field type ponds, stagnant ditches and even temporary puddles. The Habitat Suitability Index (Oldham et al. 2000) considers all the features which are valued by newts e.g. size of pond, extent of shading, abundance of aquatic plants, presence of fish, quality of surrounding habitat. It should be used by surveyors to demonstrate whether a pond is suitable for great crested newts and requires detailed survey. 39 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

40 Suitable Terrestrial Habitat Similar habitat requirements to reptiles - all types of tussocky grassland and scrub provide good habitat for newts, however the grassland can be slightly shorter and less tussocky at around 100mm. All types of long, overgrown vegetation is suitable for newts - including dense stands of nettles (or similar), shady dense scrub and woodland. In contrast to reptiles, amenity grassland and sparse vegetation may be used by commuting newts and as low to very low quality foraging habitat. 40 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

41 Suitable Aquatic Habitat Large to medium sized ponds (approximately 500m 2 ) are best for newts, as well as ponds with the following features: An abundance of aquatic plants A large number of ponds in the surrounding area Absence of fish Absence, or very small numbers of, ducks Minimum amount of shading of pond banks Good water quality with an abundance of aquatic invertebrates Rarely drying out (occasional drying helps to rid ponds of any fish populations) NOTE: a pond does not have to meet all of these criteria to support newts, and the number of criteria met are used in the Habitat Suitability Index calculation to determine the Open ponds with abundant aquatic vegetation for egg laying. Open pond with good surrounding terrestrial habitat, but with little apparent aquatic vegetation Densely shaded pond with low water levels and no aquatic vegetation. Appears to be of poor quality for great crested newts, however if newts were present in the local area they may still use this pond as it does not contain fish (newt predator) and is surrounded by high 41 quality terrestrial habitat. Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

42 Factors increasing probability of GCN presence Pond containing submerged and floating aquatic vegetation (not lilies) Open pond margins Common newt egg A number of ponds within c.100m of each other Pond with good abundance of invertebrates Good connection to woodland and hedges, with undergrowth and litter layer Rough grassland and pasture Great crested newt egg Rubble or deadwood piles Past records from local area Above picture: Male, crest is flat when on land. White flash on tail and a warty texture to the skin. Some white spotting can be seen. 42 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

43 Factors decreasing probability of GCN presence Pond containing fish, with little aquatic vegetation Pond used by a large number of ducks Pond dries out annually Pond extensively shaded or contaminated Poor surrounding habitat hard standing, short amenity grassland, manicured gardens, driveways SURVEY WINDOW: Mid- March to mid-june There are no other survey windows which provide a reliable assessment of newt presence / absence. 50% of surveys muct be undertaken during mid-april to mid-may. Centre picture: Female GCN, with no crest and an orange base to tail. Smooth newt, not protected. 43 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

44 Surveying As part of an initial walkover or Phase 1 Habitat survey, any water body on site or within a 500m radius of the site should be identified, this can be done using Google Earth, Promap etc. There may be circumstances when this distance is reduced due to barriers such as motorways or fast flowing rivers. If any water bodies are found within 500m of the site, across suitable habitat, then an assessment of each water body should be made to determine their potential to support a breeding population of GCN. This can be done by using the Habitat Suitability Index (Oldham et al. 2000) which is a measure of habitat suitability. If they are stocked with large fish and used by waterfowl this will reduce the likelihood that great crested newts will be present and therefore no further surveys would be recommended in regards to the species. If a Phase 1 Habitat survey or walkover has identified the potential for GCN of their habitat to be present within the application site, or an assessment of ponds within 500m has found suitable breeding ponds, the planning application must be accompanied by the following : The results of a GCN survey, which identifies presence/likely absence, relative population size, etc; An assessment of the development s impact on great crested newts; and A mitigation strategy. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Great Crested Newt Surveying GCN Survey Pond assessment (HSI) Sub-optimal The most important survey methods for detecting great crested newts in water bodies are: Bottle trapping torching egg searching. Netting Great crested newt surveys can only be carried out by a licensed surveyor. Surveys should be carried out in appropriate weather conditions - water temperature >5 C, little wind, no rain. Four survey visits are used to determine presence / absence. If found, a further two surveys are necessary to estimate the size of the population present, and therefore the extent of any mitigation required. Surveys should be undertaken between mid-march and mid-june, with half of all visits between mid-april and mid-may. Surveys undertaken outside of this period are severely disadvantaged, and cannot be used to indicate absence of newts. Only presence can be proved through identification of GCN larvae. An assessment of the size of the population using the pond cannot be made. 44 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

45 Due to the protected afforded by newt habitat, it is usually necessary to retain or create areas of habitat on site or immediately adjacent. Like for like habitat provision does not necessarily mean area of land, but both area and quality. A large area of low quality habitat such as amenity grassland could be replaced with a collection of smaller areas of high quality habitat such as scrub, grassland and woodland, as well as a new hibernacula. Mitigation should aim to provide some or all of the following depending upon the size of the population present and development proposals: Large buffers around identified breeding ponds, with improvements to these areas of habitat where possible Habitat corridors linking areas of retained newt habitat (including ponds) both on and off site Enhancement of existing habitats with planting and changes to management practices Creation of long grassland, scrub, woodland, hibernacula, wood piles and possibly ponds Long term management proposals for areas of newt habitat Great crested newt habitat is protected against disturbance and destruction, and works affecting newts or their habitat can only be undertaken under licence from Natural England. Planning permission is required before a licence application can be made. Permission for destruction of newt habitat is only likely to be granted if there is like for like replacement of habitat on or immediately adjacent the site. Where newts are present, site habitats should therefore be graded from low to high quality in order for LPA s to assess whether mitigation is adequate. If planning permission is given for proposals that Natural England considers does not satisfy licensing requirements, the licence application may be turned down and the development cannot then go ahead. Mitigation Trapping and translocation programmes should be carried out between March and October (inclusive). The period of trapping should relate directly to the estimated size of population present on site: Small population - Min 30 days Medium population - Min 60 days Large population - Min 90 days The population classes can be found in Natural England s Great Crested Newt Mitigation Guidelines (2001). GCN exclusion fencing installed to prevent translocated GCN from moving back into the area to be developed. Trapping and translocation can only be carried out under licence. Generally, installation of fencing should be carried out under licence unless the installation of the fencing does not result in the loss of newt habitat or the potential disturbance of newts - which includes direct disturbance and the indirect effects of preventing newts access to land beyond the fencing. 45 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

46 Photograph taken by Kim Wallis WATER VOLES Water voles Arvicola amphibius are found throughout the UK and are reasonably widespread throughout Essex. They prefer well vegetated banks of slow flowing rivers, streams, small brooks and ditches. Water voles excavate extensive burrow systems into the banks of waterways. These have nest chambers at various levels in the steepest parts of the bank and usually have underwater entrances. Water voles tend to be active more during the day than at night. Male voles predominantly live along 150 metres sections of bank, while females have a ranges of about 70 metres. Water voles usually have three or four litters a year, depending on the weather the first is born in March or April; on average there are five young in a litter. Their most important predators are mink and stoats, although herons, barn owls, brown rats and pike are also known to kill water voles. 46 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

47 Legal Status Water voles are fully covered by the provisions of section 9 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended). It is an offence to: Intentionally kill, injure or take water voles. Possess or control live or dead water voles or derivatives. Intentionally or recklessly damage, destroy or obstruct access to any structure or place used for shelter or protection. Intentionally or recklessly disturb water voles whilst occupying a structure or place used for that purpose. Note that both water voles, their burrows and foraging habitat are protected. Water vole field signs are often confused with bank vole, field vole or rat presence. Water voles are a large rat sized mammal with a blunt nose, dark chestnut fur, short rounded ears and a hair covered tail which is about half the length of the head and body size. They mature to between mm in length with a tail of mm long and weigh approximately g. They have a relatively short average lifespan of 5 months in the wild and up to 2 years in captivity. They feed upon a wide range of plant species. The most characteristic sign of water vole presence is their distinctive black, shiny faeces and piles of chopped vegetation at feeding stations. 47 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

48 Ideal ditch with dense marginal vegetation providing a range of food plants, and steep banks for burrowing Water voles are very unlikely to be present if there are mink within the wider area. Very shallow banks will reduce the likelihood of water vole presence. Waterbodies that regularly dry out are unlikely to support water voles. Water voles require aquatic vegetation to feed upon. If waterbodies have no vegetation within the water or on the banks then water voles are unlikely to be present. Lack of aquatic and bank side vegetation, but steep banks which are suitable for burrowing water voles 48 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

49 Pond surrounded by marginal vegetation and raised banks with potential for burrowing water voles Water voles are not affected by water quality and can be found in a variety of water quality types. They can occur in very shallow water habitats. Lack of aquatic vegetation, moderate bank vegetation cover Very shallow water and very shallow banks, reduce the likelihood of water voles being present 49 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

50 Water Vole Survey Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Water Vole Survey Water voles surveys involve one survey in April - June, and one survey in July - September by a suitably experienced ecologist. Water voles surveys involve a detailed inspection of all watercourses on site and beyond, for water vole field signs. 50 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

51 The fundamental aim of any development in the vicinity of a water vole population is to avoid water vole habitat destruction and protect the watercourse itself from damage caused by machinery and surface water run-off pollution. A buffer strip of land alongside the watercourse at least 5m (ideally 8m or more) wide should be fenced off to prevent any damage from construction work, particularly from heavy machinery causing the bank to collapse. Only if the permanent destruction of wale vole habitat cannot be avoided should consideration be given to the provision of alternative habitat into which the water voles can be translocated. New habitat should preferably be located nearby, such as a new pond or ditch or equivalent or greater length or area. If water vole habitat is to be destroyed and then re-created on site, it is possible to temporarily trap and house water voles at appropriately experienced centres. If this is not possible, the voles could be relocated to make up part of a carefully planned re-introduction programme elsewhere. If small numbers of water voles are present then it may be better to translocate them and incorporate them into larger landscape projects off site to improve genetic diversity and genetic vigour of the population. Water Vole Mitigation The only licence which will permit the destruction of water vole habitat and the trapping and translocation of water voles is a conservation licence (not development). It is therefore essential that the proposed mitigation helps towards the conservation and long term survival of the species. Where very small populations of water voles have become isolated, it may be of benefit to the long term conservation of the species to relocate them to form part of a larger population elsewhere. If this occurs, then ongoing mink control and monitoring must be in place to protect the population. Other mitigation measures may include: Feeding bays Improve the bank profile of waterbodies Plant dense vegetation along the banks to protect water voles from predation Enhance the diversity of plant species present 51 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

52 BADGER Badgers (Meles meles), are a common and widespread native mammal species. They grow up to 75cm long and can weigh up to 12kg with the males being slightly larger than the females. Badgers are social animals, living in groups of up to 15 individuals in a sett dug into banks. Badgers have a variety of setts within their territory that they will use at different times. Mating usually occurs in July but the embryo can be delayed from developing for up to 10 months. Female badgers have a single litter each year of 2 3 cubs who are blind and helpless leading to a high infant mortality rate. The lifespan of a badger is approximately 5 years; it has been estimated that 20% of badgers die on the road after being hit by vehicles. Badgers are classed as carnivores (meat eaters) but are essentially omnivores, feeding upon earth worms, insects, mice, frogs, snails, plant tubers and fruit. 52 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

53 Badger Habitat Legislation Badgers and their places of residence (setts) are protected by the Protection of Badgers Act The level of protection that the Act gives badgers is unique for a wild mammal that is not considered rare. Badgers may not be deliberately killed, disturbed, persecuted or trapped, except under licence. While badgers are protected, it is recognised that there may be occasions where it is necessary to undertake activities normally prohibited by the Act. Natural England will issue licences in England for the development of land that may affect setts. Natural England will licence sett interference after detailed planning permission has been granted so that there is no conflict with the planning process. Before the planning application is determined, the local planning authority should request a detailed ecological survey/report and developers should be prepared to provide information, including: The numbers of badgers on the site, or that are affected by the proposal; The impact that the proposal is likely to have on badgers and what can be done in the way of mitigation; If the impact is necessary or acceptable; If a licence will be required from Natural England. Badgers live in a variety of habitats including woodland, scrub, farmland, parks and hedgerows. They dig into banks to create a network of burrows called a sett. Entrances to the setts are typically a flattened arch shape around 20-30cm high by 25-35cm wide. Outside the entrance holes will be spoil heaps of excavated soil and possibly bedding remnants, these are usually an obvious feature when identifying badger presence. Badgers forage over a vast and varied area, searching for food across farmland, grassland, gardens and woods. As they are rarely seen, useful field signs include: Tufts of wiry hair caught in barbed wire fences; Small excavated pits with droppings known as latrines; Snuffle holes where badgers have scrapped the surface to search for insects and plant tubers; Scratch marks on trees near sett entrances Footprints and well worn tracks. 53 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

54 Identification of Badger Setts Badger Guard Hair c.70mm long Coarse, wiry texture Oval cross section (roll in fingers) Silver tip Dark band 10mm long near tip Main length dirty white Can be found on fences, barbed wire and in spoil piles May be found caught on roots and stones around sett entrances Typical D shaped sett entrance, where the hole is wider than it is tall Typical D shaped sett entrance, with steam rising on a frosty day - badgers are resident Hole which is used by badgers but is not wider than it is tall. Other evidence of badgers would instead need to be considered e.g well worn tracks leading to the hole, footprints, a large spoil pile, latrines, bedding outside the hole, hairs caught on nearby fencing. 54 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

55 Badger latrine. Shallow scrape filled with droppings of varying consistency depending upon the recent food source Another example of a badger dropping Evidence of badger foraging - dead wood scratched apart by badgers looking for grubs Badger sett with large pile of spoil and remains of recently excavated bedding within the spoil Large piles of spoil outside sett entrances, and well worn pathway leading down to the setts from the top of the bank 55 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

56 Natural England guidelines suggest that a buffer zone between the sett entrances and the building work is established. For example, use of heavy machinery should only be carried out at distances greater than 30m from the sett, work with lighter machinery at distances greater than 20m and light work such as hand digging or scrub clearance at distances greater than 10m. Badger Mitigation Badger surtveys need to establish the interchange of animals between setts. If setts are to be destroyed then it is essential that surveys establish what type of sett it is; this may involve bait marking. 56 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

57 DORMICE Dormice Muscardinus avellanarius are bright golden in colour with a thick furry tail and big black eyes. Their head to body length is 6-9cm with a tail length of 5-8cm. They can weigh up to 35g, particularly fattened before hibernation, and live up to 5 years. Dormice are nocturnal. Breeding males live alone, whilst females and non-breeding males are often found nesting together outside the breeding season. Sometimes the same male and female will live together in successive years. Dormice are mainly arboreal in the summer, rarely crossing open ground. Female dormice typically give birth to 3 7 blind and naked young usually in July or August or possibly earlier. The babies remain with their mother in her nest for up to 6 weeks. They must weigh 12-15g before hibernating for the first time; otherwise their chances of surviving the winter are slim. Dormice usually have one litter a year but, if the summer is fine and long, they may have two. In Essex and other counties, dormice are increasingly being found in a variety of unexpected and non-typical habitats. 57 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

58 The dormouse Muscardinus avellanarius is a nocturnal animal that lives mainly in deciduous woodland and thick, overgrown hedgerows. They prefer mixed hazel coppice woodland which provides a varied diet throughout the year. However dormice are also found in other scrub and hedgerow habitats, and even conifer plantations. Except for hibernation, it rarely descends to the ground and is reluctant to cross open spaces, perhaps because of the danger of predation. Dormice feed on a wide variety of arboreal foods, including flowers (nectar and pollen), fruits (berries and nuts) and some insects (especially aphids and caterpillars). They will also eat buds and young leaves, but not mature leaves. A high degree of diversity among tree and shrub species is desirable in order to ensure that an unbroken sequence of foods is available throughout the summer. Hazel appears to be an important provider of insects, and its nuts form the main food used to fatten up for hibernation. Habitat & Diet Legislation Dormice are protected under The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010 and the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended). They are often referred to as European Protected Species because they enjoy the extra protection under the Habitats Regulations. Under this legislation, it is illegal to: Intentionally kill, injure, or capture dormice or their young Intentionally or recklessly damage, destroy or obstruct access to areas used by dormice for shelter or protection Intentionally or recklessly disturb dormice while they are occupying a structure or place which is used for that purpose. 58 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd

59 One indicator of the presence of a dormouse is opened hazel nutshells on the woodland floor. Dormice open these nuts by making a neat round hole on one side and leave characteristic tooth marks around the edge of the hole. Although it is virtually impossible to prove that dormice are absent from any area of appropriate habitat within their natural range, an adequate survey will give confidence that any significant populations have been detected. Finding evidence of dormice where no hazel exists may take months or even years and requires the erection of nest tubes or nest boxes. For survey work, small numbers of tubes are likely to miss dormice, even where they are known to be present. It is recommended that at least 50 tubes be used to sample a site, spaced at about 20 m intervals. They should also be left in place for several months. Nest tubes are most frequently occupied in May and August/September. A dormouse survey effort is based upon a points system which is related to the number of nest tubes set out and the number of checks throughout the season. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Dormouse Survey Dormice Survey A dormouse nest tube used to survey for dormice presence. 59 Protected Species Booklet DF Clark Bionomique Ltd