MANU EXPEDITIONS BIRDING & WILDLIFE TOURS

Transcription

1 MANU EXPEDITIONS BIRDING & WILDLIFE TOURS A TRIP REPORT FOR A BIRDING TRIP TO THE CENTRAL ANDES OF PERU June 20 th July 07 th 2015 Leader: Silverio Duri

2 No other Peru itinerary provides more little known and localized endemics as the Central Peru tour, though the better- known North Peru tour comes a close second. This little known circuit takes us into the arid canyons of the Atacama desert, shrubby mountain valleys, high- Andean bogs, bleak open puna country, bromeliad- laden cloud- forests, gnarled elfin forests, cool Polylepis woodland against the spectacular backdrop of the stunning Cordillera Blanca, and seashore habitats. By the end of the trip we came away with an impressive list of some 57 Peruvian endemics, quite a few other that barely reach into adjacent Ecuador or Chile, and a number of more widespread yet hard- to- come- by species. Highlights included great observations of the most sough- after Peruvian endemics and recorded no less than 7 endemic Tapaculos, 15 endemic Ovenbirds, 3 endemic Antpittas, Black- spectacled Brush Finch, Bay- vented and White- cheeked Cotinga, Golden- backed Mountain Tanager and Junín Grebe. Most nights are spent in good hotels though we did camp at Bosque Unchog an unforgettable experience in all respects. Our camp chef Aurelio looked after us well with hearty field breakfasts and lunches plus a variety of beverages in camp. Scenery could not have been better from the great expanses of Lake Junín to the white glaciers of the Cordillera Blanca, the magical elfin forest of Bosque Unchog to our wonderful hotel retreat in the town of Concepcion. SCHEDULE June 20 th : Group assembles in Lima. June 21 st : Lima to Lomas de Lachay ( mts) all day birding where we got great views of the two important Peruvian endemics (Thick- billed Miner and Cactus Canastero). Overnight at Santa Eulalia (1050 mts) Department of Lima June 22 nd : Santa Eulalia all day birding with picnic lunch ( m) and overnight at San Mateo (3128 m). Department of Lima June 23 rd : San Mateo to Marcapomacocha (4875 m the pass) and late afternoon travel to Concepcion over Ticlio pass along the Central Highway with brief stops at some Lakes, then to our splendid Hotel in Concepcion (3250 m). Department of Junín. June 24 th : Parihuanca Road. Over Huaytapallana pass at 4597 m. (Huayata is Quechua for Andean Goose) to above Chilifruta for specialties. Birding around Chilifruta m. and above and back to Concepcion for the night. Department of Junín June 25 th : Satipo Road to Apalla/Calabaza. We stopped for breakfast at Comas at 3200 meters then onto Toldopampa (pass 4300 m) and then some fine birding at Puente Carrizales (where we had lunch) and below before continuing to our interesting accommodation at Calabaza/Apalla a community project. Department of Junín.

3 June 26 st: : Apalla/Calabaza to Concepcion with a detour on Andamarca road for weskii subspecies of Marcapata Spinetail where we were successful seen two individuals, and then we birded the m zone on the Satipo road above Calabaza went over the pass and birded at 3700 meters before continuing back to our welcome hotel at Concepcion stopping briefly at Lake Pomacocha at 4350 meters. Department of Junín. June 27 nd : Concepción Lake Junin (Chinchaycocha) (4100 m). Morning on the lake for Junín Flightless Grebe. Breakfast and Lunch at Cazapatos and after lunch to Huanuco (1900m). Departments of Junín, Pasco & Huánuco June 28 rd : Carpish Tunnel trail in the morning (2704 m) and after lunch we tried to enter a new trail we spotted but we were stopped by the local people and because of that we went back to the Carpish trail in the late afternoon and then we went back to Huánuco. Department of Huánuco June 29 th : Full day along the Paty trail m with lunch and snacks packed in by our crew. We then travelled to Tingo Maria where we checked into our tropically warm hotel pool and all. Night Tingo Maria. Department of Huánuco. June 30 th : Morning visit to the Oilbird cave and spent good time looking at the Oilbirds in a spectacular cave and after that we birded along the track for some Amazonian birds where Patrick got good numbers for his Amazonian list and a little bit late in the afternoon back to the Hotel for lunch and the rest of the afternoon free. Night in Tingo Maria. Department of Huánuco. July 01: Tingo Maria to the Paty trail where we spent until mid- day and then we travelled to Churrabamba where we had some road problem and return and find a different access to continue to Cochabamba and then to Bosque de Unchog. Reyes Rivera, the discoverer of the Golden- backed Mountain Tanager helped us pack our gear into camp with help from his arrieros and mules. Night in camp. Department of Huánuco July 02: Early start and all day at Bosque Unchog m Delightful weather and scenery. Overnight camp. Department of Huánuco. July 03: All morning at Bosque Unchog m. In the afternoon we retraced our steps to Huánuco. Department of Huánuco July 04: Huánuco Carhuaz via La Union and Huaraz (4896 m - highest point along the way). With some birding stops along the way and wonderful scenery and some hailstorm and also stopped briefly to see one of the world s largest flowering plant Puya Raimondi. Night in Carhuaz at our family run very pleasant hotel. Departments of Huánuco & Ancash

4 July 05: Huascaran NP all day. Breakfast at the Aurelio s Cotinga spot on the west slope, passing over the Portochuello pass (4718 mts) and where we also had lunch at the same Cotinga Spot (birding elevations mts). And in the late afternoon we looked for the Rufous- backed Inca- Finch with success and after that into an arid habitat near Pueblo Libre. Overnight Carhuaz. Department of Ancash. July 06: Huascaran NP (3360m) Breakfast at the usual Cotinga trail (on the east lope) where surprisingly we did not see any Cotinga and lunch near the LLanganuco Lakes and in the afternoon we walk down the Maria Josepha trail ( m) and after that we went back to the arid habitat near Pueblo Libre looking for better views of the Pale- tailed Canastero where we found a couple responding really well to play- back. Overnight Carhuaz. Department of Ancash. July 07: Huaraz Lima. Stop at Conococha Lake for breakfast where we could NOT have breakfast (the lake was freezing) and that it s why we had to drive longer to get lower elevation in comfortable temperature on the west slope. We lunched at Laguna Paraiso and some quick birding and the drove to the Lima Airport because some folks had to fly that afternoon, and then to the Hotel Manhattan. Departments of Ancash & Lima THE BIRDS Species which were heard but not seen are indicated by the symbol * RED IUCN RED LIST CATEGORY SACC = South American checklist Committee E = Peruvian Endemic TINAMIDAE Brown Tinamou - Crypturellus obsoletus* Heard along the Paty trail (ochraceiventris). The exclusively Neotropical tinamous are one of the most primitive families and they retain certain reptilian features, such as their blood proteins and the shape of the palate, which are similar to those found in the dinosaur Tyrannosaurus. Another interesting fact is that Tinamous are one of the few bird families that are believed to have reversed sex roles. Apparently, the females do most of the singing, and in most if not all species the male carries out the incubation. Undulated Tinamou - Crypturellus undulatus* RR Taczanowski s Tinamou - Nothoporocta taczanowski* VULNERABLE Andean Tinamou - Nothoprocta pentlandii One seen in flying very close after we flushed it along the regular Cotinga trail at Huascaran National Park.

5 ANATIDAE Andean (Ruddy) Duck - Oxyura (jamiacensis) ferruginea A most handsome stifftail, seen at several high Andean lakes (nominate). The SACC says Andean populations of Ruddy Duck (O. jamaicensis) have often (e.g., Hellmayr & Conover 1948a, Siegfried 1976, Sibley & Ahlquist 1990, AOU 1998, Ridgely et al. 2001, Jaramillo 2003) been treated as a separate species, O. ferruginea ("Andean Duck" or "Andean Ruddy- Duck"). However, see Adams and Slavid (1984), Fjeldså (1986), and McCracken & Sorenson (2005) for rationale for treating them as conspecific, as done previously (e.g., Blake 1977, Johnsgard 1979), and then followed by Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990) and Carboneras (1992f). Siegfried (1976) and Livezey (1995) considered ferruginea to be more closely related to O. vittata than to O. jamaicensis, but McCracken & Sorenson (2005) showed that this is incorrect. Go and chew that one over! In short it is split from O. jamaicensis (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001; Jaramillo 2003); H&M recognize this SACC does not and so presumably Clements will not. Andean Goose - Oressochen melanoptera Repeated good views. Genetic data (mtdna only; Bulgarella et al. 2014) suggest that Neochen jubata (Orinoco Goose) is the sister species to Chloephaga melanoptera (Andean Goose, and thus is likely embedded in Chloephaga as currently circumscribed. SACC proposal passed to treat Chloephaga melanoptera and Neochen jubata as congeners; Oressochen Bannister 1870 becomes the name for these two when treated in a separate genus. Torrent Duck - Merganetta armata A few seen on our day down to Chillifruta on the Parihuanca road and also on our way to Huánuco from Concepcion Crested Duck - Lophonetta specularioides We saw the yellow- eyed race alticola, on several occasions. The SACC says Lophonetta specularioides is often (e.g., Hellmayr & Conover 1948a, Johnsgard 1979) placed in Anas, but see Johnson & Sorenson (1999) for return to monotypic Lophonetta, as in Meyer de Schauensee (1970) and Blake (1977). Yellow- billed Teal - Anas flavirostris Regular encounters at high elevations. This is now a split form Andean Teal Anas andium (Ridgely et al 2001, Hilty 2003, and SACC). Birds we saw belong to the altiplano form oxyptera, differing from nominate flavirostris of southern South America in size and coloration. The two might best be considered species. Jaramillo (2003) suggested that the subspecies oxyptera may also deserve recognition as a separate species from A. flavirostris. The SACC suggest a change of the English name to Yellow- billed Teal and this has been followed by the IOC Yellow- billed Pintail - Anas georgica Fairly common in the highlands, seen at Junín and Conococha Lake

6 White- cheeked Pintail - Anas bahamensis. Quite a few at Laguna Paraiso, the last day on our way to Lima Puna Teal - Anas puna Common at many highland sites Cinnamon Teal - Anas cyanoptera Common at Laguna Paraiso CRACIDAE Andean Guan - Penelope montagnii Heard at Apaza/Calabaza and one seen at Carpish tunnel trail. Penelope is the name of the wife of Ulysses, King of Ithaca, but why this name was bestowed on this genus of Neotropical guans is unknown. PODICIPEDIDAE White- tufted Grebe - Rollandia rolland Seen on three different occasion throughout the trip, first ones at Junín Lake. Named for Master Gunner Rolland of the French Corvette L Uranie which circumnavigated the globe Great Grebe Podiceps major Lots of them at Laguna Paraiso Silvery Grebe - Podiceps occipitalis Good looks at this Grebe on Lake Junín and few other localities, providing good comparison with the next species. The subspecies here is the northern and high- elevation juninensis, which in plumage is closer to Junín Grebe than to the southern, nominate race. Two species are probably involved and the SACC says - Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990) and Jaramillo (2003) suggested that the northern Andean subspecies, juninensis, might merit recognition as a separate species from Podiceps occipitalis. E Junín Grebe - Podiceps taczanowskii We all obtained excellent close- ups of one individual of this endemic flightless Grebe. The species is named after Wladyslaw Taczanowski, a 19th century Polish Ornithologist who wrote Ornithologie du Pérou (he has several species and subspecies named after him). Junín Grebe is confined to Lake Junín in the highlands of Junín, west- central Peru. It was extremely abundant in 1938, and the population was probably well over 1,000 birds in In the early and mid- 1980s there were c.250 birds, but only 100 were counted in 1992, falling to around 50 in New extrapolations in early 1995, using a different methodology, estimated 205 individuals. The and breeding seasons were unsuccessful, but two broods apparently fledged in In August 1998,

7 over 250 Podiceps sp. were found in 4 km of the lake (suggesting a total of birds) and all those identified (over 20) were P. taczanowskii. Counts in late 2001 suggested a total population of c.300 birds, though this extrapolation from line transects may be overly optimistic, especially as counts in 2001 suggested a population of less than 100. Even if correct, this estimate is of total individuals following a good breeding season, and the number of mature individuals is likely to be far smaller, perhaps half as many. At present, the current global population is best estimated at between 100 and 300 individuals. You need a boat to see this bird. CRITICALLY ENDANGERED Junin Grebe - Fabrice Schmitt PHOENICOPTERIDAE Chilean Flamingo - Phoenicopterus chilensis About 50 birds at Lake Junín (Chinchaycocha is the correct Inca name for this lake), apparently the northernmost breeding locality of this species. A few more at Laguna Paraiso. NEAR THREATENED SULIDAE Peruvian Booby - Sula variegate 10+ seen off the Pacific shore at Laguna Paraiso.

8 PHALACROCORACIDAE Neotropic Cormorant - Phalacrocorax brasilianus Seen at Laguna Paraiso and few more on our way to Paraiso along the road PELECANIDAE Peruvian Pelican - Pelecanus thagus Common off the Pacific shore at Laguna Paraiso. NEAR THREATENED ARDEIDAE Little- blue Heron - Egretta caerulea One seen at Laguna Paraiso. Snowy Egret - Egretta thula Seen on the way to Lomas de Lachay and at Laguna Paraiso. Thula is an Araucano (Chilean) Indian name for the Black- necked Swan, erroneously given to the Snowy Egret! Great Egret - Ardea alba Formerly placed in either Egretta or the monotypic genus Casmerodius. Called Western Great Egret after the split of Ardea modesta (Eastern Great Egret) from A. alba (Sheldon 1987, Collar 2007, Christidis & Boles 2008). Cattle Egret - Bubulcus ibis Seen in three different occasions. It only colonized the Americas from the Old World in the 20th century, one of the most striking examples of avian range expansions in historic times. Largely a terrestrial feeder, reports of stomach contents have shown that grasshoppers are their main prey item. Capped Heron Pilherodius pileatus Two seen at Tingo Maria, one in fly and one along the river near the Oilbirds cave (Cueva de la LECHUGAS as Patrick was calling them in Spanish!!!). Black- crowned Night- Heron Nycticorax nycticorax First one seen in fly somewhere on the way to Lomas de Lachay and in two consecutive days at Laguna Llanganuco in the Huascaran National Park. THRESKIORNITHIDAE Puna Ibis - Plegadis ridgwayi Large numbers at high elevations including some great close- ups. Also on the coast this species has only become a regular visitor to the coast in the last 20 years. Andean Ibis Theristictus branickii Around 30 above Chilifrutas. Sibley & Monroe (1990) considered branickii as separate species (Andean Ibis) from melanopis (Black- faced Ibis); anecdotal observations (Vizcarra

9 2009) suggest that the two taxa segregate where they occur sympatrically during nonbreeding season. Del Hoyo & Collar (2014) treated branickii as a separate species CATHARTIDAE Black Vulture - Coragyps atratus Seen several days throughout the tour. After the opinions of a few 19th century taxonomists were long ignored, recent genetic studies have indicated that New World vultures are modified storks and don t belong with the raptors; an excellent example of convergent evolution. Turkey Vulture Cathartes aura Small numbers of this scavenger were found at Tingo Maria and also at Laguna Paraiso. Birds here belong to resident forms, and what is currently known as the wide- ranging Turkey Vulture may consist of more than one biological species. Greater Yellow- headed Vulture - Cathartes melambrotus One seen at Tingo Maria Andean Condor - Vultur gryphus Two seen at Santa Eulalia, two more at Marcapomacocha and 3 more from the breakfast stop near Conococha Lake on our way to Lima ACCIPITRIDAE Plain- breasted Hawk Accipiter ventralis One seen just by Patrick at Bosque Unchog. The SACC says Accipiter striatus was treated as four species in Sibley & Monroe (1990), Thiollay (1994), and Ridgely & Greenfield (2001): velox of N. America, chionogaster of Middle America, ventralis of the Andes, erythronemius of lowland southern South America); Pinto (1938) and Hellmayr & Conover (1949) considered erythronemius (including ventralis) to be a separate species from A. striatus, and Friedmann (1950) and Stiles & Skutch (1989) considered chionogaster and erythronemius as separate species from A. striatus. [split almost certainly good, but no published data support this split; check Storer (1952). [According to HBW account author Rob Bierregaard, through correspondence with Tom Schulenberg, no published data support this split and he was basically forced to comply with species taxonomy given to him.] Ferguson- Lees & Christie (2001) did not follow this split and provided rationale against following it. Proposal needed So IOC splits SACC says it s just a Sharp- shinned Hawk! White- rumped Hawk - Parabuteo leucorrhous One seen really well at Carpish tunnel trail Black- chested Buzzard- Eagle - Geranoaetus melanoleucus Seen at Santa Eulalia and Marcapomacocha.

10 Variable Hawk - Geranoaetus polyosoma The commonest raptor of the trip. Buteo polyosoma includes B. poecilochrous, (Puna Hawk) currently recognized by some but which SACC treats as conspecific. The form seen in the inter- montane valleys and Lomas de Lachay was polyosoma and the big broad winged birds in the High Andes were poecilochrous, (Puna Hawk). Roadside Hawk - Rupornis magnirostris One seen a little bit above Apalla/Calabaza White- throated Hawk - Buteo albigula One seen and photograph perched on the Carpish tunnel trail, and also one immature seen at Bosque Unchog forest RALLIDAE Plumbeous Rail - Pardirallus sanguinolentus One seen surprisingly near Pueblo Libre, same spot of Pale- tailed Canastero. Common Gallinule - Gallinula galeatus We saw the large race garmani in the highlands. Small numbers were also found near the coast, here of the smaller race pauxilla. Note that this species is a recent split from Common Moorhen of the old world (Gallinula chlorops) on the basis of morphological, genetic, and vocal differences (Groenenberg et al 2008) Andean (Slate- colored) Coot Fulica ardesiaca Common at Pomacocha Lake and Lake Junín, and also see at Lake Paraiso, and a few more were encountered elsewhere. Giant Coot - Fulica gigantean 3 near Ticlio pass on the first day, Common at Lake Conococha near Huaraz and on the aptly named Patococha in the Carpa valley. CHARADRIIDAE Andean Lapwing - Vanellus resplendens Numerous encounters of this splendid species at high elevations and the noisiest bird around our tents at Bosque Unchog. Killdeer - Charadrius vociferus A few seen at Laguna Paraiso Puna Plover - Charadrius alticola Two seen well along the shores of Lake Junín.

11 Snowy Plover - Charadrius alexandrius Around 10 at Laguna Paraiso Diademed Sandpiper- Plover - Phegornis mitchellii Wonderful views of 3 individuals at Marcapomacocha. NEAR THREATENED Diademed Sandpiper- Plover - Ian Merrill HAEMATOPODIDAE American Oystercatcher - Haematopus palliatus A few seen on the beach at Laguna Paraiso STILTS Black- necked Stilt Himantopus mexicanus Two seen at Laguna Paraiso.

12 THICK- KNEES RR Peruvian Thick- knee - Burhinus superciliaris 2 seen in the agricultural areas on our way to Lomas de Lachay and 2 more near Laguna Paraiso SCOLOPACIDAE Puna Snipe - Gallinago andina Great looks of two individual at the bog around Marcapomacocha and one more at Lake Junín. The SACC says Species limits in New World Gallinago have been fluid and controversial, and not based on explicit analyses. Many authors (e.g., Peters 1934, Pinto 1938, and Hellmayr & Conover 1948b) have considered paraguaiae, magellanica, and andina to be conspecific. Additionally, Gallinago paraguaiae was considered conspecific with G. [gallinago] delicata by Phelps & Phelps (1958a), Meyer de Schauensee (1970), and Blake (1970). Fjeldså and Krabbe (1990) placed magellanica with paraguaiae, making this species G. magellanica. Any arrangement of species limits in these taxa is based largely on anecdotal data, and this group is badly in need of formal study, especially given that differences in displays and vocalizations among paraguaiae, magellanica, and andina have been reported (Jaramillo 2003). Greater Yellowlegs - Tringa melanoleuca Seen at Laguna Paraiso Baird s Sandpiper - Calidris bairdii 4+ on Lake Junín Sanderling Calidris alba A few seen at Laguna Paraiso THINOCORIDAE Gray- breasted Seedsnipe - Thinocorus orbignyianus Great views at Marcapomacocha Least Seedsnipe - Thinocorus rumicivorus Few of them seen at Lomas de Lachay LARIDAE Belcher s Gull - Larus belcheri One seen on the way to Lomas de Lachay the first day and good numbers along the coast at Laguna Paraiso. Larus belcheri and L. atlanticus were formerly (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Blake 1977) considered conspecific, but Devillers (1977) provided rationale for treatment as separate species, and this treatment has been followed by most authors, e.g., Sibley & Monroe (1990), Burger & Gochfeld (1996), and AOU (1998); they

13 form a superspecies (Sibley & Monroe 1990). Named for Sir Edward Belcher British naval explore of the pacific coast of America Kelp Gull - Larus dominicanus A few seen at Laguna Paraiso, quiet common along the Pacific coast. For those of you visiting southern Africa - note that the subspecies found along the coast there has now been proposed to be a different species, the Cape Gull L. vetula. Franklin s Gull Leucophaeus pipixcan Several dozen at El Paraiso just arrived from North America. Gray Gull Leucophaeus modestus A few on the Pacific shore of Laguna Paraiso. Nests inland in the desert. Grey- hooded Gull - Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus Common on the coast, seen at Laguna Paraiso. The genetic data of Crochet et al. (1999) and Pons et al. (2005) indicate that Larus as currently constituted is polyphyletic, and that resurrection of Chroicocephalus for a group of species that includes L. cirrocephalus, L. serranus, L. ridibundus, and L. maculipennis is necessary to maintain Larus as monophyletic; this would represent a partial return to the classification of Ridgway (1919), which also included L. pipixcan and L. atricilla in Chroicocephalus. Andean Gull - Chroicocephalus serranus Regular sightings at higher elevations. Called Kellwa in native Quechua. Elegant Tern - Thalasseus elegans A few seen at Laguna Paraiso. NEAR THREATENED Inca Tern - Larosterna inca Quite good views at Laguna Paraiso. NEAR THREATENED COLUMBIDAE Spot- winged Pigeon - Patagioenas maculosa Very good views at Santa Eulalia Band- tailed Pigeon - Patagioenas fasciata Regular sightings of this montane forest species. A widespread species, ranging from British Columbia (Canada) down into northern Argentina, though the southern races crissalis, roraimae and albilinea (= the one we saw) are sometimes regarded as a separate species, White- necked Pigeon C. albilinea. Also note that recent research has shown that the genus Columba is paraphyletic, with New World taxa being more closely related to Streptopelia than to Old World Columba pigeons. This is consistent with differences between New World and Old World Columba in terms of morphology, serology and

14 behavior. The suggestion was made to place all New World forms in the genus Patagioenas, and the AOU recently adopted this change. Eared Dove - Zenaida auriculata A frequently seen open country species recorded almost daily. Here the race hypoleuca, with white tail tips. West Peruvian Dove - Zenaida meloda Common along the coast. A species of arid areas ranging from western Ecuador into northern Chile. The melancholic song is very different from that of the White- winged Dove Z. asiatica, from which it has been split. White- tipped Dove Leptotila verreauxi Seen at Santa Eulalia Gray- fronted Dove - Leptotila rufaxilla * Heard along the trail near the Oilbird cave at Tingo Maria Croaking Ground- Dove Columbina cruziana Common along the coastal strip but also in the Rio Santa valley in Ancash. Ruddy Ground- Dove - Columbina talpocotti Seen around Tingo Maria Bare- faced Ground- Dove - Metriopelia ceciliae Very good views at Santa Eulalia below the bridge (where we had breakfast and lunch) CUCULIDAE Smooth- billed Ani - Crotophaga ani A few sightings near Tingo Maria. OPISTHOCOMIDAE Hoatzin Opisthocomus hoazin A surprise for this rout but we saw a few near Apalla/Calabaza STRIGIDAE Great (Lesser) Horned- Owl Bubo (magellanicus) virginianus Scope views and pictures on our way to Huaraz Rufous- banded Owl - Ciccaba albitarsus * Heard near Apalla/Calabaza Peruvian Pygmy- owl - Glaucidium peruanum*

15 Heard at Santa Eulalia Yungas Pygmy- owl - Glaucidium bolivianum Great view of one bellow Carrizales on our way to Apalla/Calabaza Burrowing Owl - Athene cunicularia Seen twice, first time at Lomas de Lachay and another one at Junín Lake STEATORNITHIDAE Oilbird - Steatornis caripensis Many hundreds in the Oilbird cave at Tingo Maria. Although it forages by sight, the Oilbird is one of only a few birds, and the only nocturnal one, known to navigate by echolocation in sufficiently poor light conditions, using a series of sharp audible clicks for this purpose. It also produces a variety of harsh screams while in its caves. Entering a cave with a light especially provokes these raucous calls; they also may be heard as the birds prepare to emerge from a cave at dusk. Oilbird Chris Lester CAPRIMULGIDAE Swallow- tailed Nightjar - Uropsalis segmentata Two seen at Apalla/Calabaza just by one corner of the soccer field

16 APODIDAE Andean Swift - Aeronautes andecolus Great views of several on the west slope on our way to Lima from Carhuaz Neotropical Fork- tailed Palm Swift - Tachornis squamata Common near Tingo Maria TROCHILIDAE With some 330 currently recognized species, these amazing birds form one of the largest avian families in the New World, surpassed only by the Tyrant- flycatchers (Tyrannidae), the latter comprising over 370 species. Amazing little creatures, hummingbirds have a resting heart rate of 1000 beats per minute (compare this to the average human rate of around beats per minute!). This carries tremendous amounts of oxygen and energy to the relatively massive breast muscles. In addition, birds have to have a huge lung capacity in order to keep up with the large amounts of oxygen needed. Their respiratory system is so highly developed that they can actually breathe in and out at the same time. White- necked Jacobin - Florisuga mellivora Seen near the Oilbird cave at Tingo Maria Black- throated Hermit Phaetornis atrimentalis Also seen at Tingo Maria Green Violet- ear - Colibri thalassinus Great views on Patty trail Sparkling Violet- ear - Colibri coruscans Quite common through the trip Amethyst- throated Sunangel - Heliangelus amethysticollis Repeated encounters with this smart Cloud forest hummer. Here the race decolor, with a deep violet throat. Speckled Hummingbird - Adelomyia melanogenys Seen in three different days through the trip Long- tailed Sylph - Aglaiocercus kingi Seen along the Paty trail and also around Apalla/Calabaza, here of the southern race smaragdinus. Named after Rear Admiral Philip Parker King ( ), British marine surveyor, collector and traveler in the American tropics. Fork- tailed Woodnymph - Thalurania furcata Seen near the Oilbird cave at Tingo Maria

17 E Bronze- tailed Comet - Polyonymus caroli Great views at Santa Eulalia. A localized endemic. Andean Hillstar - Oreotrochilus estella One seen in the Huascaran National Park E Black- breasted Hillstar - Oreotrochilus melanogaster: A pair were seen at Lake Junín. Black- breasted Hillstar Jake Faust Black- tailed Trainbearer - Lesbia victoriae Seen on the Pariahuanca road above Chilifruta. From the Greek Lesbias A woman of Lesbos Green- tailed Trainbearer Lesbia nuna Also seen on the Pariahuanca road and another one at the Huascaran National Park Rufous- capped Thornbill - Chalcostigma ruficeps Seen at the Carpish tunnel trail

18 RR Olivaceous Thornbill - Chalcostigma olivaceum Very good views of one individual at Marcapomacocha E Coppery Metaltail - Metallura theresiae The most frequently seen endemic at Bosque Unchog, and truly stunning. Here the nominate race, named after Princess Therese of Bavaria ( ). E Fire- throated Metaltail - Metallura eupogon One of our most wanted! Very good views at Parihuanca road and also at Carrizales. Greek Eu = Good. Pogon = Beard. E Black Metaltail - Metallura phoebe At Quebrada Llanganuco where this species was amazingly common and granted us many good views as it fed on the plentiful mistletoe flowers. Phoebe was an alternate name for the goddess Diana. In Roman mythology, Diana (lt. "heavenly" or "divine") was the goddess of the hunt and moon and birthing, being associated with wild animals and woodland, and having the power to talk to and control animals. Tyrian Metaltail - Metallura tyrianthina A handful of sightings of the blue- tailed race smaragdinicollis. Named after the color Tyrian purple; variously known as Royal purple, Tyrian purple, purple of the ancients, this ancient dyestuff, mentioned in texts dating about 1600 BC, was produced from the mucus of the hypobranchial gland of various species of marine mollusks, notably Murex. Although originating in old port of Tyre in modern day Syria (hence the name), man's first large scale chemical industry spread throughout the world. With the decline of the Roman Empire, the use of the dye also declined and large- scale production ceased with the fall of Constantinople in It was replaced by other cheaper dyes like lichen purple and madder. Emerald- bellied Puffleg - Eriocnemis alinae One on the Paty trail. Named for Aline Bourcier wife of French naturalist and tochilidist Jules Bourcier Shining Sunbeam - Aglaeactis cupripennis Common. Here the southernmost race caumatonotus. Bronzy Inca - Coeligena coeligena 1 individual seen along the Paty trail Collared Inca - Coeligena torquata Seen on our way back from Apalla/Calabaza to Concepcion and at Patty trail here the white- breasted form. The orange- breasted form farther south Gould's Inca Coeligena inca is considered conspecific with Collared Inca C. torquata (SACC 2004)

19 Violet- throated Starfrontlet - Coeligena violifer Sightings of the race dichroura bellow Carrizales and near Chilifruta. Rainbow Starfrontlet - Coeligena iris Seen on the Maria Josefina trail in the Huascaran National Park Mountain Velvetbreast - Lafresnaya lafresnayi Seen on Pariahuanca road and on our way to Apalla/Calabaza Great Sapphirewing - Pterophanes cyanopterus Seen on our way back from Apalla/Calabaza to Concepcion on the Satipo road the world s second largest Hummer. Chestnut- breasted Coronet - Boissonneaua matthewsii Seen on Patty trail Giant Hummingbird - Patagona gigas This one is the largest one of all the Hummers! Seen twice, first seen at Santa Eulalia and then at Huascaran National Park Long- billed Starthroat - Heliomaster longirostris Nice view of one at Tingo Maria near the Oilbird cave Purple- collared Woodstar - Myrtis fanny Great views at Santa Eulalia and also seen at Pueblo Libre and another one after Conococha Lake on our way to Lima. RR Peruvian Sheartail - Thaumastura cora Nice views at Santa Eulalia but even better after Conococha Lake on our way to Lima. White- bellied Woodstar - Chaetocercus mulsant Seen above Apalla/Calabaza E Spot- throated Hummingbird - Leucippus taczanowskii Excellent views of this modestly attired endemic at Pueblo Libre. Amazilia Hummingbird - Amazilia amazilia Seen at Lomas de Lachay TROGONIDAE Golden- headed Quetzal - Pharomachrus auriceps One seen above Apalla/Calabaza on our way back to Concepcion

20 Masked Trogon - Trogon personatus A pair of the nominate race performed beautifully along the Paty trail. MOMOTIDAE Amazonian Motmot - Momotus momotus One seen nicely at Tingo Maria near the Oilbird cave Andean Motmot - Momotus aequatorialis Great views of two individual above Apalla/Calabaza on our way back to Concepcion Broad- billed Motmot - Electron platyrhynchum Great views at Tingo Maria just outside the Oilbird cave GALBULIDAE Bluish- fronted Jacamar - Galbula cyanescens One seen at Tingo Maria BUCCONIDAE Black- fronted Nunbird - Monasa nigrifrons Also seen at Tingo Maria. CAPITONIDAE Gilded Barbet Capito auratus* Heard at Tingo Maria. RAMPHASTIDAE Grey- breasted Mountain- Toucan - Andigena hypoglauca Great looks on the Paty Trail on two different days. NEAR THREATENED Chestnut- eared Aracari - Pteroglossus castanotis Seen at Tingo Maria around the Oilbird cave PICIDAE Lafresnaye s Piculet - Picumnus lafresnayi Great views at Tingo Maria Bar- bellied Woodpecker - Veniliornis nigriceps Very nice view of a pair at Carpish tunnel trail and another pair in our breakfast stop on our way to Huaraz from Huanuco

21 Crimson- mantled Woodpecker - Piculus rivolli Seen at the Carpish trail and another one on Patty trail. Named for another Frenchman Francois Victor Massena Prince d Essling and Duc de Rivoli ornithologist and collector E Black- necked Woodpecker - Colaptes atricollis Seen twice; first time, one seen at Santa Eulalia and second time three seen near the coast on our way to Lima Andean Flicker - Colaptes rupicola A smart, largely terrestrial woodpecker of high elevations, encountered on numerous occasions. Two races were seen, cinereicapillus northward and puno southward. FALCONIDAE Black Caracara - Daptrius ater 2 at Tingo Maria Mountain Caracara - Phalcoboenus megalopterus This handsome high Andean falcon featured as the most often encountered raptor on the tour. American Kestrel - Falco sparverius A couple of encounters of this widespread open country species, which likely has benefited from centuries of habitat destruction in the Peruvian Andes. Orange- breasted Falcon - Falco deiroleucus Great views of a male on the Paty trail this seems to be a regular stakeout! PSITTACIDAE Andean Parakeet - Bolborhynchus orbygnesius Brief views at Unchog forest Pacific Parrotlet Forpus coelestis Seen near the cost on our way to Lima Blue- headed Parrot - Pionus menstruus Some flew overhead near the Oilbird cave. Speckle- faced Parrot - Pionus tumultuosus Very nice views at Unchog forest, responded to play- back Scaly- naped Parrot - Amazona mercenarius A few at breakfast at the head of the Paty trail

22 White- eyed Parakeet - Psittacara leucophthalmus Great views at the Tingo Maria Oilbird cave Blue- headed Macaw - Primolius couloni A pair of fly- overs at the Tingo Maria Oilbird cave. VULNERABLE THAMNOPHILIDAE Great Antshrike Taraba major Very good views at Tingo Maria Plain- winged Antshrike - Thamnophilus schistaceus A nicely responsive bird at Tingo Maria Uniform Antshrike - Thamnophilus unicolor A male seen at Paty trail Variable Antshrike - Thamnophilus caerulescens Male and female seen at Paty trail Dot- winged Antwren - Microrhopias quixensis Very nice view of a male at Tingo Maria near the Oilbird cave Pygmy Antwren - Myrmotherula brachyura Also see at Tingo Maria Streak- headed Antbird - Drymophila straticeps Seen in two consecutive days in Chusquea bamboo along the Carpish Tunnel trail. The article in Condor AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH TO SPECIES- LEVEL SYSTEMATICS REVEALS THE DEPTH OF DIVERSIFICATION IN AN ANDEAN THAMNOPHILID, THE LONG- TAILED ANTBIRD By Morton L. Isler, Andrés M. Cuervo, and Gustavo A, Bravo, and Robb T. Brumfield In part says we propose the following taxonomic positions and English names for members of the complex. Regarding the English names, we have rejected the inclusion of long- tailed in the names, as proposed by Cory and Hellmayr (1924), because the names would become too cumbersome. The sequence reflects the estimated phylogeny: Drymophila klagesi Hellmayr and Seilern, 1912 Klages s Antbird. Eastern and northern Venezuela, Serranía de Perijá, and northern Eastern Andes in Norte de Santander, Colombia (includes klagesi, aristeguietana, and Norte de Santander study groups; clade A). Drymophila hellmayri Todd, 1915 Santa Marta Antbird. Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia (includes hellmayri; clade B).

23 Drymophila caudata (Sclater, 1854) East Andean Antbird. Eastern Andes from Santander (west of the Chicamocha Canyon) to Caquetá and Huila, Colombia (includes Santander and Upper Magdalena study groups; clade C). Drymophila striaticeps Chapman, 1912 Streak- headed Antbird. The Western and Central Andes of Colombia south through Ecuador (both slopes) and Peru (eastern slope) to northwestern Bolivia in La Paz (includes striaticeps, occidentalis, peruviana, and boliviana; clade D). Yellow- breasted Warbling Antbird - Hypocnemis subflava Very responded to play- back, we saw really well at Tingo Maria near the Oilbird cave Black- faced Antbird Myrmoborus myotherinus Another one seen really well at Tingo Maria near the Oilbird cave Spot- winged Antbird - Schistocichla leucostigma A pair seen at Tingo Maria really well with even pictures. Ridgely & Tudor (1994) and Zimmer & Isler (2003) suggested that the formerly broadly defined Schistocichla leucostigma probably consisted of more than one species. Braun et al. (2005) provided evidence that the Tepui taxon saturata deserves species rank. SACC proposal passed to treat saturata as a species. Isler et al. (2007) further showed that the taxa humaythae, brunneiceps, and rufifacies, currently treated as subspecies of P. leucostigma, also warrant species rank. SACC proposal passed to revise species limits. So now 5 species. Schistocichla leucostigma - Spot- winged Antbird Schistocichla humaythae - Humaita Antbird Schistocichla brunneiceps - Brownish- headed Antbird Schistocichla rufifacies - Rufous- faced Antbird Schistocichla saturata - Roraiman Antbird Chestnut- tailed Antbird - Myrmeciza hemimelaena 1 seen at Tingo Maria near the Oilbird cave GRALLARIIDAE Undulated Antpitta - Grallaria squamigera* Only heard at Unchog forest Stripe- headed Antpitta - Grallaria andicola andicola This one was quite easy. At least 4 seen at various localities throughout the tour of the nominate race.

24 E Bay Antpitta - Grallaria capitalis Nice looks on the Carpish Tunnel trail. One of the hardest Grallaria to see E Rufous Antpitta - Grallaria rufula obscura* Great views of one above Chilifrutas on the Parihuanca road. The endemic race obscura The Rufous Antpitta complex will fall apart into a number of species. A possible English name for G. obscura could be Fulvous Antpitta. E Chestnut Antpitta - Grallaria blakei Nice looks on two consecutive days in the Carpish Mountains and Paty trail. NEAR THREATENED Rusty- breasted Antpitta - Grallaricula ferrugineipectus* Only heard at Paty trail SCYTALOPIDAE E Large- footed Tapaculo - Scytalopus macropus Good views of one individual at Unchog forest E Rufous- vented Tapaculo- Scytalopus femoralis Another common voice along the Paty trail (mainly below the range of Trilling Tapaculo, though with some overlap) and one coaxed into view. E Millpo Tapaculo - Scytalopus sp. nov. An as yet un- described species we searched for and saw well along the Satipo road. This Tapaculo has been known for over 25 years and was collected near Millpo in Pasco department. It is mentioned in Birds of the High Andeans by Fjeldså and Krabbe which published in E Junin Tapaculo - Scytalopus gettyae Great views of 2 individuals on the Satipo road. Only described in June The new species is named gettyae after Caroline Marie Getty in honor of her long- term dedication to nature preservation. She has devoted significant time and effort to conservation, serving on boards for numerous organizations, including the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (NFWF). E Neblina Tapaculo - Scytalopus altirostris* At Unchog forest E Ancash Tapaculo - Scytalopus affinis Two responded well to playback in two consecutive days in the Huascaran National Park. Very small range in the Cordillera Blanca

25 Millpo Tapaculo E Junin Tapaculo - Scytalopus gettyae Great views of 2 individuals on the Satipo road. Only described in June The new species is named gettyae after Caroline Marie Getty in honor of her long- term dedication to nature preservation. She has devoted significant time and effort to conservation, serving on boards for numerous organizations, including the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (NFWF). E Neblina Tapaculo - Scytalopus altirostris* At Unchog forest E Ancash Tapaculo - Scytalopus affinis Two responded well to playback in two consecutive days in the Huascaran National Park. Very small range in the Cordillera Blanca E Tschudi s Tapaculo - Scytalopus acutirostris The most widespread Tapaculo. Seen above Chilifruta. Ash- colored Tapaculo Myornis senilis Two individuals seen at the Carpish trail FURNARIIDAE Common Miner - Geositta cunicularia About 4 birds were seen by the Junin Lake in Junín department. Race juninensis

26 E Grayish Miner - Geositta maritima Good views at Lomas de Lachay E Coastal Miner - Geositta peruviana One of this Peruvian endemic at Lomas de Lachay and few more at Laguna Paraiso. The genus name literally means nuthatch of the earth. E Dark- winged Miner - Geositta saxicolina Great views of 5 individuals seen at Marcapomacocha E Thick- billed Miner - Geositta crassirostris Great views of a pair after at the 11 th hour, a long time looking for it and finally they responded to the play- back at Lomas de Lachay Slender- billed Miner - Geositta tenuirostris Seen in three different localities; at Marcapomacocha, Satipo road and on our way to Huaraz from Huanuco Olive- backed Woodcreeper - Xiphorhynchus triangularis Nice views at Paty trail Olivaceous Woodcreeper Sittasomus griseicapillus Seen in Tingo Maria near the Oilbird cave Cinnamon- throated Woodcreeper Dendrexetastes rufigula Also seen at Tingo Maria Montane Woodcreeper - Lepidocolaptes lacrymiger Seen at Paty trail in mixed flocks Lacrymyger is Latin tear gathering referring to the spotting. Streaked Tuftedcheek - Pseudocolaptes boissonneautii A bromeliad specialist, showing particularly well along the Carpish trail (auritus) seen in several days. E Striated Earthcreeper - Geocerthia serrana A very smart endemic on the upper Satipo road and few more at Llanganuco lakes. Buff- breasted Earthcreeper - Upucerthia validirostris Great views at Marcapomacocha and Junin Lake. Although the jelskii subspecies group (Plain- breasted Earthcreeper) has been considered separate species from U. validirostris in most recent classifications (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Ridgely & Tudor 1994, Sibley & Monroe 1990), evidence for their treatment as such is weak (Remsen 2003).

27 Earlier classifications treated them as conspecific (e.g., Cory & Hellmayr 1925, Peters 1951). A report of sympatry in southern Bolivia (Cabot 1990) is based on a misidentification (Remsen 2003). Genetic data (Chesser et al. 2007, Fjeldsa et al. 2007) confirm that they are sister taxa but weakly differentiated (Derryberry et al. 2011). Areta & Pearman (2009, 2013) found no differences in their voices. Areta & Pearman (2013) proposed that they be treated as conspecific. SACC proposal passed to treat them as conspecific. SACC proposal passed to use the English name Buff- breasted Earthcreeper for broadly defined U. validirostris. Cream- winged Cinclodes - Cinclodes albiventris The most frequently encountered member of this genus, here of the races longipennis and rivularis, both having whitish wing bars (but still not as contrasting as the wing bars on the next species). This is split from Cinclodes fuscus Bar- winged Cinclodes which now does not exist and is split as follows Buff- winged Cinclodes C. fuscus, Cream- winged Cinclodes C. albiventris & Chestnut- winged Cinclodes C.albidiventris. (Sanin et al 2009, SACC) E White- bellied Cinclodes - Cinclodes palliatus Amazing view of one individual sat for a moment on a big rock at Marcapomacocha CRITICALLY ENDENGERED White- bellied Cinclodes - Dave Krueper

28 Buff- browed Foliage- gleaner - Syndactyla rufosuperciliata A brief view at Paty trail Buff- throated Foliage- gleaner Automolus ochrolaemus One seen at Tingo Maria near the Oilbird cave Dusky- cheeked Foliage- gleaner Anabazenops dorsalis One seen at Tingo Maria Spotted Barbtail - Premnoplex brunnescens Two seen at Paty trail Pearled Treerunner - Margarornis squamiger Numerous encounters in high- elevation mixed flocks (peruvianus). RR Tawny Tit- Spinetail - Leptasthenura yanacensis 1 seen very well above beyond Portochuelo pass in the Huascaran National Park. This species is thought to have a moderately small population, which is highly fragmented within its moderately small range. It is likely to be declining owing to ongoing habitat loss and degradation. It is currently considered Near Threatened, and should be carefully monitored for future changes in the rate of decline. NEAR THREATENED E Rusty- crowned Tit- Spinetail - Leptasthenura pileata We encountered this species at the Llanganuco lakes, here of the race cajabambae which has the rusty crown streaked with black. RR Streaked Tit- spinetail - Leptasthenura striata Good views at Lomas de Lachay and Santa Eulalia E Streak- fronted (Mantaro) Thornbird - Phacellodomus (sp.nov) striaticeps We descended a bit to see this and finally saw a pair of this soon to be described taxon. Seen bellow Chilifruta near Pariahuanca in the Mantaro drainage. Hadoram s photograph may be the first ever publically available of a bird in the wild. White- chinned Thistletail - Asthenes fuliginosa Seen really well of two individuals near the camp site at Bosque Unchog. Birds here belong to the endemic race plengei, one of two subspecies found south of the Marañon. With Mouse- coloured Thistletail S. griseomurina squeezed in between the range of these and the nominate further north, more than one species may be involved. Genetic work has indicated that the genus Schizoeaca shouldbe merged with Asthenes.

29 Mantaro Thornbird E Eye- ringed Thistletail - Asthenes palpebralis Unbelievable close- ups at of very responsive birds along the Satipo road. A Peruvian endemic with just a small range in Junín department. Southward it is replaced by Vilcabamba Thistletail S. vilcabambae. Eye- ringed Thistletail - Chris Lester

30 RR Canyon Canastero - Asthenes pudibunda Very good views at Santa Eulalia E Pale- tailed Canastero - Asthenes huancavelicae sp.nov Another Peruvian endemic seen very well including pictures of two individuals responding really well to the tape in the second day at Pueblo Libre. Birds here belong to an un- described, highly localized and cinnamon- tailed race. Note that Pale- tailed Canastero, Dark- winged Canastero A. arequipae and Rusty- vented Canastero A. dorbignyi were all lumped together as Creamy- breasted Canastero A. dorbignyi at some stage. While there seems to be variation in both plumage and vocalizations in this complex, a thorough taxonomic analysis of all these forms is badly needed. Asthenes huancavelicae is split from A. dorbignyi (Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990, Ridgely & Tudor 1994); SACC needs analysis to reconsider Streak- throated Canastero - Asthenes humilis This unusually grayish Canastero of bleak high Andean country was seen on several occasions. Many- striped Canastero - Asthenes flammulata Two individuals responded really well to tape at Huascaran National Park where we saw the White- cheeked Cotinga beyond Portochuelo pass RR Line- fronted Canastero - Asthenes urubambensis Good looks at Bosque Unchog. Almost an endemic. NEAR THREATENED E Junin Canastero - Asthenes virgata Very good views at Marcapomacocha E Baron s Spinetail - Cranioleuca baroni Another smart endemic. This one was common near the Llanganuco lakes (nominate) at the Huascaran National Park. Another Peruvian endemic, though evidence for the Baron s (or Southern Line- cheeked) Spinetail vs. Line- cheeked (or Northern Line- cheeked) Spinetail C. antisiensis split as proposed in e.g. Ridgely & Tudor seems to be exceptionally weak. The closest populations, geographically, of C. antisiensis and C. baroni are more similar to one another than they are to other subspecies within their respective species, and drawing a line between these two is arbitrary, even though the extremes differ radically. E Creamy- crested Spinetail - Cranioleuca albicapilla Fantastic response to playback, we couldn t have had any better views of this lovely endemic, here of the nominate race above Chilifruta. Unlike Synallaxis spinetails, members of this genus are typically arboreal, often favoring vine tangles in mid- storey and subcanopy.

31 E Marcapata Spinetail - Cranioleuca marcapatae weskeii Fantastic views of two individuals beyond Apalla/Calabaza on the Andamarca road where we did a detour just to look for this species and we were lucky to find a mixed species flock with a pair of this specie, that responded really well to the tape. Dan Lane pointed out that these birds were practically identical to weskei race of Marcapata Spinetail in Cusco and Barry Walker has seen intermediates in the southern Vilcabamba Mountains. More analysis needed here. VULNERABLE Marcapata Spinetail (weskeii) E Cactus Canastero - Pseudosthenes cactorum After a while waiting we finally saw one that come to tape at Lomas de Lachay. Another great Peruvian endemic Azara s Spinetail - Synallaxis azarae A widespread Spinetail, seen along the Paty trail (infumata). Named for the Spaniard Brigadier General Felix Manuel de Azara ( ) who commanded the Paraguayan/Brazilian frontier. Rufous Spinetail - Synallaxis unirufa A species with a strong affinity for Chusquea bamboo, seen well along the Carpish tunnel.

32 TYRANNIDAE Black- capped Tyrannulet - Phyllomyias nigrocapillus One seen at the Carpish tunnel Yellow- crowned Tyrannulet - Tyrannulus elatus Good views at Tingo Maria Sierran Elaenia - Elaenia pallatangae The race intensa was along the Satipo road, and scattered birds were found elsewhere. Southern Beardless- Tyrannulet - Camptostoma obsoletum One bird seen at Pueblo Libre. A taxonomic mess, with more than one species certainly being involved. White- throated Tyrannulet - Mecocerculus leucophrys A typical species of temperate forest and the tree line, common and conspicuous at Bosque Unchog. Here the race brunneomarginatus. White- banded Tyrannulet - Mecocerculus stictopterus Fairly common in mixed flocks in the Carpish Mountains and elsewhere RR Black- crested Tit- Tyrant - Anairetes nigrocristatus Two birds seen well and even good pictures at the Huascaran National Park near the Llanganuco Lake Pied- crested Tit- Tyrant - Anairetes reguloides Very good views at Santa Eulalia Yellow- billed Tit- Tyrant - Anairetes flavirostris Seen at Santa Eulalia and also one more on our way to Huaraz from Huanuco Tufted Tit- Tyrant - Anairetes parulus A pair seen right at the breakfast spot above Chilifruta. E Unstreaked Tit- Tyrant - Uromyias agraphia A few seen of this endemic at the Carpish Tunnel Short- tailed Pygmy- Tyrant Myiornis ecaudatus One bird seen at Tingo Maria near the Oilbird cave Rufous- headed Pygmy- Tyrant - Pseudotriccus ruficeps Brief view at Paty trail in the Chusquea bamboo. Cute little guy! E Peruvian Tyrannulet - Zimmerius viridiflavus

33 Numerous by voice along the Paty trail, with 1 bird showing well in response to playback.. The genus is named in honor of John Zimmer ( ), a US ornithologist who (among other works) wrote the monumental Studies of Peruvian Birds (1931). Mottle- cheeked Tyrannulet - Phylloscartes ventralis Very nice view along the Paty trail Streak- necked Flycatcher - Mionectes striaticollis A few sightings along the Paty trail (palamblae). Flycatchers in this genus are unusual in being frugivorous rather than insectivorous. Hence, like many Cotingas and Manakins, they also have lek systems. E Inca Flycatcher - Leptopogon taczanowskii Another Peruvian endemic, seen in two different days along the Paty trail Sepia- capped Flyctacher - Leptopogon amaurocephalus One seen at Tingo Maria Many- colored Rush- Tyrant - Tachuris rubrigastra We found this multi- colored reed dweller on Lake Junín, apparently the northernmost high Andean breeding locality. Yellow- browed Tody- Fkycatcher - Todirostrum chrysocrotaphum One at Tingo Maria Olive- faced (Yellow- breasted) Tolmomyias - Tolmomyias viridiceps Two seen at Tingo Maria. Tolmomyias viridiceps is split from T. flaviventris (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001; Hilty 2003); SACC needs proposal. Flavescent Flycatcher - Myiophobus flavicans One on the Paty Trail Cinnamon Flycatcher - Pyrrhomyias cinnamomea Fairly common along the Paty trail and at the Carpish tunnel (nominate). Cliff Flyctacher - Hirundinea ferruginea 2 at Tingo Maria right at the entrance of the Oilbird s cave Ochraceous- breasted Flycatcher - Nephelomyias ochraceiventris Seen in two consecutive days of these cuties at Bosque Unchog Black Phoebe - Sayornis nigricans Here the race angustirostris, more than one species possibly being involved.

34 Vermilion Flycatcher - Pyrocephalus rubinus Seen at Lomas de Lachay and at Pueblo Libre Andean Negrito - Lessonia oreas Numerous around Lake Junín. Others on Conococha Lake on our way to Lima Rufous- tailed Tyrant - Knipolegus poecilurus One near the clearing along the Paty trail White- winged Black- Tyrant - Knipolegus aterrimus A pair bellow Chilifruta Rufous- naped Ground- Tyrant - Muscisaxicola rufivertex A few at Yuraccorral in Huascaran National Park Puna Ground- Tyrant - Muscisaxicola juninensis A couple at Yuraccorral in Huascaran National Park Taczanowski s Ground- Tyrant - Muscisaxicola grisea Seen at Marcapomacocha Cinereous Ground- Tyrant - Muscisaxicola cinerea Good views also at Marcapomacocha White- fronted Ground- Tyrant - Muscisaxicola albifrons A few seen really well at Marcapomacocha Ochre- naped Ground- Tyrant - Muscisaxicola flavinucha Several individuals seen at Marcapomacocha Black- billed Shrike- Tyrant - Agriornis montana Seen in two different days of the subspecies insolens at high elevations. Streak- throated Bush- Tyrant Myiotheretes striaticollis Seen bellow Chilifruta Rufous- webbed Tyrant - Polioxolmis rufipennis Seen at the Huascaran National Park. Formerly either placed in Myiotheretes or Xolmis, but the new monotypic genus Polioxolmis was proposed for this species in the mid- eighties. Smoky Bush- Tyrant - Myiotheretes fumigatus Great views at Carpish trail

35 Crowned (Kalinowski s) Chat- Tyrant - Ochthoeca (spodionota) frontalis One seen at Unchog forest Golden- browed Chat- Tyrant - Ochthoeca pulchella* Heard at Carpish trail Slaty- backed (Maroon- belted) Chat Tyrant - Ochthoeca (thoracia) cinnamomeiventris One seen above Apalla/Calabaza and another one at Carpish trail. Garcia- Moreno et al. (1998) suggested that the plumage and genetic differences between subspecies groups north and south of the Maranon should be recognized at the species level, with Ochthoeca thoracica the name for the southern species. Ridgely & Tudor (1994) reported that there are also vocal differences that would support this split. Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) and Hilty (2003) further recognized Venezuelan nigrita as a separate species from O. cinnamomeiventris, as done by Cory & Hellmayr (1927); see Zimmer (1937b) for the rationale for treating them all as conspecific based on plumage pattern, the treatment followed by Fitzpatrick (2004). Proposal needed. Rufous- breasted Chat- Tyrant - Ochthoeca rufipectoralis A regularly encountered chat- tyrant. In Ancash and Huanuco we encountered the race centralis, while in Junín we saw tectricialis. Brown- backed Chat- Tyrant - Ochthoeca fumicolor The most frequently seen chat- tyrant of treeline, here of the race brunneifrons, more than one species possibly being involved (cf. Ridgely & Tudor, Vol. II). D Orbigny s Chat- Tyrant - Ochthoeca oenanthoides: A few seen around Llanganuco Lake. Alcide d Orbigny was a 19th century French naturalist and collector who spent over half a decade in South America. In addition to birds he assembled specimens of many life forms, as well as a large collection of fossils. The latter led him to determine that there were many geological layers, revealing that they must have been laid down over millions of years. This was the first time such an idea had ever been suggested. White- browed Chat- Tyrant - Ochthoeca leucophrys Three sightings of this dry- country chat- tyrant. Social Flycatcher - Myiozetetes similis Seen at Tingo Maria Great Kiskadee - Pitangus sulphuratus A few at Tingo Maria Tropical Kingbird Tyrannus melancholicus A few in the foothills in the Huanuco valley and at Tingo Maria.

36 Dusky- capped Flycatcher - Myiarchus tuberculifer One seen at Carpish trail Short- crested Flycatcher - Myiarchus ferox Two seen at Tingo Maria COTINGIDAE Band- tailed Fruiteater - Pipreola intermedia Nice look at a responsive pair on the Paty trail Barred Fruiteater - Pipreola arcuata One seen on the Satipo road and cracking males showed at close range alongside the track at the Carpish tunnel (viridicauda). E Masked Fruiteater - Pipreola pulchra Great looks at a male in the second try and at the very last minutes at the Paty trail E White- cheeked Cotinga - Zaratornis Stresemanni Great looks of two individuals at this Peruvian endemic beyond Portochuelo pass (at the Aurelio s spot). Only described in the late 60 s. The generic name comes from the type locality Bosque Zarate not far from the central highway. Stresmanni comes from Erwin Freidrich Stresemann the German ornithologist and collector. VULNERABLE White- cheeked Cotinga

37 E Bay- vented Cotinga - Doliornis sclateri Fabulous looks of four in total at Bosque Unchog. A Bosque Unchog speciality. Named for British ornithologist and collector Philip Lutley Sclater ( ) who has lots of birds named after him. VULNERABLE Bay- vented Cotinga - Jim Watt Red- crested Cotinga - Ampelion rubrocristata Repeated good views of this widespread Andean Cotinga. TITYRIDAE Black- crowned Tytyra - Tityra inquisitor One seen at Tingo Maria Barred Becard - Pachyramphus versicolor Seen twice; at Carpish and Paty Trail White- winged Becard - Pachyramphus polychopterus Male and female at Tingo Maria VIREONIDAE Red- eyed (Chivi) Vireo - Vireo (chivi) leucophrys 2 at Tingo Maria

38 CORVIIDAE RR White- collared Jay - Cyanolyca viridicyana 2 on the Satipo road and also at Carpish trail Violaceous Jay - Cyanacorax violaceous In the lowlands at Tingo Maria HIRUNDINIDAE Blue- and- white Swallow - Pygochelidod cyanoleuca The most frequently encountered hirundine. Brown- bellied Swallow - Orchelidon murina Many good looks at this high elevation swallow (nominate). Andean Swallow - Orchelidon andecola Good views at Marcapomacocha. Birds here belong to the race oroyae, named after the mining town of La Oroya. TROGLODYTIDAE Southern Nightingale- Wren - Microcerculus marginatus Nice view of one at Tingo Maria House Wren - Troglodytes aedon Numerous and widespread. Here found up to much higher elevations than in e.g. Ecuador. Mountain Wren - Troglodytes solstitialis Seen several times through the tour E Junín Wren - Cistothorus graminicola Excellent looks at Unchoc forest at the race graminicola, one of the South American subspecies that seem to be quite different from the North American stellaris group. Robbins & Nyári (2014) found that Cistothorus platensis was paraphyletic with respect to the other two, and they proposed recognition of nine species within broadly defined platensis, seven of which are in South America: C. alticola, C. aequatorialis, C. graminicola, C. minimus, C. tucumanus, C. hornensis, and C. platensis. E Peruvian Wren - Cinnycerthia peruana This melodious songster was seen daily at the Paty Trail and the Carpish Tunnel and also along the Satipo road

39 E Mantaro Wren - Pheugopedius sp. nov Superb views above Chilifruta, of this vociferous Pheugopedius wren in Chusquea bamboo on the higher slopes above the Rio Mantaro along the Pariahuanca road. The spotting below is reminiscent of that found on the under parts of some races of the geographically quite remote Plain- tailed Wren P. euophrys but the voice is quite different from the latter (especially compared to the southernmost race schulenbergi), and moreover our birds had some faint barring on the tail. The song is not unlike that of Inca Wren T. eisenmanni (so far only known to occur farther south, in the Vilcanota and Vilcabamba mountains on both sides of the Urubamba valley) but the latter has plain underparts and is found in an area separated from where we were by the deep Apurimac Valley, a major biogeographic barrier. So for now I tentatively regard this taxon as a new species to science, though collection of specimens, detailed comparisons and preferably also genetic analysis are needed to really determine the taxonomic status of this new form. Note the genus change the SACC says Genetic data (Mann et al. 2006) indicate that the broad genus Thryothorus is polyphyletic, and that true Thryothorus is not found in South America; Mann et al. (2006) recommended recognition of three genera for South American taxa by resurrecting two from the synonymy of Thryothorus (Pheugopedius and Thryophilus) E Peruvian Wren Cinnycerthia peruana This melodious songster was seen well at the Carpish Tunnel Grey- breasted Wood- Wren - Henicorhina leucophrys Common along the Paty trail, and we called in a couple.

40 CINCLIDAE White- capped Dipper - Cinclus leucocephalus Great looks of these wonderful birds at several localities. This species does not dip! Feeds above the surface only TURDIDAE Andean Solitaire - Myadestes ralloides* White- eared Solitaire - Entomodestes lecotis Great looks at one individual on the Paty trail Chiguanco Thrush - Turdus chiguanco Numerous and widespread, mainly in drier areas. Note that a detailed study of the Chiguanco/Great Thrush complex is needed to determine exactly how many species- level taxa exist. The name comes from the Quechua Chiwanco Great Thrush - Turdus fuscater Another common thrush, this one mainly being found in more humid mountainous areas. Glossy Black Thrush - Turdus serranus One bird on the Satipo road Black- billed Thrush - Turdus ignobilis Common at Tingo Maria MIMIDAE Long- tailed Mockingbird - Mimus longicaudatus Common on the Pacific slope of the Andes. MOTACILLIDAE Yellowish Pipit - Anthus lutescens 1 bird seen at Lomas de Lachay. Here the near- endemic race peruvianus, isolated on the Pacific coast of Peru and northern Chile. Note that the song of this form is totally different (observations P. Coopmans and A. Jaramillo) and that species status for this form is probably warranted. ( Peruvian Pipit would be the most obvious English name) THRAUPIDAE E White- browed Hemispingus - Hemispingus auricularis Several sightings in mixed flocks along the Paty Trails and Satipo road. A Peruvian endemic recently split from Black- capped Hemispingus H. atropileus (though the new Peru field guide does not follow this split). The SACC says The subspecies auricularis is at least as distinct genetically and morphologically, and should presumably given equal taxonomic

41 rank (García- Moreno et al. 2001, García- Moreno & Fjeldså 2003). Hemispingus auricularis is split from H.atropileus (García- Moreno & Fjeldså 2003); SACC needs proposal Superciliaried Hemispingus - Hemispingus superciliaris Good views of one with a big mixed flock near the Carpish tunnel and Satipo road. Here the all- grey race insignis. Oleaginous Hemispingus - Hemispingus frontalis Good views at Paty trail Black- eared Hemispingus - Hemispingus melanotis Seen in two different days at Paty trail. Another Hemispingus of the race berlepschi. Note the IOC says - Hemispingus ochraceus (Western Hemispingus west slope of Andes in SW Colombia and W Ecuador) is split from H.melanotus (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001); SACC needs proposal. Hemispingus piurae (Piura Hemispingus Exterme SW Ecuador and NW Peru) is split from H.melanotus (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001, García- Moreno & Fjeldså 2003); E Rufous- browed Hemispingus - Hemispingus rufosuperciliaris* Only heard from quiet long distance away, and down low that we did try going down but he stopped calling eventually Three- striped Hemispingus - Hemispingus trifasciatus Seen on the Satipo road, bellow carrizales Grey- hooded Bush Tanager - Cnemoscopus rubrirostris We saw the black billed chrysogaster subspecies in a mixed flock at the Paty trail and also on the Satipo road. The southern subspecies chrysogaster was considered a separate species from Cnemoscopus rubrirostris Rufous- chested Tanager - Thlypopsis ornate Seen at Santa Eulalia E Brown- flanked Tanager - Thlypopsis pectoralis Excellent views of three individuals of this upper Huallaga valley endemic at the Carpish Tunnel. E Pardusco - Nephelornis oneilli Good views of this endemic at Bosque Unchog and seen daily. Very playback responsive. Named after Dr. John O Neill, ornithologist and artist who designed many of LSU s expeditions to Peru which resulted in well over a dozen species new to science that were described in the last few decades. John is also one of the authors and artists of the Peru field guide.

42 E Black- bellied (Huallaga) Tanager - Ramphocelus melanogaster Nice looks at this endemic near the Oilbird cave Hooded Mountain- Tanager - Buthraupis Montana 2 of this very smart mountain tanager, here of the race cyanonota, at the Paty trail E Golden- backed Mountain- Tanager - Cnemathraupis aureodorsalis 6 in total seen the first morning at Unchog forest near the camp site. Probably the hardest Unchog specialty to see. Sibley & Monroe (1990) considered Buthraupis eximia and B. aureodorsalis to form a superspecies. Sedano & Burns (2010) confirmed that they are sister species but also found that they are sister to Chlorornis riefferii. SACC proposal passed to remove from Buthraupis and to resurrect the genus Cnemathraupis for them. ENDANGERED Golden- backed Mounatin Tanager- Gunnar Engblom Grass- green Tanager - Chlorornis riefferii Seen along the Paty Trail, Carpish tunnel and the Satipo road Lacrimose Mountain- Tanager - Anisognathus lacrymosus Regular sightings in the Paty trail/carpish/satipo road area (nominate). Scarlet- bellied Mountain- Tanager - Anisognathus igniventris Another really good looking tanager that was frequently seen (ignicrissus).

43 Buff- breasted Mountain- Tanager - Dubusia taeniata Seen at the Carpish trail and at Unchoc forest RR Chestnut- bellied Mountain - Tanager castaneoventris A few seen on the Satipo road tends to stay lower than others Tanagers like the former Golden- collared Tanager - Iridosornis jelskii Several of these most handsome tanagers were present in mixed flocks at Bosque Unchog. E Yellow- scarfed Tanager - Iridosornis reinhardti 8+ individuals of this skulking Tanager seen the first day with mixed flocks at Bosque Unchog and 2 more at Carpish trail. This beautiful endemic is name for Danish ornithologist Johannes Theodore Reinhardt ( ) Blue- grey Tanager - Thraupis episcopus Common near Tingo Maria showed two white wing bars, typical for Amazonian races. Palm Tanager - Thraupis palmarum Also seen at Tingo Maria Blue- capped Tanager - Thraupis cyanocephala Seen in several location of the nominate race throughout the trip Blue- and- yellow Tanager - Pipraeidea bonariensis Small numbers were found in two different days. Named after Buenos Aires, Argentina s capital. The southernmost ranging Tanager Fawn- breasted Tanager - Pipraeidea melanonota One on the Carpish trail Saffron- crowned Tanager - Tangara xanthocephala Regular sightings of the yellow- crowned race venusta along the Satipo road and Paty trail. Flame- faced Tanager - Tangara parzudakii Good views of this stunner along the Paty trail (nominate). Blue- necked Tanager - Tangara cyanicollis A few seen at Tingo Maria Beryl- spangled Tanager - Tangara nigroviridis Seen on the Satipo road and at Paty trail Blue- and- black Tanager - Tangara vassorii Great views on the Satipo road and also at Paty trail

44 Tit- like Dacnis - Xenodacnis parina This showy and very noisy species was found to be abundant in mixed Polylepis/Gynoxis woodland near the Llanganuco lakes (petersi) and beyond the pass. Purple Honeycreeper - Cyanerpes caeruleus Seen at Tingo Maria Cinereous Conebill - Conirostrum cinereum Seen in several localities. We saw two races, littorale and nominate. Blue- backed Conebill - Conirostrum sitticolor Several in mixed species flocks; on the Satipo road and at Unchoc forest Capped Conebill - Conirostrum albifrons Seen twice along the Paty trail Giant Conebill - Oreomanes fraseri Wonderful views in two consecutive days in Polylepis woodland Quebrada Llanganuco. Though at present the Giant Conebill is only regarded as near- threatened, its numbers must have dwindled considerably as the amount of Polylepis forest must have declined tremendously over the last few centuries, and this habitat is nowadays highly fragmented. NEAR THREATENED Mustached Flowerpiercer - Diglossa mystacalis Many superb views of this very handsome nectarivore of high elevations. Flowerpiercers are nectar thieves, as their name suggests piercing the flowers at their base without performing any pollination duties. Black- throated Flowerpiercer - Diglossa brunneiventris Regular sightings of the nominate race. Masked Flowerpiercer - Diglossopis cyanea Many observations on the Satipo road Peruvian Sierra- Finch - Phrygilus punensis Seen at Marcapomacocha and around Junin Lake and also at the Huascaran National Park of the race chloronotus. Named for the town of Puno on Lake Titicaca Mourning Sierra- Finch - Phrygilus fruticeti A few seen at Santa Eulaia Plumbeous Sierra- Finch - Phrygilus unicolor This one was seen regularly at very high elevations (inca).

45 Band- tailed Sierra- Finch - Phrygilus alaudinus Good views at Lomas de Lachay Ash- breasted Sierra- Finch - Phrygilus plebejus Regular sightings of this rather drab bird. Here the nominate race. White- winged Diuca- Finch - Diuca speculifera Great views at Marcapomacocha E Great Inca- Finch - Incaspiza pulchra Very nice view of two individuals at Santa Eulaia E Rufous- backed Inca- Finch - Incaspiza personata One seen well by all at the park entrance at Lake Llanganuco after some searching. E Plain- tailed Warbling- Finch - Poospiza alticola Excellent looks at 6 birds beyond Portochuelo pass in Polylepis woodland and also seen the second day above Llanalluco Lake. A lovely Peruvian endemic, which has been given Endangered status by Birdlife International. ENDANGERED Bright- rumped Yellow- Finch - Sicalis uropygialis Good numbers were found at Marcapomacocha, around Lake Junín where they nest in the eaves of houses. (sharpei). Greenish Yellow- Finch - Sicalis olivascens Seen at Santa Eulalia Band- tailed Seedeater - Catamenia analis Numerous Plain- colored Seedeater - Catamenia inornata Common at higher elevations; seen on the Satipo road and at Huascaran National Park Bananaquit - Coereba flaveola Seen at Tingo Maria INCERTA SEDIS Recent data shows these guys belong with the Tanagers Buff- throated Saltator - Saltator maximus Seen at Tingo Maria

46 Golden- billed Saltator - Saltator aurantiirostris Seen at the Huascaran National Park (albociliaris). EMBERIZIDAE Rufous- collared Sparrow - Zonotrichia capensis Almost every single day throughout the trip Yellow- browed Sparrow - Ammodramus aurifrons A few seen at Tingo Maria E Tricolored Brushfinch - Atlapetes tricolor Good views along the Paty trail. Note that the widely disjunctive race crassus (found on the western slope of the Andes in Ecuador and Colombia) has been split off as a different species, the Choco Brush- Finch. Slaty Brushfinch - Atlapetes schistaceus Regular sightings of the race taczanowskii. Trocolored Brushfinch

47 E Rusty- bellied Brushfinch Atlapetes nationi Yet another Peruvian endemic, this one only occurring in the department of Lima. It showed beautifully at Santa Eulalia. E Rufous- eared Brushfinch - Atlapetes rufigenis Excellent views of this smart endemic at Quebrada Llanganuco. NEAR THREATENED E Black- spectacled Brushfinch - Atlapetes melanopsis Stunning views of 2 individuals near Chillifruta. Originally described as A. melanops, this species is an endemic of the Rio Mantaro valley, and was only recently discovered and described by Dr. Thomas Valqui. ENDANGERED Gray- browed Brushfinch - Arremon assimilis Sen at Carpish and Paty trail. The relationships among the forms assigned to the atricapillus and torquatus groups are controversial, with virtually no relevant data available. Wetmore et al. (1984), Paynter (1970a), and Remsen & Graves (1995) treated the atricapillus group as conspecific with B. torquatus largely because of the intermediate phenotypes shown by subspecies such as tacarcunae and costaricensis. Hellmayr (1938), Meyer de Schauensee (1966), Sibley & Monroe (1990), and Ridgely & Tudor (1989) treated them as two species because of the close geographical approach of nominate atricapillus and B. t. assimilis without signs of gene flow. Donegan et al. (2007) found B. [t.] atricapillus and B. [t.] assimilis to replace one another elevationally in the East Andes of Colombia (Santander and Boyaca departments), without any evidence of hybridization, suggesting that treatment of this complex within a single species is not supportable. Sibley & Monroe (1990) considered B. torquatus and B. atricapillus, along with Middle American B. virenticeps, to form a superspecies. Buarremon virenticeps was considered conspecific with B. torquatus by Paynter (1970a) and Wetmore et al. (1984), but was treated as a separate species by Paynter (1978), AOU (1983, 1998), and Ridgely & Tudor (1989). Cadena & Cuervo!s (2010) analysis of voice, plumage, and genetics in the group indicates that as many as eight species should be recognized in this complex. SACC proposal passed to revise species limits. Common Chlorospingus - Chlorospingus opthalmicus Common in the Cloud Forest on the Paty trail CARDINALIDAE Highland Hepatic Tanager - Piranga lutea One seen at Huascaran National Park Golden Grosbeak - Pheucticus chrysogaster 2 seen at Santa Eulalia and one more at Pueblo Libre. Black- backed Grosbeak - Pheucticus aureoventris One seen on our back to Huanuco from Unchoc forest

48 PARULIDAE Black- lored (Masked) Yellowthroat - Geothlypis (aequinoctialis) auricularis One seen at Lomas de Lachay Citrine Warbler - Myiothylpis luteoviridis This melodious species was a regular feature in cloud and elfin forest habitats through much of the trip. Here the race striaticeps. Black- crested Warbler - Myiothylpis nigrocristatus Great views along the Maria Josefa trail, found in tall Polylepis woodland below the Llanganuco lakes, here near the southern end of the species range. Buff- rumped Warbler - Myiothylpis fulvicauda 2 at Tingo Maria Russet- crowned Warbler - Myiothlypis coronatus Few birds seen on the Paty trail Spectacled (Redstart) Whitestart - Myioborus melanocephalus A lovely bird, delightfully common in montane forest habitats throughout the trip. Here the black- capped nominate race. ICTERIDAE Dusky Green Oropendola - Psarocolius atrovirens Seen on two days along the Satipo road and also at Paty trail Russet- backed Oropendola - Psarocolius angustifrons At Tingo Maria Yellow- rumped Cacique - Cacicus cela Common at Tingo Maria Scrub Blackbird - Dives warszewiczi A prominent bird along the west slope of the Andes, here of the southern race kalinowskii. FRINGILLIDAE Hooded Siskin - Carduelis magellanica Regular encounters. West slope birds were likely referable to the more yellow paula, birds elsewhere to the endemic peruana. Black Siskin - Carduelis atrata Seen at Marcapomacocha and around Junin Lake. Very smart bird.

49 Thick- billed Euphonia - Euphonia laniirostris A couple seen at Tingo Maria MAMMALS Culpeo (Andean Fox) Lycalopex culpaeus One in the Huascaran National Park Llama Lama glama A domesticated South American camelid, widely used as a meat and pack animal by Andean cultures since pre- Hispanic times. Alpaca Vicugna pacos The alpaca is a domesticated species of South American camelid. It resembles a small llama in appearance. Alpacas are considerably smaller than llamas, and unlike llamas, they were not bred to be beasts of burden, but were bred specifically for their fiber. Alpaca fiber is used for making knitted and woven items, similar to wool. These items include blankets, sweaters, hats, gloves, scarves, a wide variety of textiles and ponchos in South America, and sweaters, socks, coats and bedding in other parts of the world. There are two breeds of alpaca; the Suri alpaca and the Huacaya alpaca. Vicuña Vicugna vicugna Many of these elegant wild camelids were seen south of Lake Junín through the frosty bus windows. The vicuña is one of two wild South American camelids, which live in the high alpine areas of the Andes; the other being the guanaco. It is a relative of the llama, and is now believed to be the wild ancestor of domesticated alpacas, which are raised for their coats. Vicuñas produce small amounts of extremely fine wool, which is very expensive because the animal can only be shorn every three years, and has to be caught from the wild. When knitted together, the product of the vicuña's wool is very soft and warm. The Inca valued vicuñas highly for their wool, and it was against the law for anyone but royalty to wear vicuña garments. Mountain Viscacha Lagidium peruanum This cuddly rabbit- like rodent showed well in Quebrada Llanganuco. Montane Guinea- Pig Cavia tschudi Seen at Lake Junín the wild ancestor of the domesticated Gunea Pig. Black Agouti Dasyprocta fuliginosa 2 at Tingo Maria

50 Incan Oldfield Mouse Thomasomys incanus Endemic to the Junin region and probably the rodent seen at Pari Lake Junin South American Sea- Lion Otaria flavescens One on the beach at Laguna Paraiso The Tingo Maria Oilbird Cave Barry Walker